Physiological significance of ethylene in needle abscission of root-detached Balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.)

L'abscission prématurée des aiguilles constitue un problème majeur pour l'industrie de l'arbre de Noël dans les provinces Atlantiques du Canada. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient donc de déterminer: 1) l'effet de l'éthylène endogène et exogène sur l'abscission des aiguilles, 2) l'effet de l'utilisation d'inhibiteurs de l'activité de l'éthylène sur l'abscission des aiguilles, 3) l'activité des cellulases associées à l'éthylène et l'abscission des aiguilles, 4) l'interaction entre l'éthylène et la variabilité génotypique, et 5) l'effet de l'éthylène sous des conditions de perte d'eau réduite. Nos résultats ont démontré que l'éthylène est impliqué comme signal d'abscission pour les aiguilles du sapin baumier. Il a été constaté que l'évolution de l'éthylène endogène a augmenté à des taux variant de 10,5 à 20,0 (j.L-g"lh"' suivie immédiatement de l'abscission complète des aiguilles. Selon la concentration utilisée, l'apport exogène d'ethylene a réduit la durée de rétention des aiguilles de 30 à 70%. En absence d'éthylène exogène, l'inhibition de l'éthylène avec AVG ou 1-MCP a retardé respectivement l'abscission des aiguilles de 113 et 73%. D'autre part, l'éthylène a stimulé l'activité des cellulases. Les branches ne démontrant aucun signe d'abscission ont eu une activité cellulase de 0,4 unité alors que les branches induites par l'éthylène exogène et endogène ont eu une activité respective de 4,6 et 3,1 unités. Les génotypes ayant une faible durée de rétention de leurs aiguilles ont libéré 50% plus d'éthylène et ont réagi à l'éthylène exogène plus tôt que les génotypes possédant une durée de rétention élevée de leurs aiguilles. Enfin, le contrôle de la perte d'eau a significativement retardé l'abscission induite par l'éthylène. Ainsi, l'exposition des branches à 90% d'humidité ou à une température de 5°C a diminué la perte d'eau, l'évolution de l'éthylène et l'abscission des aiguilles. Le stockage des branches à une humidité de 90% a été particulièrement efficace augmentant de plus de 3 fois la durée de rétention des aiguilles. Il est ainsi suggéré que le sapin baumier réagisse à de faibles stress hydriques en libérant de l'éthylène. Une exposition de courte durée à l'éthylène est toutefois bénéfique alors qu'une exposition continuelle stimule les enzymes hydrolytiques qui culminent en l'abscission des aiguilles

Social effects on age-related and sex-specific immune cell profiles in a wild mammal

Evidence for age-related changes in innate and adaptive immune responses is increasing in wild populations. Such changes have been linked to fitness, and knowledge of the factors driving immune response variation is important for understanding the evolution of immunity. Age-related changes in immune profiles may be owing to factors such as immune system development, sex-specific behaviour and responses to environmental conditions. Social environments may also contribute to variation in immunological responses, for example, through transmission of pathogens and stress arising from resource and mate competition. Yet, the impact of the social environment on age-related changes in immune cell profiles is currently understudied in the wild. Here, we tested the relationship between leukocyte cell composition (proportion of neutrophils and lymphocytes [innate and adaptive immunity, respectively] that were lymphocytes) and age, sex and group size in a wild population of European badgers (Meles meles). We found that the proportion of lymphocytes in early life was greater in males in smaller groups compared to larger groups, but with a faster age-related decline in smaller groups. By contrast, the proportion of lymphocytes in females was not significantly related to age or group size. Our results provide evidence of sex-specific age-related changes in immune cell profiles in a wild mammal, which are influenced by the social environment

Stochasticity and traffic jams in the transcription of ribosomal RNA: Intriguing role of termination and antitermination

In fast growing bacteria, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is required to be transcribed at very high rates to sustain the high cellular demand on ribosome synthesis. This results in dense traffic of RNA polymerases (RNAP). We developed a stochastic model, integrating results of single-molecule and quantitative in vivo studies of E. coli, to evaluate the quantitative effect of pausing, termination, and antitermination on rRNA transcription. Our calculations reveal that in dense RNAP traffic, spontaneous pausing of RNAP can lead to severe "traffic jams", as manifested in the broad distribution of inter-RNAP distances and can be a major factor limiting transcription and hence growth. Our results suggest the suppression of these pauses by the ribosomal antitermination complex to be essential at fast growth. Moreover, unsuppressed pausing by even a few non-antiterminated RNAPs can already reduce transcription drastically under dense traffic. However, the termination factor Rho can remove the non-antiterminated RNAPs and restore fast transcription. The results thus suggest an intriguing role by Rho to enhance rather than attenuate rRNA transcription.Comment: includes Supporting Informatio

First principles simulations of liquid Fe-S under Earth's core conditions

First principles electronic structure calculations, based upon density functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation and ultra-soft Vanderbilt pseudopotentials, have been used to simulate a liquid alloy of iron and sulfur at Earth's core conditions. We have used a sulfur concentration of $\approx 12$wt, in line with the maximum recent estimates of the sulfur abundance in the Earth's outer core. The analysis of the structural, dynamical and electronic structure properties has been used to report on the effect of the sulfur impurities on the behavior of the liquid. Although pure sulfur is known to form chains in the liquid phase, we have not found any tendency towards polymerization in our liquid simulation. Rather, a net S-S repulsion is evident, and we propose an explanation for this effect in terms of the electronic structure. The inspection of the dynamical properties of the system suggests that the sulfur impurities have a negligible effect on the viscosity of Earth's liquid core.Comment: 24 pages (including 8 figures

Functional representations of integrable hierarchies

We consider a general framework for integrable hierarchies in Lax form and derive certain universal equations from which `functional representations' of particular hierarchies (like KP, discrete KP, mKP, AKNS), i.e. formulations in terms of functional equations, are systematically and quite easily obtained. The formalism genuinely applies to hierarchies where the dependent variables live in a noncommutative (typically matrix) algebra. The obtained functional representations can be understood as `noncommutative' analogs of `Fay identities' for the KP hierarchy.Comment: 21 pages, version 2: equations (3.28) and (4.11) adde

The 'At-risk mental state' for psychosis in adolescents : clinical presentation, transition and remission.

Despite increased efforts over the last decade to prospectively identify individuals at ultra-high risk of developing a psychotic illness, limited attention has been specifically directed towards adolescent populations (<18 years). In order to evaluate how those under 18 fulfilling the operationalised criteria for an At-Risk Mental State (ARMS) present and fare over time, we conducted an observational study. Participants (N = 30) generally reported a high degree of functional disability and frequent and distressing perceptual disturbance, mainly in the form of auditory hallucinations. Seventy percent (21/30) were found to fulfil the criteria for a co-morbid ICD-10 listed mental health disorder, with mood (affective; 13/30) disorders being most prevalent. Overall transition rates to psychosis were low at 24 months follow-up (2/28; 7.1 %) whilst many participants demonstrated a significant reduction in psychotic-like symptoms. The generalisation of these findings may be limited due to the small sample size and require replication in a larger sample

The Hubbard model within the equations of motion approach

The Hubbard model has a special role in Condensed Matter Theory as it is considered as the simplest Hamiltonian model one can write in order to describe anomalous physical properties of some class of real materials. Unfortunately, this model is not exactly solved except for some limits and therefore one should resort to analytical methods, like the Equations of Motion Approach, or to numerical techniques in order to attain a description of its relevant features in the whole range of physical parameters (interaction, filling and temperature). In this manuscript, the Composite Operator Method, which exploits the above mentioned analytical technique, is presented and systematically applied in order to get information about the behavior of all relevant properties of the model (local, thermodynamic, single- and two- particle ones) in comparison with many other analytical techniques, the above cited known limits and numerical simulations. Within this approach, the Hubbard model is shown to be also capable to describe some anomalous behaviors of the cuprate superconductors.Comment: 232 pages, more than 300 figures, more than 500 reference