EDUCAÇÃO SEXUAL EM TEMPOS DE HIV/ AIDS.

El estudio que presentamos abarca a los alumnos y a los profesores con Licenciaturas en Enfermería y en Pedagogía de la Universidad do Vale do Rio dos Sinos y a los alumnos y profesores de las escuelas básicas de las municipalidades con más de 100 mil habitantes de la región metropolitana de Porto Alegre. El repensar cómo reconstruyen las representaciones del VIH/SIDA a partir de los discursos que intervienen en los espacios escolares, examinando sus interrelaciones con el currículum escolar y con la educación sexual, son los objetivos formulados para la investigación. La investigación, realizada con el apoyo de la FAPERGS (Agencia de Fomento a la Investigación del RS) y de la UNISINOS abarcó a las escuelas básicas, indicadas por las Secretarías Municipales de Educación, en donde de las diez municipalidades con más de 100 mil habitantes de la región metropolitana de Porto Alegre, se encontró que siete de estas están entre las 100 municipalidades con los mayores índices de la epidemia del VIH/SIDA. Los datos fueron obtenidos a través de cuestionarios, de entrevistas semi-estructuradas y de observaciones de los espacios de informalidad de la escuela básica durante la realización de las actividades educativas de las disciplinas de práctica de la educación primaria y la educación secundaria. Los resultados indican que los adolescentes que estudian en las escuelas investigadas tienen edades entre los 13 y 16 años, que corresponde al 66,1% y, dentro de éstos un 44,2% tienen una vida sexual activa. Al responder éstos sobre la prevención de las DST/VIH, el 76,1% de los estudiantes refieren usar el preservativo masculino como una de las formas de prevención, aunque al indicar el método de prevención que ellos utilizan, solamente un 30,2% mencionaron el preservativo. Es importante destacar que un 31,2% de los alumnos manifestaron desconocer las formas de transmisión del VIH. En lo que se refiere a las representaciones del VIH/SIDA, el 42,5% de ellos lo relacionan con la muerte, con el preconcepto y con el miedo.O estudo que apresentamos envolve os alunos e professores das Licenciaturas de Enfermagem e Pedagogia da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos e os alunos e professores de escolas básicas dos municípios com mais de 100 mil habitantes da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Repensar como as representações de HIV/AIDS são construídas a partir dos discursos que permeiam os espaços escolares, examinando suas interrelações com o currículo escolar e com a educação sexual, são os objetivos da investigação. A investigação, realizada com o apoio da FAPERGS (agência de fomento à pesquisa do RS) e da UNISINOS envolveu escolas básicas, indicadas pelas Secretarias Municipais de Educação, dos dez municípios com mais de 100 mil habitantes da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, sendo que sete deles estão entre os 100 municípios com maiores índices da epidemia de HIV/AIDS. Os dados foram obtidos através de questionários, de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observações dos espaços de informalidade da escola básica durante a realização de atividades educativas das disciplinas de prática de ensino fundamental e médio. Os resultados apontam que os adolescentes que estudam nas escolas pesquisadas têm idades entre 13 e 16 anos (66,1%) e, dentre eles 44,2% possuem vida sexual ativa. Ao responderem sobre a prevenção de DST/HIV, 76,1% dos estudantes referem o preservativo masculino como forma de prevenção, no entanto ao indicarem o método de prevenção que utilizam, apenas 30,2% mencionam o preservativo. É importante destacar que 31,2% dos alunos disseram desconhecer as formas de transmissão do HIV. No que se refere às representações de HIV/AIDS, 42,5% deles a relacionam com a morte, o preconceito e o medo

Experimental Demonstration of Five-photon Entanglement and Open-destination Teleportation

Universal quantum error-correction requires the ability of manipulating entanglement of five or more particles. Although entanglement of three or four particles has been experimentally demonstrated and used to obtain the extreme contradiction between quantum mechanics and local realism, the realization of five-particle entanglement remains an experimental challenge. Meanwhile, a crucial experimental challenge in multi-party quantum communication and computation is the so-called open-destination teleportation. During open-destination teleportation, an unknown quantum state of a single particle is first teleported onto a N-particle coherent superposition to perform distributed quantum information processing. At a later stage this teleported state can be readout at any of the N particles for further applications by performing a projection measurement on the remaining N-1 particles. Here, we report a proof-of-principle demonstration of five-photon entanglement and open-destination teleportation. In the experiment, we use two entangled photon pairs to generate a four-photon entangled state, which is then combined with a single photon state to achieve the experimental goals. The methods developed in our experiment would have various applications e.g. in quantum secret sharing and measurement-based quantum computation.Comment: 19 pages, 4 figures, submitted for publication on 15 October, 200

