Ovarian damage from chemotherapy and current approaches to its protection

BACKGROUND: Anti-cancer therapy is often a cause of premature ovarian insufficiency and infertility since the ovarian follicle reserve is extremely sensitive to the effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. While oocyte, embryo and ovarian cortex cryopreservation can help some women with cancer-induced infertility achieve pregnancy, the development of effective methods to protect ovarian function during chemotherapy would be a significant advantage.OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE: This paper critically discusses the different damaging effects of the most common chemotherapeutic compounds on the ovary, in particular, the ovarian follicles and the molecular pathways that lead to that damage. The mechanisms through which fertility-protective agents might prevent chemotherapy drug-induced follicle loss are then reviewed.SEARCH METHODS: Articles published in English were searched on PubMed up to March 2019 using the following terms: ovary, fertility preservation, chemotherapy, follicle death, adjuvant therapy, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, doxorubicin. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to the analysis of the protective agents.OUTCOMES: Recent studies reveal how chemotherapeutic drugs can affect the different cellular components of the ovary, causing rapid depletion of the ovarian follicular reserve. The three most commonly used drugs, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin and doxorubicin, cause premature ovarian insufficiency by inducing death and/or accelerated activation of primordial follicles and increased atresia of growing follicles. They also cause an increase in damage to blood vessels and the stromal compartment and increment inflammation. In the past 20 years, many compounds have been investigated as potential protective agents to counteract these adverse effects. The interactions of recently described fertility-protective agents with these damage pathways are discussed.WIDER IMPLICATIONS: Understanding the mechanisms underlying the action of chemotherapy compounds on the various components of the ovary is essential for the development of efficient and targeted pharmacological therapies that could protect and prolong female fertility. While there are increasing preclinical investigations of potential fertility preserving adjuvants, there remains a lack of approaches that are being developed and tested clinically

A family of M-surfaces whose automorphism groups act transitively on the mirrors

Let X be a compact Riemmann surface of genus g > 1. A symmetry T of X is an anticonformal involution. The fixed point set of T is a disjoint union of simple closed curves, each of which is called a mirror of T. If T fixes g +1 mirrors then it is called an M-symmetry and X is called an M-surface. If X admits an automorphism of order g + 1 which cyclically permutes the mirrors of T then we shall call X an M-surface with the M-property. In this paper we investigate those M-surfaces with the M-property and their automorphism groups

Symmetries of Riemann surfaces and regular maps

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DXN022393 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Immunocytolocalisations of cytokeratin 7 and 8 in primary and metastatic lung adenocarcinomas

31st Congress of the Federation-of-European-Biochemical-Societies (FEBS) -- JUN 24-29, 2006 -- Istanbul, TURKEYWOS: 000238914002396…Federat European Biochem So

Effects of Thalidomide and rhGM-CSF on Carbohydrate Metabolism in HL-60 Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cell Line

WOS: 000295573200007The purpose of this study is to investigate the in vitro effect of thalidomide and rhGM-CSF on energy metabolism rate in HL-60 cell lines. HL-60 cells were incubated with radiolabelled glucose for 4 hours. Following incubation, radiolabelled CO2 was isolated and collected in specially designed scintillation vials. The other end-products of carbohydrate catabolism collected via anion-exchange chromatography were analyzed using liquid scintillation. Protein and glycogen levels for each group were also determined. The study results indicated that the use of drugs for 2-days had no significant effect when compared with aerobic and anaerobic controls. However, groups treated with the drugs for 5 days showed significant differences. It was obvious that rhGM-CSF caused HL-60 leukemia cells to use aerobic glycolytic pathway for production of energy. When thalidomide and rhGM-CSF combination therapy results were compared with untreated control cells, it was observed that glycogen consumption was decreased by 50.37%, and CO2 production was increased by 94.03%. When compared with those of anaerobic controls, glycogen consumption and CO2 production rates were found to be decreased by 54.01% and increased by 96.59%, respectively. As a consequence, we found that those cell lines treated with combined use of Thalidomide and rhGM-CSF caused HL-60 leukemia cells to predominantly prefer aerobic glycolytic pathways for energy production

The beneficial effects of nerolidol and hesperidin on surgically induced endometriosis in a rat model*

The objective of this article is to analyze the effects of nerolidol and hesperidin treatment on surgically induced endometriosis in a rat model. Endometriosis was induced in 24 healthy adult female Wistar albino rats via homologous uterine horn transplantation. Three operations were performed on each rat. After the second operation, the rats were randomized into control, nerolidol, and hesperidin treatment groups, and medications were administered for 2 weeks. The effects of the drugs on the endometriotic foci were evaluated after the third operation. Compared with the endometriosis control group, the average volume of the lesions was significantly lower in rats treated with hesperidin and nerolidol. Malondialdehyde levels were significantly reduced in the nerolidol-treated group, and glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase activity were significantly elevated in the endometriotic foci of both the hesperidin- and nerolidol-treated groups compared with the endometriosis group. Hesperidin and nerolidol treatment also improved histological parameters, such as hemorrhage, vascular congestion, necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the endometriotic foci. The results of this study demonstrated that treatment with the potent antioxidants nerolidol and hesperidin caused a significant regression of surgically induced endometriotic foci in rats. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Legislative Documents

Also, variously referred to as: House bills; House documents; House legislative documents; legislative documents; General Court documents

Gastric signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma metastasizing to the endometrium [Endometri·uma Metastaz Yapmiş Taşli Yüzük Hücreli· Gastri·k Adenokarsi·nom]

Introduction: Extra pelvic tumors metastasizing to the gynecological organs target usually ovaries. Uterine metastasis is quite rare. The most frequent source of metastasis toward to the uterus is breast and stomach. This paper describes a case of gastric signet-ring cell cancer of the stomach metastasizing to endometrium, which was diagnosed by endometrial sampling. Case: During the evaluation of a 48 years old woman who suffered from abdominal distention and weight loss, sonography revealed a 9x8 cm, solid mass arising from the left adnexial region. Among the tumor markers only CA 125 revealed elevated. Despite the normal result of cytological examination of ascite, endometrial biopsy revealed signet-ring cell tumor. She refused the chemotherapy and died five months after the initial diagnosis. Discussion: Myometrium is commonly invaded in uterine metastasis. Isolated endometrial metastasis is very seldom. Different pathways have been proposed for uterine metastasis. Dissemination to the uterus via reverse lymphatic drainage from tumors metastasizing to the pelvis, especially to the ovaries, or hematogenous spread is widely accepted ways for uterine involvement. These women frequently suffer from irregular bleeding and the diagnosis is made by endometrial sampling in most. Endometrial biopsy should not be omitted in cases with menstrual irregularity for this reason