La igualdad de género en los servicios públicos locales en Europa. Un análisis cualitativo

En este artículo se presentan los resultados de una investigación cualitativa com¬parada realizada en ocho países europeos durante el año 2007 en el marco de un proyecto europeo sobre las barreras de género existentes en el acceso a los servicios públicos locales. El principal objetivo de la investigación consistió en realizar un análisis comparado sobre la situación de los servicios públicos locales en relación con la igualdad de género en los diferentes contextos nacionales de los diferentes estados de bienestar participantes en la investigación así como analizar los estereotipos de género existentes en cada país. Por tanto el objetivo último de la investigación era realizar un diagnóstico sobre el estado de las políticas locales de género en cada país y así potenciar los servicios públicos locales en favor de la igualdad de género. (A

Family, women’s employment and reproduction in Spain : the impact of structural factors

El objetivo general de este artículo consiste en presentar las tendencias comparadas relativas al empleo femenino y la reproducción en Europa en relación con las tipologías familiares. En el marco de este objetivo general, el trabajo se propone, por una parte, estimar los factores que mejor explican el declive del modelo familiar de varón sustentador en los países europeos seleccionados. Por otra parte, y en relación con lo anterior, el artículo analiza en qué medida ciertos factores estructurales explican, desde un enfoque transversal, la reducida fecundidad existente en España, así como la probabilidad de que la mujer esté empleada. Con tal fin, se han utilizado los datos agregados procedentes de diferentes fuentes europeas, así como los datos de la European Labour Survey 2006 y la Encuesta de Familia y Empleo 2006. Los resultados presentados en este trabajo apuntan a que la relación entre educación, empleo femenino y fecundidad en contextos de limitado apoyo institucional a los padres es determinante en España. Se ha comprobado también que el modelo familiar de dos sustentadores económicos se asocia, en España, con un reducido número de hijos y un nivel educativo medio y alto de los miembros de la pareja, mientras que tal asociación es menos significativa en otros países europeos con contextos institucionales más favorables al empleo femenino y la conciliación laboral y familiar.The objective of this article is to present comparative trends regarding female employment and fecundity in Europe in relation to family typologies. This study estimates the factors that best explain the decline in the male breadwinner family model in several European countries. Furthermore, the article analyses to what extent certain structural factors transversally explain reduced fecundity in Spain and the probability of women being employed. Aggregate data have been used from various European sources such as the 2006 European Labour Force Survey and the Encuesta de Familia y Empleo 2006 (2006 Family and Employment Survey). Our results suggest that the relationship between education, female employment and fecundity in a context of limited institutional support for parents is a determining factor in Spain. The family model of two breadwinners in Spain was also found to be associated with a reduced number of children and medium to high educational levels in couples. This correlation was less significant in other European countries with institutional contexts that are more favourable to female employment and the reconciliation of work and family life

Familia, empleo femenino y reproducción en España : incidencia de los factores estructurales

El objetivo general de este artículo consiste en presentar las tendencias comparadas relativas al empleo femenino y la reproducción en Europa en relación con las tipologías familiares. En el marco de este objetivo general, el trabajo se propone, por una parte, estimar los factores que mejor explican el declive del modelo familiar de varón sustentador en los países europeos seleccionados. Por otra parte, y en relación con lo anterior, el artículo analiza en qué medida ciertos factores estructurales explican, desde un enfoque transversal, la reducida fecundidad existente en España, así como la probabilidad de que la mujer esté empleada. Con tal fin, se han utilizado los datos agregados procedentes de diferentes fuentes europeas, así como los datos de la European Labour Survey 2006 y la Encuesta de Familia y Empleo 2006. Los resultados presentados en este trabajo apuntan a que la relación entre educación, empleo femenino y fecundidad en contextos de limitado apoyo institucional a los padres es determinante en España. Se ha comprobado también que el modelo familiar de dos sustentadores económicos se asocia, en España, con un reducido número de hijos y un nivel educativo medio y alto de los miembros de la pareja, mientras que tal asociación es menos significativa en otros países europeos con contextos institucionales más favorables al empleo femenino y la conciliación laboral y familiar.The objective of this article is to present comparative trends regarding female employment and fecundity in Europe in relation to family typologies. This study estimates the factors that best explain the decline in the male breadwinner family model in several European countries. Furthermore, the article analyses to what extent certain structural factors transversally explain reduced fecundity in Spain and the probability of women being employed. Aggregate data have been used from various European sources such as the 2006 European Labour Force Survey and the Encuesta de Familia y Empleo 2006 (2006 Family and Employment Survey). Our results suggest that the relationship between education, female employment and fecundity in a context of limited institutional support for parents is a determining factor in Spain. The family model of two breadwinners in Spain was also found to be associated with a reduced number of children and medium to high educational levels in couples. This correlation was less significant in other European countries with institutional contexts that are more favourable to female employment and the reconciliation of work and family life