Precision measurement of the η→π+π−π0\eta\to\pi^+\pi^-\pi^0 Dalitz plot distribution with the KLOE detector

Using $1.6$ fb$^{-1}$ of $e^+ e^-\to\phi\to\eta\gamma$ data collected with the KLOE detector at DA$\Phi$NE, the Dalitz plot distribution for the $\eta \to \pi^+ \pi^- \pi^0$ decay is studied with the world's largest sample of $\sim 4.7 \cdot 10^6$ events. The Dalitz plot density is parametrized as a polynomial expansion up to cubic terms in the normalized dimensionless variables $X$ and $Y$. The experiment is sensitive to all charge conjugation conserving terms of the expansion, including a $gX^2Y$ term. The statistical uncertainty of all parameters is improved by a factor two with respect to earlier measurements.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures, supplement: an ascii tabl

The Aurora B specificity switch is required to protect from non-disjunction at the metaphase/anaphase transition

The Aurora B abscission checkpoint delays cytokinesis until resolution of DNA trapped in the cleavage furrow. This process involves PKCε phosphorylation of Aurora B S227. Assessing if this PKCε-Aurora B module provides a more widely exploited genome-protective control for the cell cycle, we show Aurora B phosphorylation at S227 by PKCε also occurs during mitosis. Expression of Aurora B S227A phenocopies inhibition of PKCε in by-passing the delay and resolution at anaphase entry that is associated with non-disjunction and catenation of sister chromatids. Implementation of this anaphase delay is reflected in PKCε activation following cell cycle dependent cleavage by caspase 7; knock-down of caspase 7 phenocopies PKCε loss, in a manner rescued by ectopically expressing/generating a free PKCε catalytic domain. Molecular dynamics indicates that Aurora B S227 phosphorylation induces conformational changes and this manifests in a profound switch in specificity towards S29 TopoIIα phosphorylation, a response necessary for catenation resolution during mitosis.This work was supported by the Francis Crick Institute, which receives its core funding from Cancer Research UK (FC001130), the UK Medical Research Council (FC001130) and the Wellcome Trust (FC001130).Peer reviewe

Resection of thoracic malignancies infiltrating cardiac structures with use of cardiopulmonary bypass

Background: Only few reports exist on malignant thoracic neoplasms that require cardiopulmonary bypass during resection. We aimed to investigate the early and late clinical outcome of these patients. Methods: Patients with thoracic malignancies that underwent surgery between 2002 and 2014 were analyzed. All patients had cardiopulomonary bypass support during resection. Clinical and perioperative data was retrospectively reviewed for outcome and overall survival. Results: Fifteen patients (12 female, mean age of 55 ± 15 years, range 24 to 80 years) were identified. Eleven (8 female) were diagnosed with primary thoracic malignomas and four with metastases. Three patients died early postoperatively. Patients diagnosed with sarcoma had a significantly worse outcome than non-sarcoma patients (83.3 ± 15.2 % after 1 year, 31.3 ± 24.5 % after 5 years vs. 83.3 ± 15.2 % after 1 year, 0 ± 0 % after 5 years, p = 0.005). Conclusions: Malignancies with extension into cardiac structures or infiltration of great vessels can be resected with cardiopulmonary bypass support and tolerable risk. Carefully selected patients can undergo advanced operative procedures with an acceptable 1-year-survival, but only few patients achieved good long-term outcome

Timing of embryonic quiescence determines viability of embryos from the calanoid copepod, Acartia tonsa (Dana)

