Breastfeeding assessment tools for at-risk and malnourished infants aged under 6 months old: a systematic review

Background: Many small and malnourished infants under 6 months of age have problems with breastfeeding and restoring effective exclusive breastfeeding is a common treatment goal. Assessment is a critical first step of case management, but most malnutrition guidelines do not specify how best to do this. We aimed to identify breastfeeding assessment tools for use in assessing at-risk and malnourished infants in resource-poor settings. Methods: We systematically searched: Medline and Embase; Web of Knowledge; Cochrane Reviews; Eldis and Google Scholar databases. Also the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), CAse REport guidelines, Emergency Nutrition Network, and Field Exchange websites. Assessment tool content was analysed using a framework describing breastfeeding ‘domains’ (baby’s behaviour; mother’s behaviour; position; latching; effective feeding; breast health; baby’s health; mother’s view of  feed; number, timing and length of feeds). Results: We identified 29 breastfeeding assessment tools and 45 validation studies. Eight tools had not been validated. Evidence underpinning most tools was low quality and mainly from high-income countries and hospital settings. The most comprehensive tools were the Breastfeeding, Evaluation and Education Tool, UNICEF Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative tools and CARE training package. The tool with the strongest evidence was the WHO/UNICEF B-R-E-A-S-T-Feed Observation Form. Conclusions: Despite many possible tools, there is currently no one gold standard. For assessing malnourished infants in resource-poor settings, UNICEF Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative tools, Module IFE and the WHO/UNICEF B-R-E-A-S-T-Feed Observation Form are the best available tools but could be improved by adding questions from other tools. Allowing for context, one tool for rapid community-based assessment plus a more detailed one for clinic/hospital assessment might help optimally identify breastfeeding problems and the support required. Further research is important to refine existing tools and develop new ones. Rigorous testing, especially against outcomes such as breastfeeding status and growth, is key

The role of salmon fishing in the adoption of pottery technology in subarctic Alaska

Ceramic technology makes an abrupt appearance in the New World Arctic at circa 2800 cal BP. While there is general consensus that the ultimate source of these Alaskan pottery traditions lay in continental NE Asia, the motivations for the adoption of pottery in Alaska have remained unclear. Through organic residue analysis we investigated the function of Norton pottery in Southwest Alaska, and the extent to which its function changed in later periods under the increasing northern influence of Thule culture in the region (from ca. 1000 cal BP). Our results show clear evidence of aquatic resource processing in all pottery vessels. Regional variability due to environmental and ecological differences are apparent in the pottery. The majority of Norton pottery was from inland riverine locations and the function of this early pottery was to process anadromous fish, with only limited evidence of other resources. After 1000 cal BP more sites appear on the coast, and while pottery technology changes dramatically at this time, this is not as clear in pottery function which remains aimed at local abundant aquatic resources. We hypothesize that pottery was adopted into Alaska as part of a riverine adaptation and suggest that targeted human exploitation of large riverine systems may have facilitated its expansion into Southwest Alaska. Furthermore, we suggest that this pattern might extend back into Siberia where Alaskan pottery originates

A new valuation school : Integrating diverse values of nature in resource and land use decisions

We are increasingly confronted with severe social and economic impacts of environmental degradation all over the world. From a valuation perspective, environmental problems and conflicts originate from trade-offs between values. The urgency and importance to integrate nature's diverse values in decisions and actions stand out more than ever. Valuation, in its broad sense of 'assigning importance', is inherently part of most decisions on natural resource and land use. Scholars from different traditions -while moving from heuristic interdisciplinary debate to applied transdisciplinary science- now acknowledge the need for combining multiple disciplines and methods to represent the diverse set of values of nature. This growing group of scientists and practitioners share the ambition to explore how combinations of ecological, socio-cultural and economic valuation tools can support real-life resource and land use decision-making. The current sustainability challenges and the ineffectiveness of single-value approaches to offer relief demonstrate that continuing along a single path is no option. We advocate for the adherence of a plural valuation culture and its establishment as a common practice, by contesting and complementing ineffective and discriminatory single-value approaches. In policy and decision contexts with a willingness to improve sustainability, integrated valuation approaches can be blended in existing processes, whereas in contexts of power asymmetries or environmental conflicts, integrated valuation can promote the inclusion of diverse values through action research and support the struggle for social and environmental justice. The special issue and this editorial synthesis paper bring together lessons from pioneer case studies and research papers, synthesizing main challenges and setting out priorities for the years to come for the field of integrated valuation.Peer reviewe

The role of salmon fishing in the adoption of pottery technology in subarctic Alaska