Incidencia de las políticas familiares en el empleo femenino en los estados de bienestar del sur de Europa en perspectiva comparada

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar los hallazgos más relevantes de una investigación comparada realizada sobre la incidencia que ha tenido el desarrollo de las políticas familiares desarrolladas por los diferentes estados de bienestar en el empleo femenino. La hipótesis de partida que ha guiado la realización de esta investigación se refiere al hecho de que, en los países del entorno del sur de Europa (España, Grecia e Italia), el limitado desarrollo institucional que han tenido las políticas familiares ha reducido la incorporación de la mujer al mercado laboral, lo que explicaría las reducidas tasas de actividad y ocupación femeninas características de estos países. Para llevar a cabo la investigación, se ha empleado la perspectiva comparada y la explotación de datos procedentes de diferentes fuentes estadísticas, tales como Eurostat y la OCDE.The aim of this paper is to present the main achievements from a research in compared perspective carried out on the incidence that the development of the family policies in different Welfare States have had in the female employment. The hypothesis as starting point that has guided this research refers to the fact that in the Southern European countries (Spain, Greece and Italy) the scarce institutional development in the family policies has limited the incorporation of the women to the labour market, what would explain the reduced female activity rates and female employment that characterize these countries. To carry out the research it has been used the compared perspective and the exploitation of the different statistical data sources such as Eurostat and the OECD

Hacia una sociedad igualitaria: valores familiares y género en los jóvenes en Alemania, Noruega y España

The aim of this paper is to analyse how socio-demographic variables affect values related to family and work in young people between the ages of 18 and 35 in Germany, Norway and Spain - countries with different family models and gender roles. Thus, the study aims to fill the gap in the literature on family and gender values among young people, while endeavouring to go beyond the dualistic theoretical perspective. The study is based on data from the European Social Survey for 2010, which contains variables relating to attitudes and values related to family and work-life balance. A logistical regression analysis is applied on the basis of this analytical model to determine the influence of socio-demographic variables such as education, employment situation or gender on young people’s family preferences, in a comparative approach. The results show that traditional family values are more deeply ingrained in young people in southern Europe, when compared with northern Europe. We have also observed a significant effect of education on values in countries where traditional family values are more deeply rooted, whereas being unemployed has the opposite effect. These findings bring innovative progress to youth and family studies from a comparative perspective. The findings are useful for designing family policies that favour a transition in attitudes, with potential positive long-term effects on fertility and gender equality.El objetivo de este artículo es analizar cómo inciden las variables socio-demográficas en los valores familiares y laborales entre los jóvenes de 18 a 35 años en Alemania, Noruega y España, países con diferentes modelos familiares, Estados de bienestar y roles de género. El artículo trata, por tanto, de cubrir el vacío existente en la literatura sobre los valores familiares y de género entre los jóvenes, tratando de ir más allá de la perspectiva dualista existente en estos estudios. El análisis está basado en los datos procedentes de la Encuesta Social Europea correspondiente a 2010, la cual contiene preguntas relativas a los valores familiares y la conciliación laboral y familiar. Se ha aplicado un análisis de regresión logística para estimar el efecto de variables socio-demográficas como el género, la educación o la situación laboral en los valores familiares de los jóvenes desde una perspectiva comparada. Los resultados evidencian que los valores familiares tradicionales están más enraizados entre los jóvenes en los países del sur de Europa que en el norte de Europa. También se ha observado un efecto significativo de la educación en aquellos países donde la familia tradicional está más arraigada, mientras que el desempleo tiene un efecto inverso en los valores tradicionales. Estos hallazgos aportan progresos innovadores a los estudios de juventud y familia desde una perspectiva comparada, además de ser útiles para orientar el diseño de políticas familiares destinadas a favorecer la transición actitudinal hacia modelos de familia igualitarios con potenciales efectos positivos en la fecundidad y la igualdad de género

Changing family models in Spain: the impact of the sociodemographic factors

Abstract During the last few decades, there has been an increasing international recognition of the studies related to the analysis of the family models change, the focus being the determinants of the female employment and the problems related to the work family balance (Lewis, 2001; Petit & Hook, 2005Saraceno, Crompton & Lyonette, 20062008; Pfau-Effinger, 2012). The majority of these studies have been focused on the analysis of the work-family balance problems as well as the effectiveness of the family and gender policies in order to encourage female employment (Korpi et al., 2013). In Spain, special attention has been given to the family policies implemented, the employability of women and on the role of the father in the family (Flaquer et al., 2015; Meil, 2015); however, there has been far less emphasis on the analysis of the family cultural models (González and Jurado, 2012; Crespi and Moreno, 2016). The purpose of this paper is to present some of the first results on the influence of the socio-demographic factors on the expectations and attitudes about the family models. This study offers an analytical reflection upon the foundation of the determinants of the family ambivalence in Spain from the cultural and the institutional dimension. This study shows the Spanish family models of preferences following the Pfau-Effinger (2004) classification of the famiy living arrangements. The reason for this study is twofold; on the one hand, there is confirmed the scarcity of studies that have focused their attention on this objective in Spain; on the other hand, the studies carried out in the international context have confirmed the analytical effectiveness of researching on the attitude and value changes to explain the meaning and trends of the family changes. There is also presented some preliminary results that have been obtained from the multinomial analysis related to the influence of the socio-demographic factors on the family model chosen by the individuals in Spain (father and mother working full time; mother part-time father full-time; mother not at work father full-time; mother and father part-time). 3 The database used has been the International Social Survey Programme: Family and Changing Gender Roles IV- ISSP 2012-. Spain is the only country of South Europe that has participated in the survey. For this reason it has been considered as a representative case study.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

The Generational Dimension in Transitions: a Theoretical Review

The aim of this article is to question the notions of ‘generation’ and ‘transitions’ from a theoretical perspective by making a brief historical incursion into the sociology of generations. This review will explore the latest ideas on youth transitions to establish theoretical bridges between the different authors, and between the classic and modern approaches. It also takes a deeper look at an emerging theoretical model that seeks to connect these two important issues, transitions and the notion of generation. The debate focuses on how youth transitions are conceptualised from a micro perspective as individual and individualised processes, underlining the idea that they are based on specific macro concepts of ‘youth’ in generational terms. The concept of social generation allows the micro aspects of transitions to be associated with the historical situation in which they occur. This theoretical approach proposes that young people’s transitional behaviours are subject to the mechanisms of intergenerational change, but also notes that transitions can be differentiated according to the position they occupy in the social structure. In summary, this article supports the idea that youth transitions are different in their manifestations, although they may have a similar generational basis. The aim is therefore to introduce a broader theoretical view that includes the predecessors and successors of the classics, and serves as a point of departure for an approach designed to understand the formats of the new ‘youth status’, and hence, offer a more accurate scientific explanation for examining the overworked notions of generation and transition.2017-1

A simple and efficient kNN variant with embedded feature selection

[EN] Predictive modeling aims at providing estimates of an unknown variable, the target, from a set of known ones, the input. The k Nearest Neighbors (kNN) is one of the best-known predictive algorithms due to its simplicity and well behavior. However, this class of models has some drawbacks, such as the non-robustness to the existence of irrelevant input features or the need to transform qualitative variables into dummies, with the corresponding loss of information for ordinal ones. In this work, a kNN regression variant, easily adaptable for classification purposes, is suggested. The proposal allows dealing with all types of input variables while embedding feature selection in a simple and efficient manner, reducing the tuning phase. More precisely, making use of the weighted Gower distance, we develop a powerful tool to cope with these inconveniences by implementing different weighting schemes. The proposed method is applied to a collection of 20 data sets, different in size, data type and the distribution of the target variable. Moreover, the results are compared with previously proposed kNN variants, showing its supremacy, particularly when the weighting scheme is based on non-linear association measures and in datasets that contain at least one ordinal input variable.NextGenerationEU Funds, Programa Investigo, CT36/22-04-UCM-INVMoreno-Ribera, A.; Calviño, A. (2023). A simple and efficient kNN variant with embedded feature selection. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 237-238. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/20179123723