<div><p>Like 41 other calanoid copepods, <i>Acartia tonsa</i>, are capable of inducing embryonic quiescence when experiencing unfavorable environmental conditions. The ecdysone-signaling cascade is known to have a key function in developmental processes like embryogenesis and molting of arthropods, including copepods. We examined the role of <i>ecdysteroid-phosphate phosphatase</i> (<i>EPPase</i>), <i>ecdysone receptor</i> (<i>EcR</i>), <i>ß fushi tarazu transcription factor 1</i> (<i>ßFTZ-F1</i>), and the <i>ecdysteroid-regulated early gene E74</i> (<i>E74</i>), which represent different levels of the ecdysone-signaling cascade in our calanoid model organism. Progression of embryogenesis was monitored and hatching success determined to evaluate viability. Embryos that were induced quiescence before the gastrulation stage would stay in gastrulation during the rest of quiescence and exhibited a slower pace of hatching as compared to subitaneous embryos. In contrast, embryos developed further than gastrulation would stay in gastrulation or later stages during quiescence and showed a rapid pace in hatching after quiescence termination. Expression patterns suggested two peaks of the biological active ecdysteroids, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). The first peak of 20E was expressed in concert with the beginning of embryogenesis originating from yolk-conjugated ecdysteroids, based on <i>EPPase</i> expression. The second peak is suggested to originate from <i>de novo</i> synthesized 20E around the limb bud stage. During quiescence, the expression patterns of <i>EPPase</i>, <i>EcR</i>, <i>ßFTZ-F1</i>, and <i>E74</i> were either decreasing or not changing over time. This suggests that the ecdysone-signaling pathway play a key role in the subitaneous development of <i>A</i>. <i>tonsa</i> embryogenesis, but not during quiescence. The observation is of profound ecological and practical relevance for the dynamics of egg banks.</p></div

The Formation of the First Massive Black Holes

Supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are common in local galactic nuclei, and SMBHs as massive as several billion solar masses already exist at redshift z=6. These earliest SMBHs may grow by the combination of radiation-pressure-limited accretion and mergers of stellar-mass seed BHs, left behind by the first generation of metal-free stars, or may be formed by more rapid direct collapse of gas in rare special environments where dense gas can accumulate without first fragmenting into stars. This chapter offers a review of these two competing scenarios, as well as some more exotic alternative ideas. It also briefly discusses how the different models may be distinguished in the future by observations with JWST, (e)LISA and other instruments.Comment: 47 pages with 306 references; this review is a chapter in "The First Galaxies - Theoretical Predictions and Observational Clues", Springer Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Eds. T. Wiklind, V. Bromm & B. Mobasher, in pres

Performance of CMS muon reconstruction in pp collision events at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

The performance of muon reconstruction, identification, and triggering in CMS has been studied using 40 inverse picobarns of data collected in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV at the LHC in 2010. A few benchmark sets of selection criteria covering a wide range of physics analysis needs have been examined. For all considered selections, the efficiency to reconstruct and identify a muon with a transverse momentum pT larger than a few GeV is above 95% over the whole region of pseudorapidity covered by the CMS muon system, abs(eta) < 2.4, while the probability to misidentify a hadron as a muon is well below 1%. The efficiency to trigger on single muons with pT above a few GeV is higher than 90% over the full eta range, and typically substantially better. The overall momentum scale is measured to a precision of 0.2% with muons from Z decays. The transverse momentum resolution varies from 1% to 6% depending on pseudorapidity for muons with pT below 100 GeV and, using cosmic rays, it is shown to be better than 10% in the central region up to pT = 1 TeV. Observed distributions of all quantities are well reproduced by the Monte Carlo simulation.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Performance of CMS muon reconstruction in pp collision events at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

The performance of muon reconstruction, identification, and triggering in CMS has been studied using 40 inverse picobarns of data collected in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV at the LHC in 2010. A few benchmark sets of selection criteria covering a wide range of physics analysis needs have been examined. For all considered selections, the efficiency to reconstruct and identify a muon with a transverse momentum pT larger than a few GeV is above 95% over the whole region of pseudorapidity covered by the CMS muon system, abs(eta) < 2.4, while the probability to misidentify a hadron as a muon is well below 1%. The efficiency to trigger on single muons with pT above a few GeV is higher than 90% over the full eta range, and typically substantially better. The overall momentum scale is measured to a precision of 0.2% with muons from Z decays. The transverse momentum resolution varies from 1% to 6% depending on pseudorapidity for muons with pT below 100 GeV and, using cosmic rays, it is shown to be better than 10% in the central region up to pT = 1 TeV. Observed distributions of all quantities are well reproduced by the Monte Carlo simulation.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO