Les effets des pratiques de leadership sur la performance de l’équipe : rôle médiateur de l’engagement des membres envers les objectifs d’équipe

Le but de cette recherche est la vérification des relations entre les pratiques de leadership et la performance de l’équipe. Nous nous concentrons sur deux pratiques de leadership distinctes : le leadership d’empowerment et le leadership autocratique. Cette recherche vise également à comprendre le rôle médiateur de l’engagement des membres envers les objectifs d’équipe dans ces relations. De plus, nous examinons la combinaison des deux pratiques de leadership chez un même responsable d’équipe, à savoir si l’adoption d’un style de leadership peut réduire ou amplifier l’effet de l’autre style de leadership. Les données de types secondaires ont été colligées auprès de 381 membres faisant partie de 101 équipes ainsi que des 101 supérieurs immédiats de ces équipes œuvrant dans une organisation de sécurité publique canadienne. Ces données ont été recueillies grâce à un questionnaire. Des analyses factorielles confirmatoires et des analyses de régression hiérarchique ont permis de vérifier nos huit hypothèses. Les résultats montrent que les pratiques de leadership sont modérément et significativement liées à la performance d’équipe. Les pratiques de leadership sont également liées fortement et significativement à l’engagement des membres envers les objectifs d’équipe. Par ailleurs, les résultats révèlent que l’engagement des membres envers les objectifs d’équipe joue un rôle médiateur complet dans la relation entre les pratiques de leadership et la performance d’équipe. Par contre, l’effet d’interaction entre les pratiques de leadership n’est pas significatif. La vérification du rôle médiateur de l’engagement des membres envers les objectifs d’équipe constitue un apport théorique dans la compréhension des équipes de travail. Sur le plan pratique, les résultats montrent que les responsables d’équipe ont intérêt à adopter des pratiques de gestion permettant l’atteinte des objectifs d’équipe tout en améliorant le sentiment d’engagement des membres et la performance d’équipe.The purpose of this research is to study the effect that leadership practices can have on team performance. We decided to concentrate this study on two types of leadership practices that are distinct: empowerment leadership and autocratic leadership. This research also tends to explain the mediating role of team goal commitment in the relation between leadership practices and team performance. Furthermore, we examine the harmonization of both leadership practices present among a team leader to notice if the adoption of one type of leadership would diminish or amplify the impact of the other leadership type. Secondary data were collected in a public safety organization located in Canada. Overall, 381 members of 101 teams and their corresponding 101 immediate superiors were questioned through a questionnaire survey. Confirmatory factor analyses and a series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to verify our eight hypothesis. The results showed that leadership practices have a moderate and significant effect on team performance. Leadership practices are also strongly and significantly related to team goal commitment. Otherwise, the results points out the mediating role of team goal commitment. In fact, the mediating role of team goal commitment was complete between leadership practices and team performance. Contrariwise, the interaction effect between leadership practices turned out to be not significant. The verification of the mediating role of team goal commitment represents a theoretical implication within the comprehension of team work. Likewise, on the practical side results showed that team leaders had better to adopt managing practices that can allow the team to reach the team objectives while improving the members’ sense of commitment and the team performance

O PAPEL DA EXPERIÊNCIA NA APRENDIZAGEM NA PROFISSÃO DOCENTE: UMA REVISÃO DA LITERATURA

This article questions the role of experience in a pre-service teacher education practicum context. Although studied for several decades, experiential learning still has several gray areas. In order to shed light on the phenomenon, a literature review was conducted on scientific writings produced in the educational domain between 2000 and 2021. Three thematic categories emerged from a meta-analysis on experiential learning (framework, foundations and organizers, and knowledge), allowing a global understanding of its role and its limits, of its foundations, organizers and the training devices that frame it, and finally, of the nature of its product which is experiential knowledge.Este artículo cuestiona el rol de la experiencia en contexto de la formación práctica de la profesión docente. Aunque se ha estudiado durante varias décadas, el aprendizaje experiencial todavía tiene varias áreas grises. Para arrojar luz en este tema, se realizó una revisión de los escritos científicos producidos en educación entre 2000 y 2021. De un meta-análisis surgieron tres categorías temáticas del aprendizaje experiencial (marcos, fundamentos y organizadores y saberes emanados) que permiten una comprensión global de su rol y sus límites, de sus fundamentos, organizadores y dispositivos de formación que lo fomentan y, finalmente, de los saberes que emanan del conjunto de los procesos.Este artigo questiona o papel da aprendizagem experimental no contexto da formação prática de professores. Embora estudada durante várias décadas, a aprendizagem experimental ainda tem várias áreas de indefinição. Para esclarecer esta questão, foi realizada uma revisão dos escritos científicos produzidos na educação entre 2000 e 2021. Uma meta-análise revelou três categorias temáticas de aprendizagem experimental (quadros, fundações e organizadores, e conhecimentos emanados) que permitem uma compreensão global do seu papel e dos seus limites, das suas fundações, organizadores e dispositivos de formação que a promovem, e finalmente, do conhecimento que emana dos processos como um todo

Formation à l'IA -épisode 3 : Class'Code / Inria IAI

National audienceVictor Storchan termine la série d'articles sur les initiatives de formation à l'intelligence artificielle (IA). Après "Elements Of AI", et "Objectif IA", il donne la parole à Frédéric Alexandre, Marie-Hélène Comte, Martine Courbin-Coulaud et Bastien Masse sur Class´Code IAI. Il s’agit d’offrir une initiation à l’Intelligence Artificielle via une formation citoyenne, gratuite et attestée https://classcode.fr/iai, dans le cadre d’une perspective « d'Université Citoyenne et Populaire en Sciences et Culture du Numérique » où chacune et chacun de la chercheuse au politique en passant par l’ingénieure ou l’étudiant venons avec nos questionnements, nos savoirs et savoir-faire à partager

Особенности процесса распылительной сушки высоковлажной биомассы Spirulina platensis

Проведен комплекс исследований по распылительному обезвоживанию биомассы Spirulina platensis, включающий исследование кинетических особенностей обезвоживания и теплотехнологических параметров распылительного способа сушки. Получены опытные партии порошков, проведен анализ дисперсионных и структурно-механических характеристик полученных порошков, показано, что процесс обезвоживания осуществляется при достаточно “мягких” термических условиях.Проведено комплекс досліджень розпилювального зневоднення біомаси Spirulina platensis, стосовно кінетичних особливостей сушіння та теплотехнологічних параметрів розпилювального способу сушки. Отримано дослідні партії порошків, проведено аналіз дисперсних та структурно-механічних характеристик отриманих порошків, виявлено, що процес зневоднення здійснюється при достатньо “м’яких” термічних умовах.A complex investigation of the spray drying of Spirulina platensis biomass have been carried out, which included studying of the kinetic properties of the dehydration process as well as the heat exchanging technological parametrs of spray drying technique. By using a pilot dryer, development types of the dry powdered product have been obtained. A analysis of the dispersion and mechanical characteristics of the powdered product being obtained has been performed. It has been shown that the drying processes has to be carried out at fairly soft dehydration regimes

Seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgG in children: very early exposure in young children in a hyperendemic region

Background and objectivesHepatitis E virus (HEV) can be considered an emerging zoonotic pathogen and is an important cause of acute viral hepatitis in high-income countries. Corsica has been identified as a hyperendemic region for HEV. We aimed to characterize the prevalence of IgG among children and estimate the annual force of infection of HEV.MethodsFrom April 2020 to June 2021, we collected 856 “residual sera” in 13 medical biology laboratories. Sera were tested using the Wantaï HEV IgG assay. Data were weighted according to the distribution by sex and age of the real Corsican population. Serocatalytic models were applied to assess the annual force of infection of HEV.ResultsThe weighted seroprevalence was 30.33% [27.15–34.0]. The seroprevalence was only associated with increasing age (7.25–40.52%; p < 0.001). The annual probability of infection was 5.4% for adults and children above 10-year-old and 2.2% for children under 10 yo.ConclusionOur study demonstrates that in the hyperendemic island of Corsica, (i) exposure of the population to HEV is homogeneous at the spatial level with no difference between genders; (ii) HEV exposure occurs from birth, resulting in 7.4% seropositivity at the age of 4 years; and (iii) super exposure is observed after the age of 9 years. Accordingly, specific studies should be conducted to determine the breadth of the situation identified in our study. The role of the environment and its contamination by domestic or wild swine excreta should be investigated using a One Health approach

Understanding Intelligently Artificial Intelligence : a citizens' open formation

International audienceOur whole society is and will be deeply impacted by digital science and this takes a new qualitative and quantitative turn with what is named artificial intelligence (AI). We must allow everyone to master, thus understand how all this works. This means computational thinking discovery and machine learning initiation. Directly inspired by the Finnish initiative to train 1% of its population on these subjects and after our success in providing a hybrid formation on computational thinking for teachers and citizens not familiar with computer science where more 45000 persons have been reached, yielding a satisfaction level higher than 90%, we have built and now operate a citizen training in AI in the broad sense, intended to a large public beyond the school domain, with the goal of giving rise to an ubiquitary citizen university in digital science and cultur

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

Methodological risk associated to the change in usual care when used as comparator in a randomized clinical controlled trial

RATIONELLE: Dans les essais cliniques contrôlés randomisés, le choix de la pratique courante comme comparateur peut être associé à une meilleure acceptabilité du protocole de l’étude par les cliniciens et mener à des résultats plus généralisables. Par contre, si la pratique courante change en cours d’étude, l’écart entre les groupes peut changer. Nous avons mesuré la pratique courante avant et pendant un essai contrôlé randomisé, l’étude OVATION-65, évaluant de nouvelles cibles de pression artérielle moyenne guidant l'administration de vasopresseurs. MÉTHODOLOGIE: L'essai randomisé contrôlé OVATION-65 a inclus des patients âgés de ³ 65 ans, admis aux unités de soins intensifs pour recevoir la pratique courante ou un traitement restrictif de vasopresseurs, visant une pression artérielle moyenne de 60-65 mmHg, pour déterminer l’effet sur l’atteinte des organes cibles. Afin de déterminer si l’initiation de l’étude a engendré des changements de la pratique courante, nous avons mené une étude rétrospective observationnelle dans laquelle nous avons évalué la pression artérielle moyenne atteinte de patients avant l’initiation de l’étude et pendant son déroulement en utilisant un test-t de Student non apparié. RÉSULTATS: Nous avons inclus 200 patients avant et 229 patients après l’initiation d’OVATION-65. Les caractéristiques de base des deux groupes étaient comparables (score Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II [APACHE II], médiane 26 [intervalle interquartile (IIQ) 20-31] vs 26 [IIQ 21- 31], p=0,53 et âge moyen, 74,5 [écart-type (ET) 7,2] vs 75,2 [ET 6,9] ans, p=0,28). Nous n’avons pas observé de différences significatives entre les pressions artérielles moyennes atteintes moyennes avant et après l’initiation d’OVATION-65 (72,5 [ET 5,1] vs 72,4 [ET 5,0] mmHg, p=0,76). CONCLUSION: L’initiation de l’essai contrôlé randomisé OVATION-65 n'a pas été associée à un changement des valeurs de pression artérielle moyenne atteinte et n’a donc pas entraîné la modification de la pratique des cliniciens en lien avec l'administration des vasopresseurs. Pour les essais contrôlés randomisés comparant un traitement actif à la pratique courante, l’observation délibérée des pratiques courantes avant et pendant l’essai clinique est importante pour détecter des changements aux pratiques courantes pouvant être liés à la l’initiation de l'étude et pourrait atténuer les inquiétudes concernant les biais potentiels ou permettre de quantifier les biais.Abstract: RATIONALE: In randomized clinical controlled trials, the choice of usual care as the comparator may be associated with better clinician uptake of the study protocol and lead to more generalizable results. However, if usual care changes during the course of a trial, differences between arms may also change. We measured usual care before vs. during a randomized controlled trial, the OVATION-65 Trial, evaluating new mean arterial pressure targets guiding the administration of vasopressors. METHODS: The OVATION-65 randomized controlled trial included patients ≥ 65 years admitted to the intensive care unit to receive usual care vs. restrictive use of vasopressors, targeting a mean arterial pressure of 60-65 mmHg, to determine effect on end-organ damage. To determine if trial initiation resulted in changes to usual care, we performed a retrospective observational study where we evaluated achieve mean arterial pressure of patients admitted to the intensive care unit before trial initiation vs. during its course, using unpaired Student’s t-test). RESULTS: We included 200 patients before and 229 patients after OVATION-65 initiation. Baseline characteristics of patients of the two groups were comparable (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II [APACHE II] score, median 26 [interquartile range (IQR) 20- 31] vs. 26 [IQR 21-31], p=0.53); mean age 74.5 [standard deviation (SD) 7.2] vs. 75.2 [SD 6.9] years, p=0.28). We observed no significant differences in the mean achieved mean arterial pressure before vs. after initiation of OVATION-65 (72.5 [SD 5.1] vs. 72.4 [SD 5.0] mmHg, p= 0.76). CONCLUSION: The initiation of the OVATION-65 randomized controlled trial was not associated with a change in achieved mean arterial pressure values and did not modify clinicians’ use of vasopressors. For randomized controlled trials comparing active treatment to usual care, the deliberate observation of usual care before vs. during the trial is important to detect changes in usual care that may be associated with the trial initiation and may alleviate concerns regarding potential biases or permit quantification of the biases

Une analyse de la souffrance enseignante : Horkheimer, Adorno et l’humain comme être souffrant

Cet article éclaire, d’un point de vue essentiellement théorique, le phénomène de la souffrance enseignante dans une perspective empruntée à la sociologie et la philosophie sociale des principaux représentants de la première génération de l’École de Francfort, Max Horkheimer et Theodor Adorno : ses objectifs sont de mettre en lumière les articulations possibles entre les manifestations microsociologiques de la souffrance vécue dans le cadre du travail enseignant (problèmes d’adaptation, stress, désenchantement face au métier, remaniements identitaires professionnels et personnels) et le concept macrosociologique de rationalisation instrumentale du système éducatif. Quels sont les impacts de ce processus de rationalisation, au cœur de la pensée horkheimerienne et adornienne, sur les différentes manifestations de la souffrance enseignante ? Comment le concept de souffrance chez les deux philosophes permet-il de mieux comprendre les fondements et rouages des difficultés enseignantes ?This article aims to understand the phenomenon of teaching difficulties and suffering from a theoretical point of view, through the sociological and philosophical perspectives of Frankfurt School’s first generation theorists Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno. Its main goal is to highlight the possible relation between the microsociological manifestations of suffering experienced in teaching work (adaptation problems, stress, disenchantment vis-à-vis the profession, professional and personal identity changes) and the concept of the instrumental rationalization of the educational systems. What are the possible impacts of this process of rationalization, central to Horkheimer and Adorno’s theories, on the different manifestations of teacher suffering? More specifically, how does the concept of suffering in the two philosopher’s theories allow us to better comprehend the difficulties facing teachers in their work? These are some of the questions that this article aims to answer