Ceramic technology makes an abrupt appearance in the New World Arctic at circa 2800 cal BP. While there is general consensus that the ultimate source of these Alaskan pottery traditions lay in continental NE Asia, the motivations for the adoption of pottery in Alaska have remained unclear. Through organic residue analysis we investigated the function of Norton pottery in Southwest Alaska, and the extent to which its function changed in later periods under the increasing northern influence of Thule culture in the region (from ca. 1000 cal BP). Our results show clear evidence of aquatic resource processing in all pottery vessels. Regional variability due to environmental and ecological differences are apparent in the pottery. The majority of Norton pottery was from inland riverine locations and the function of this early pottery was to process anadromous fish, with only limited evidence of other resources. After 1000 cal BP more sites appear on the coast, and while pottery technology changes dramatically at this time, this is not as clear in pottery function which remains aimed at local abundant aquatic resources. We hypothesize that pottery was adopted into Alaska as part of a riverine adaptation and suggest that targeted human exploitation of large riverine systems may have facilitated its expansion into Southwest Alaska. Furthermore, we suggest that this pattern might extend back into Siberia where Alaskan pottery originates.</p

Factors Associated with Self-Reported Changes in Alcohol Use among Young Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Analysis between Canada and France

While the COVID-19 pandemic impacted young adults&rsquo; alcohol use patterns, little is known about how changes in alcohol use may differ across different settings. Our objective was to identify and compare factors associated with changes in alcohol use among young adults in Canada and France during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted an online cross-sectional survey in October&ndash;December 2020 with young adults aged 18&ndash;29 (n = 5185) in Canada and France. In each country, weighted multinomial logistic regressions were performed to identify factors associated with self-reported decrease and increase in alcohol use separately (reference: no change). Respectively, 33.4% and 21.4% reported an increase in alcohol use in Canada and France, while 22.9% and 33.5% reported a decrease. Being 25&ndash;29 was a predictor of decrease in Canada, while living away from family was associated with an increase in France. In both countries, participants were more likely to report an increase if they reported depressive symptoms, smoking tobacco, or cannabis use. Conversely, those who had been tested for COVID-19 and those who were highly compliant with COVID-19 preventive measures were more likely to report a decrease. Efforts are needed to develop alcohol use interventions for young adults, including in ways that prioritize those with mental health challenges

Enrichissement des collections de l’année 2016

Salomé Laurent, Rochebrune Marie-Laure de, Condamy Laurent, Benoit Jérémie, Sarrazin Béatrice, Firmin Gwenola, Maisonnier Élisabeth, McGrath Karine. Enrichissement des collections de l’année 2016. In: Versalia. Revue de la Société des Amis de Versailles, n°21, 2018. pp. 7-32

Enrichissement des collections de l’année 2017

Salomé Laurent, Rochebrune Marie-Laure de, Benoit Jérémie, Caude Élisabeth, Maral Alexandre, Sarrazin Béatrice, Delalex Hélène, Maisonnier Élisabeth, McGrath Karine. Enrichissement des collections de l’année 2017. In: Versalia. Revue de la Société des Amis de Versailles, n°22, 2019. pp. 15-38

Enrichissements des collections de l’année 2014

Saule Béatrix, Rondot Bertrand, Hans Pierre-Xavier, Rochebrune Marie-Laure de, Benoit Jérémie, Maisonnier Élisabeth, Sarrazin Béatrice, Bajou Valérie, McGrath Karine. Enrichissements des collections de l’année 2014. In: Versalia. Revue de la Société des Amis de Versailles, n°19, 2016. pp. 11-42

Transitions urbaines en Asie du Sud-Est

Les pays en transition vers l’économie de marché que sont le Cambodge, le Laos et le Vietnam n’échappent pas au mouvement d’urbanisation accélérée que connaît actuellement l’ensemble de l’Asie du Sud-Est. Ils rencontrent cependant des problèmes particuliers, tant sur le plan du fonctionnement que des modes de développement urbain, du fait même de l’ambiguïté de leurs structures politico-administratives. L’ouvrage met ainsi en évidence la spécificité des processus d’urbanisation en cours, les logiques d’action qui les portent et les solutions originales proposées par les pouvoirs publics dans des villes telles que Phnom Penh, Vientiane, Hanoi et Hô Chi Minh-Ville. À travers les exemples de Bangkok et de Chiang Mai, le modèle d'urbanisation thaïlandais, emblématique du libéralisme économique, est examiné en contrepoint. Pour chaque pays, les processus et dispositifs opérationnels sont analysés selon trois entrées, qui définissent l’organisation de l’ouvrage : la gouvernance et la planification urbaine et territoriale ; les questions foncières ; les enjeux environnementaux et de conservation du patrimoine dans la mutation urbaine. En reconnaissant la transition urbaine comme un vecteur majeur de la transformation économique et sociale, l’ouvrage propose une lecture inédite de la reconfiguration des liens entre société et territoire à l’oeuvre dans les pays anciennement sous économie administrée