”Meidän lapinmaamme”: Ylä-Savon erämaiden rajakysymys keskiajalla ja 1500-luvulla

Artikkelissa käsittelen pohjoisimman Savon rajojen muotoutumista keskiajalla ja 1500-luvulla Täyssinän rauhaan 1595 saakka. Sen päälähteenä on käytetty rajanmuodostuksesta kertovia tuomiokirjeitä ja rajaluetteloita, joita on peilattu paikannimitutkimukseen. Pääkysymyksiä ovat pohjoisen Savon Novgorodin ja Venäjän vastaisen itärajan muotoutuminen Pähkinäsaaren rauhansopimuksen (1323) jälkeen sekä Hämeen vastaisen länsirajan synty 1400-luvun puolivälissä. Artikkeli esittää, että 1400-luvun alkupuolelta peräisin oleva niin sanottu A-luettelo ja Turun maaoikeuden vuonna 1415 antama rajatuomio viittasivat pohjoisimmalta osaltaan erämaassa kulkeneeseen Matkusjokeen ja paikallisten asukkaiden vesireitille sopimaan rajaporttiin. Viipurin käskynhaltijan ja Ruotsin kuninkaan Kaarle Knuutinpojan vuosina 1446 ja 1452 Savon pohjoisten erämaiden läntisestä rajasta antamat tuomiokirjeet ovat yksityiskohtainen kuvaus erämaarajojen määrittelyn periaatteista. Lopullisessa tuomiossaan kuningas katsoi pohjoisen Savon erämaiden kuuluvan kokonaisuudessaan Viipurin linnaläänin hallintaan, mutta todennäköisesti paikallinen sopiminen erämaarajoista jatkui tuomion jälkeenkin. Erämaan muuttuminen asumistilaksi viljanviljelyn yleistyessä loi uudenlaista rajojen määrittelemisen tarvetta ja oli tavallinen ristiriitojen syntymisen syy niin yksittäisten asukkaiden, väestöryhmien kuin valtakuntien välillä.The article discusses the formation of the borders of the Northern Savo wilderness before the Sweden-Russia peace treaty of 1595, when the wilderness officially became understood as a populated area controlled by sovereign, territorial states. As main sources the article uses well-known medieval judgement letters and various lists of border places, which are given a re-interpretation. Philological evidence based on place names is also discussed. The main questions are the development of the eastern Savo border towards Novgorod and Russia after the Sweden-Novgorod peace treaty in 1323 on the one hand, and the 15th century conflict between Savo and Tavastland province in the west on the other hand. Contrary to mainstream interpretations, it is suggested that before growing interventions by sovereign states from late 15th century onwards, in the east the local inhabitants understood the Matkusjoki wilderness river as a border between regions. The judgement letters by king Karl Knutsson (1446, 1452) are one of the most heavily analyzed sources in medieval Finnish history. The main interest of the documents is that they give a detailed account of how the borders were defined in the wilderness. The controversy between Tavastland and Savo inhabitants had escalated, and the Crown was forced to step in to settle the violent conflict. Border inspection was held by impartial men from Ostrobothnia in 1445, but later the king reversed his judgement. The judgement of 1452 moved the border westwards, which seemed to favour Savo inhabitants. In earlier research the verdict is seen as confusing and surprising, since the king especially reprimanded the Savo inhabitants. The border of 1452 was, however, an administrative border between the Viborg and Tavastland provinces. It left room for local agreements in the wilderness, which were most likely made even after the “final” decision by the king.&nbsp

Vallan ja toimijuuden institutionalisoituminen

publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Antiviral Properties of Chemical Inhibitors of Cellular Anti-Apoptotic Bcl-2 Proteins

Viral diseases remain serious threats to public health because of the shortage of effective means of control. To combat the surge of viral diseases, new treatments are urgently needed. Here we show that small-molecules, which inhibit cellular anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins (Bcl-2i), induced the premature death of cells infected with different RNA or DNA viruses, whereas, at the same concentrations, no toxicity was observed in mock-infected cells. Moreover, these compounds limited viral replication and spread. Surprisingly, Bcl-2i also induced the premature apoptosis of cells transfected with viral RNA or plasmid DNA but not of mock-transfected cells. These results suggest that Bcl-2i sensitizes cells containing foreign RNA or DNA to apoptosis. A comparison of the toxicity, antiviral activity, and side effects of six Bcl-2i allowed us to select A-1155463 as an antiviral lead candidate. Thus, our results pave the way for the further development of Bcl-2i for the prevention and treatment of viral diseases.Peer reviewe

Antiviral properties of chemical inhibitors of cellular anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins

Viral diseases remain serious threats to public health because of the shortage of effective means of control. To combat the surge of viral diseases, new treatments are urgently needed. Here we show that small-molecules, which inhibit cellular anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins (Bcl-2i), induced the premature death of cells infected with different RNA or DNA viruses, whereas, at the same concentrations, no toxicity was observed in mock-infected cells. Moreover, these compounds limited viral replication and spread. Surprisingly, Bcl-2i also induced the premature apoptosis of cells transfected with viral RNA or plasmid DNA but not of mock-transfected cells. These results suggest that Bcl-2i sensitizes cells containing foreign RNA or DNA to apoptosis. A comparison of the toxicity, antiviral activity, and side effects of six Bcl-2i allowed us to select A-1155463 as an antiviral lead candidate. Thus, our results pave the way for the further development of Bcl-2i for the prevention and treatment of viral diseases.</p

Verenperijät : väkivalta ja yhteisön murros itäisessä Suomessa 1500-1600 -luvulla

Symmary: Recovering blood : violence and community in the age of transition : the case of Eastern Finland from the Middle Ages until 1700Väitöskirja, Jyväskylän yliopist

Ansiokasta rajaseutututkimusta

Arvosteltu teos: Rajaseutu liikkeessä: Kainuun ja Pielisen Karjalan asukkaiden kontaktit Venäjän Karjalaan kreivin ajasta sarkasotaan (1650-1712), Jukka Kokkonen, Helsinki (2002

Sanomalehti Otavan radikaali kausi (1860–1863)

Sanomalehti Otavan radikaali kausi (1860–1863

Rikos, synti ja rangaistus

Arvosteltu teos: "Secoituxesta järjettömäin luondocappalden canssa": Perversiot, oikeuselämä ja kansankulttuuri 1700-luvun Suomessa, Teemu Keskisarja, Helsinki (2006