Factors Influencing Largemouth Bass Recruitment: Implications for the Illinois Management and Stocking Program

Annual Progress Report issued August 2002; NOTE: Two different reports numbered 02/06 were issued from the CAE.Report issued on: August 2002INHS Technical Report prepared for Division of Fisheries Illinois Department of Natural Resource

An improved database of coastal flooding in the United Kingdom from 1915 to 2016

Coastal flooding caused by extreme sea levels can produce devastating and wide-ranging consequences. The ‘SurgeWatch’ v1.0 database systematically documents and assesses the consequences of historical coastal flood events around the UK. The original database was inevitably biased due to the inconsistent spatial and temporal coverage of sea-level observations utilised. Therefore, we present an improved version integrating a variety of ‘soft’ data such as journal papers, newspapers, weather reports, and social media. SurgeWatch2.0 identifies 329 coastal flooding events from 1915 to 2016, a more than fivefold increase compared to the 59 events in v1.0. Moreover, each flood event is now ranked using a multi-level categorisation based on inundation, transport disruption, costs, and fatalities: from 1 (Nuisance) to 6 (Disaster). For the 53 most severe events ranked Category 3 and above, an accompanying event description based upon the Source-Pathway-Receptor-Consequence framework was produced. Thus, SurgeWatch v2.0 provides the most comprehensive and coherent historical record of UK coastal flooding. It is designed to be a resource for research, planning, management and education

Spatial and temporal analysis of extreme sea level and storm surge events around the coastline of the UK

In this paper we analyse the spatial footprint and temporal clustering of extreme sea level and skew surge events around the UK coast over the last 100 years (1915-2014). The vast majority of the extreme sea level events are generated by moderate, rather than extreme skew surges, combined with spring astronomical high tides. We distinguish four broad categories of spatial footprints of events and the distinct storm tracks that generated them. There have been rare events when extreme levels have occurred along two unconnected coastal regions during the same storm. The events that occur in closest succession (< 4 days) typically impact different stretches of coastline. The spring/neap tidal cycle prevents successive extreme sea level events from happening within 4-8 days. Finally, the 2013/14 season was highly unusual in the context of the last 100 years from an extreme sea level perspective

Avoided metallicity in a hole-doped Mott insulator on a triangular lattice

Charge carrier doping of a Mott insulator is known to give rise to a wide variety of exotic emergent states, from high-temperature superconductivity to various charge, spin, and orbital orders. The physics underpinning their evolution is, however, poorly understood. A major challenge is the chemical complexity associated with traditional routes to the addition or removal of carriers. Here, we study the Mott insulating CrO$_2$ layer of the delafossite oxide PdCrO$_2$, where an intrinsic polar catastrophe provides a clean route to induce substantial doping of the surface layer. Despite this, from scanning tunneling microscopy and angle-resolved photoemission, we find that the surface retains an insulating character, but with a modified electronic structure and the development of a short-range ordered state with a distinct $(\sqrt{7}\times\sqrt{7})\mathrm{R}\pm 19.1^\circ$ periodicity. From density functional theory, we demonstrate how this reflects the formation of an intricate charge disproportionation that results in an insulating ground state of the surface layer that is disparate from the hidden Mott insulator found in the bulk. By applying voltage pulses to the surface layer, we induce substantial local modifications to this state, which we find relax on a time scale of tens of minutes, pointing to a glassy nature of the charge-disproportionated insulator realised here.Comment: manuscript and supplementary, 37 pages in total, 4 figures in the main text and 9 in the supplementar

Factors Influencing Largemouth Bass Recruitment: Implications For The Illinois Management And Stocking Program

During the past segment, all activities outlined in the annual work plan were accomplished and within the specified budget. The goal of this study is to develop management strategies that maximize growth, recruitment, and harvest of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in Illinois impoundments. Largemouth bass are frequently stocked in many Illinois impoundments to compensate for variable recruitment. Even so, the long-term contribution of stocked fish to recruitment and harvest of natural bass populations is unknown and we are addressing these questions. In addition, information on the importance of rearing technique, size of stocked fish, forage base, cover, resident predators, physical-chemical conditions, and stocking stress in determining largemouth bass stocking success is needed to optimize use of hatchery produced fish. Because stocking is only one of several management options for this species, it is critical that additional information on factors limiting recruitment processes be identified.There was no new activity in Job 101.1 as final recommendations were presented in previous reports. In Job 101.2, we continued our evaluation of stocking success of largemouth bass. We conducted additional dataanalysis ina study comparing intensive and extensive rearing techniques. Intensively reared fish were raised in raceways and fed pellets, whereasextensively reared fish were raised in ponds and fed zooplankton and minnows. Extensivelyreared fish experienced better survival through the spring following stocking, but by the following fall (age-1) there was no difference in abundance between the two rearing techniques. We observed a high level of variation inthe number of fish producedinthe rearing ponds. Cost of rearing was much higher for the extensively reared fish for both hatchery ponds and lake side rearing facilities. Higher initial survival and larger size in the fall of extensively reared fish initially appears to justify the added cost. However, long term survival was low for both rearing types and very few stocked fish were recruited to the fishery. In this segment, we also continued to evaluate different stocking techniques to improve survival of stocked largemouth bass. Three lakes were stocked with largemouth bass, with half the fish stocked at the boat ramp and half dispersed throughout the lake and into woody or vegetated habitat. Very few stocked fish have been recaptured from any stockings conducted thus far regardless of method. We plan to continue additional stockings and adjust stocking time to minimize high temperatures and potential related mortality. CPUE of stocked fish in this experiment has been lower than observed in stockings conducted asprevious partsof this project and we hope to observe greater survival in the future in order to evaluate the success of these two stocking strategies.In Job 101.3, we evaluated the survival and reproductive success of stocked largemouth bass relative to resident populations. To determine the contribution of stocked fish, the MDH B2B2 allele was used as a genetic tag for fingerlings stocked into six study lakes. Once these fish were part of the reproducing population, it was possible to assess the reproductive success and recruitment of these stocked fish in five of the six lakes by comparing the pre-stocking with post stocking MDH B2 allele frequencies. We also looked at lake size and resident bass CPUE as a possible factors that may have influenced reproductive success. Stocked fish survival to adulthood was variable in the five study lakes, ranging from less than 10% to around 35%. Contribution of stocked fish to reproduction was also variable and was higher in small lakes than in larger ones. The density of resident bass as measured by CPUE had no relationship to the contribution of stocked bass reproduction in the lakes that we studied. Based on the proportion of stocked adults in the populations we could predict the change in the frequency of the MDH B2 allele to determine how reproductive success of stocked fish compared to wild fish. We found that reproductive success of stocked fish was similar to wild fish. Our results indicate that stocking is most likely to be successful in small lakes and that the genetic influence of stocked fish will persist in successive generations. In future reports, we will examine how prey availability could affect stocked largemouth bass condition and ability to secure good nesting sites differently than wild fish. In Job 101.4, we continued a multi lake experiment examining the influence of vegetation on largemouth bass recruitment. Lakes were divided into treatments by the vegetation management strategy. Two lakes (Stillwater and Airport) were treated for vegetation to reduce the vegetation present and yield more intermediate vegetation densities. The vegetation treatments were initiated in this segment and have been successful at reducing vegetation in Stillwater Lake, but not Airport Lake. Two lakes (Paradise and Dolan) experienced management to increase vegetation. Vegetation planting was initiated in 2008in Lake Paradiseand planting efforts continued in this segment. We areevaluating the success of different species of vegetation and the size of cage used. American pondweed has shown the greatest long-term survival and the large cages have been most effective in producing vegetation. In this segment, American pondweed was planted in 5 additional cages and a number of cages were expanded to promotethe spread of successful cages. We also evaluated fish and invertebrate communities associated with vegetated and non-vegetatedcages and observed higher densities of both fish and invertebrates in vegetated cages. Rehabilitation at Dolan Lake has continued to yield higher vegetation and reduced gizzard shad and carp numbers. There is some evidence of gizzard shad populations rebounding. Four lakes with experimental treatments and 7control lakes were monitored for fish populations, vegetation densities, and prey organisms and will be compared through time as the management experiment continues.CPUE of young of year largemouth bass was higher in lakes with greater vegetation densities, but differences were not significant. The density of larval gizzard shad was significantly correlated with the proportion of lake area and perimeter that was vegetated. No other lake conditions that were measured were related to vegetation density. We will continue to monitor vegetation, fish, and prey communities in the 11 research lakes to evaluate the role of vegetation management to increase largemouth bass recruitment.In this segment, we also continuedto examine patterns in abundance of young-of-year largemouth bass, other fish species, and associated biotic communities a mong vegetated, woody, and open lakeshore habitat types in two Illinois lakes. While we did not find significant differences in age-0 largemouth bass densities among the microhabitat types sampled in our enclosure surveys, we did find significant differences in the community composition and abundance of potentially important prey items (juvenile sunfishes, caddisflies, chironomids, stoneflies and cyclopoid copepods). Increases in abundance of potential invertebrate and fish prey in vegetated and wooded sites supports the idea that these habitats are important sources of littoral productivity. There is potential for dam escapement to influence largemouth bass recruitment. To assess dam escapement, we sampled downstream of the dam on two reservoirs, Ridge Lake and Forbes Lake via backpack electrofishing and seines. Some largemouth bass were observed in sampling below the dam at both Forbes and Ridge Lake following high water events however there were few fish in all sampling. The assessment of dam escapement is in the very early stages of implementation and evaluation and much more data is needed to draw conclusions about the effect of escapement on largemouth bass populations and recruitment. Additional data will be collected so that a baseline can be established in order to compare largemouth bass numbers after an increased discharge event to largemouth bass numbers during low flow periods. There is potential for angling to have a large influence on largemouth bass populations. Competitive tournament fishing for black bass has grown rapidly over the past several years. Previous work has shown high levels of mortality associated with these tournaments in other parts of the United States. However, little is known about the effects of tournaments on largemouth bass recruitment. In Job 101.5, we continued to examine effects of tournaments for largemouth bass. In this segment, we also continued monitoring largemouth bass spawning activities at Lincoln Trail Lake. Water clarity limited our ability to identify largemouth bass nests in spring 2011. We will continue to evaluate nesting activity, nest guarding behavior, vulnerability to angling, and nest predation in future segments. In this segment, we continued to conduct largemouth bass tournaments in alternating years on Ridge Lake to evaluate their effect on recruitment. A series of spring tournaments were conducted in 2007 and 2010 and largemouth bass populations were compared among tournament and non-tournament years. Initial results show no differences in recruitment between tournament and non-tournament years. In addition, no changes were observed in adult largemouth bass abundance or size structure. These results are preliminary and additional years will be needed to evaluate treatment effects. We are continuing a pond experiment examining the population effects of tournament angling during the spawning season on largemouth bass recruitment. In the current segment, we initiated the second year of the two-year study. Results from the first year indicate that tournament angling has a moderate effect on largemouth bass recruitment in terms of numbers, and a rather large effect on young-of-year largemouth bass biomass. After adjustment for summer zooplankton abundance, which was a significant covariate for largemouth bass recruitment, ponds in which tournament angling was conducted had approximately 22% less recruits and 64% less young-of-year biomass than control ponds. In the future segment, we will include data from the second year to strengthen results. In this segment we also continued to evaluate tournament activity on nine Illinois lakes as well as 5 control lakes with no tournaments. Tournament data was used to calculate total tournament angler hours per acre as well as catch rates and statistics on the sizes and types of tournaments on each lake. We evaluated the largemouth bass population in each lake by performing electrofishing transects in the spring. CPUE of young-of-year largemouth bass and largemouth bass over 14 inches was not correlated with tournament pressure (angler hours/acre). The mean number of fish weighed in at a tournament was correlated with CPUE of largemouth bass over 14 inches and was also correlated with lake size. Tournament lakes did not have reduced recruitment when compared to lakes with no tournament angling. Tournament lakes had higher CPUE of largemouth bass larger than 14 inches than control lakes, but it is difficult to separate the effects of tournaments from the size of the lake and the fact that tournaments may target lakes with more abundant adult largemouth bass. We will continue to collect tournament and largemouth bass population data in future segments to further evaluate and understand how tournaments influence largemouth bass populations. In Job 101.6, a portion of Clinton Lake that was closed to fishing was sampled to continue assessment of the effects of a refuge on largemouth bass populations. Electrofishing samples yielded a higher abundance of adult largemouth bass in the refuge than in the main lake. No increase in the number of largemouth bass has been observed throughout the lake. Sampling will continue at Clinton Lake to monitor largemouth bass populations for changes resulting from the refuge. We also continued sampling Otter Lake as an additional location to evaluate refuges. Electrofishing and seine samples were conducted in two refuge sites as well as three control sites. The refuge was closed to fishing in June 2010 and we initiated sampling for post refuge conditions. We also began assessing effects of harvest regulations on largemouth bass populations. In this segment, we expanded our database of lakes using the Fisheries Analysis System (FAS) containing electrofishing data from 2000-2007 collected by DNR biologists. We grouped lakes by regulation type into 7 groups; Bag by Size(Bag limit above and below a specified size), Catch-and Release (no harvest allowed), Standard (14” length limit, 6 fish creel), Lowered Bag (14” length limit, 14” length limit, 6 fish bag limit), Raised Length/Low Bag (>14” length limit, <6 fish bag limit), No Length (No minimum size limit), and Slot (no fish harvest slot). We compared catch rates of young-of-year and adults (greater than 14 inches), memorable (greater than 510 mm), and proportion stock density (PSD). Lakes with slot limit regulations had the highest CPUE of young-of-year, total, and memorable sized largemouth bass. No other significant differences existed among groups. In future segments, we will combine FAS, INHS sampling and creel data to further evaluate regulations and how they affect angler catch rates. These data can then be used to guide future discussions about various management experiments that might be implemented.Division of Fisheries, Illinois Department of Natural Resources Grant/Contract No: F-135-Runpublishednot peer reviewe

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptor 2 (Ror2) Expression Creates a Poised State of Wnt Signaling in Renal Cancer

Expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (Ror2) has been identified in an increasing array of tumor types and is known to play a role as an important mediator of Wnt signaling cascades. In this study, we aimed to clarify Ror2 interactions with the Wnt pathways within the context of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). An examination of Ror2 expression in primary human RCC tumors showed a significant correlation with several Wnt signaling genes, including the classical feedback target gene Axin2. We provide evidence that Ror2 expression results in a partially activated state for canonical Wnt signaling through an increased signaling pool of β-catenin, leading to an enhancement of downstream target genes following Wnt3a stimulation in both renal and renal carcinoma-derived cells. Additionally, inhibition of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) with either siRNA or dickkopf decreased the response to Wnt3a stimulation, but no change was seen in the increased β-catenin pool associated with Ror2 expression, suggesting that LRP6 cofactor recruitment is necessary for a Wnt3a-induced signal but that it does not participate in the Ror2 effect on β-catenin signaling. These results highlight a new role for Ror2 in conveying a tonic signal to stabilize soluble β-catenin and create a poised state of enhanced responsiveness to Wnt3a exogenous signals in RCC

Avoided metallicity in a hole-doped Mott insulator on a triangular lattice

Doping of a Mott insulator gives rise to a wide variety of exotic emergent states, from high-temperature superconductivity to charge, spin, and orbital orders. The physics underpinning their evolution is, however, poorly understood. A major challenge is the chemical complexity associated with traditional routes to doping. Here, we study the Mott insulating CrO2 layer of the delafossite PdCrO2, where an intrinsic polar catastrophe provides a clean route to doping of the surface. From scanning tunnelling microscopy and angle-resolved photoemission, we find that the surface stays insulating accompanied by a short-range ordered state. From density functional theory, we demonstrate how the formation of charge disproportionation results in an insulating ground state of the surface that is disparate from the hidden Mott insulator in the bulk. We demonstrate that voltage pulses induce local modifications to this state which relax over tens of minutes, pointing to a glassy nature of the charge order

The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment: Exploring Fundamental Symmetries of the Universe

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early Universe, the dynamics of the supernova bursts that produced the heavy elements necessary for life and whether protons eventually decay --- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our Universe, its current state and its eventual fate. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) represents an extensively developed plan for a world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions. LBNE is conceived around three central components: (1) a new, high-intensity neutrino source generated from a megawatt-class proton accelerator at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, (2) a near neutrino detector just downstream of the source, and (3) a massive liquid argon time-projection chamber deployed as a far detector deep underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. This facility, located at the site of the former Homestake Mine in Lead, South Dakota, is approximately 1,300 km from the neutrino source at Fermilab -- a distance (baseline) that delivers optimal sensitivity to neutrino charge-parity symmetry violation and mass ordering effects. This ambitious yet cost-effective design incorporates scalability and flexibility and can accommodate a variety of upgrades and contributions. With its exceptional combination of experimental configuration, technical capabilities, and potential for transformative discoveries, LBNE promises to be a vital facility for the field of particle physics worldwide, providing physicists from around the globe with opportunities to collaborate in a twenty to thirty year program of exciting science. In this document we provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess.Comment: Major update of previous version. This is the reference document for LBNE science program and current status. Chapters 1, 3, and 9 provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess. 288 pages, 116 figure

LSST: from Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products

(Abridged) We describe here the most ambitious survey currently planned in the optical, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). A vast array of science will be enabled by a single wide-deep-fast sky survey, and LSST will have unique survey capability in the faint time domain. The LSST design is driven by four main science themes: probing dark energy and dark matter, taking an inventory of the Solar System, exploring the transient optical sky, and mapping the Milky Way. LSST will be a wide-field ground-based system sited at Cerro Pach\'{o}n in northern Chile. The telescope will have an 8.4 m (6.5 m effective) primary mirror, a 9.6 deg$^2$ field of view, and a 3.2 Gigapixel camera. The standard observing sequence will consist of pairs of 15-second exposures in a given field, with two such visits in each pointing in a given night. With these repeats, the LSST system is capable of imaging about 10,000 square degrees of sky in a single filter in three nights. The typical 5$\sigma$ point-source depth in a single visit in $r$ will be $\sim 24.5$ (AB). The project is in the construction phase and will begin regular survey operations by 2022. The survey area will be contained within 30,000 deg$^2$ with $\delta<+34.5^\circ$, and will be imaged multiple times in six bands, $ugrizy$, covering the wavelength range 320--1050 nm. About 90\% of the observing time will be devoted to a deep-wide-fast survey mode which will uniformly observe a 18,000 deg$^2$ region about 800 times (summed over all six bands) during the anticipated 10 years of operations, and yield a coadded map to $r\sim27.5$. The remaining 10\% of the observing time will be allocated to projects such as a Very Deep and Fast time domain survey. The goal is to make LSST data products, including a relational database of about 32 trillion observations of 40 billion objects, available to the public and scientists around the world.Comment: 57 pages, 32 color figures, version with high-resolution figures available from https://www.lsst.org/overvie

A Multiproxy Database of Western North American Holocene Paleoclimate Records

Holocene climate reconstructions are useful for understanding the diverse features and spatial heterogeneity of past and future climate change. Here we present a database of western North American Holocene paleoclimate records. The database gathers paleoclimate time series from 184 terrestrial and marine sites, including 381 individual proxy records. The records span at least 4000 of the last 12 000 years (median duration of 10 725 years) and have been screened for resolution, chronologic control, and climate sensitivity. Records were included that reflect temperature, hydroclimate, or circulation features. The database is shared in the machine readable Linked Paleo Data (LiPD) format and includes geochronologic data for generating site-level time-uncertain ensembles. This publicly accessible and curated collection of proxy paleoclimate records will have wide research applications, including, for example, investigations of the primary features of ocean-atmospheric circulation along the eastern margin of the North Pacific and the latitudinal response of climate to orbital changes. The database is available for download at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12863843.v1 (Routson and McKay, 2020)