PHYSIOMECHANICAL MODEL OF SHALLOW WATER WALKING: DRAG AND BUOYANCY FORCES AFFECTING THE COST OF TRANSPORT

Although the physiologic and biomechanical responses of shallow water walking (SWW) have been studied extensively, a physiomechanical model aiming to define the mechanical determinants of cost of transport (C) of SWW is lacking. Therefore, we investigated the SWW by healthy men at different speeds (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 m/s) and depths (knee, hip, umbilical, xiphoid). The objectives of this study were 1) to analyze the C response during SWW by healthy men and 2) to propose a physiomechanical model of SWW by determining the C response and its correlation with drag force and buoyancy forces during SWW. The C had a minimal value at intermediary speeds only in the knee depth, while in the other deeper depths, the C presented a monotonic rise with the speed increase. A minimum C was found at hip depth during 0.2 m/s, suggesting an optimization between the effects of buoyancy and drag forces at this condition. These findings could be applied in the exercise prescription of SWW for different populations, as indicators of the relative importance of hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces effects on energy expenditure during SWW

Aspectos biomecânicos da locomoção de pessoas com doença de Parkinson: revisão narrativa

ResumoA presente revisão narrativa tem por objetivo analisar os aspectos biomecânicos da locomoção e os efeitos de intervenções nos padrões da marcha de pessoas com doença de Parkinson (DP). Fez‐se uma pesquisa bibliográfica no banco de dados dos sistemas SciELO e PubMed, com as seguintes palavras: human locomotion, biomechanics, pathologic gait e Parkinson's disease, em periódicos nacionais e internacionais. Concluímos que as principais alterações biomecânicas são nos parâmetros espaçotemporais, como menor comprimento de passada e estabilidade dinâmica, além da baixa ativação muscular nos músculos propulsores, bem como menor velocidade autosselecionada da marcha. Fazem‐se necessários protocolos de treinamento de caminhada que considerem esses parâmetros para auxiliar a reabilitação da marcha de pessoas com DP.AbstractThe purpose of this review was to analyze the biomechanical aspects of walking in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD), as well as to examine the effects of intervention on gait pattern of PD. We carried out a bibliographic search on electronic databases SciELO and PubMed, using the following words: human locomotion, biomechanics, pathologic gait e Parkinson's disease, in national and international scientific journals. The main alterations on walking biomechanics are related to spatiotemporal parameters, lower stride length and dynamical stability, as well as reduced electromyographic activation on propulsion muscles and lower self‐selected speed. These outcomes seem to be important targets in walking training protocols for rehabilitation of gait in PD

Repertoire, Genealogy and Genomic Organization of Cruzipain and Homologous Genes in Trypanosoma cruzi, T. cruzi-Like and Other Trypanosome Species

Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, is a complex of genetically diverse isolates highly phylogenetically related to T. cruzi-like species, Trypanosoma cruzi marinkellei and Trypanosoma dionisii, all sharing morphology of blood and culture forms and development within cells. However, they differ in hosts, vectors and pathogenicity: T. cruzi is a human pathogen infective to virtually all mammals whilst the other two species are non-pathogenic and bat restricted. Previous studies suggest that variations in expression levels and genetic diversity of cruzipain, the major isoform of cathepsin L-like (CATL) enzymes of T. cruzi, correlate with levels of cellular invasion, differentiation, virulence and pathogenicity of distinct strains. In this study, we compared 80 sequences of genes encoding cruzipain from 25 T. cruzi isolates representative of all discrete typing units (DTUs TcI-TcVI) and the new genotype Tcbat and 10 sequences of homologous genes from other species. The catalytic domain repertoires diverged according to DTUs and trypanosome species. Relatively homogeneous sequences are found within and among isolates of the same DTU except TcV and TcVI, which displayed sequences unique or identical to those of TcII and TcIII, supporting their origin from the hybridization between these two DTUs. In network genealogies, sequences from T. cruzi clustered tightly together and closer to T. c. marinkellei than to T. dionisii and largely differed from homologues of T. rangeli and T. b. brucei. Here, analysis of isolates representative of the overall biological and genetic diversity of T. cruzi and closest T. cruzi-like species evidenced DTU- and species-specific polymorphisms corroborating phylogenetic relationships inferred with other genes. Comparison of both phylogenetically close and distant trypanosomes is valuable to understand host-parasite interactions, virulence and pathogenicity. Our findings corroborate cruzipain as valuable target for drugs, vaccine, diagnostic and genotyping approaches

Primeira etapa

Na primeira etapa, foi conduzida uma busca nas bases de dados Embase e PubMed a partir de palavras consideradas pertinentes à questão de pesquisa. O termo “myosteatosis” foi pesquisado isoladamente, sendo em seguida combinado aos descritores controlados encontrados no vocabulário do Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) para músculos paravertebrais (paraspinal muscles), visando verificar os termos de indexação mais adequados à busca. Não foi possível identificar um termo para mioesteatose no vocabulário supracitado. Desse modo, “paraspinal muscles” e seus termos relacionados foram combinados ao termo “myosteatosis” através do operador booleano “AND”. Nenhum filtro foi aplicado na busca

Terceira etapa

Leitura da lista de referências dos artigos selecionados para serem lidos na íntegra, visando encontrar estudos que possam complementar nossos resultados

Segunda etapa

Através da leitura de títulos, resumos e palavras-chave disponíveis no mapeamento inicial, foram descobertos termos adicionais, os quais foram incorporados à nossa estratégia de busca. Esses termos, juntamente aos termos utilizados na primeira etapa, formaram nossa estratégia de busca final: (myosteatosis OR "skeletal muscle fat infiltration" OR "intramuscular adipose tissue" OR "intermuscular adipose tissue" OR "intramyocellular lipids" OR "muscle quality" OR "muscle fatty infiltration" OR "low skeletal muscle density" OR "skeletal muscle attenuation" OR "muscle fatty degeneration" OR "muscle steatosis" AND "paraspinal muscles" OR "paraspinal muscle" OR "deep muscles of the back" OR "intrinsic muscles of the back" OR semispinalis OR multifidus OR "sacrospinalis longissimus" OR interspinales OR interspinale OR intertransversarii OR intertransversarius OR splenius OR rotatores OR rotatore OR "paraspinous muscle" OR "paraspinous muscles" OR "trunk muscles" OR "paravertebral muscles" OR "spinal muscle"). A estratégia de busca foi adaptada conforme a particularidade de cada base de dados

Non-invasive interventions in idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review

Abstract Introduction: Idiopathic Scoliosis (IS) is an idiopathic curvature of the spine in all three plans, been treated conservatively (non-invasive) or surgicaly (invasive). The effectiveness of noninvasive therapy still remains lacking in a scientific basis to support their evidence-based applicability. Objective: Evaluate the effects of non-invasive interventions in spine lateral inclination in IS through a systematic literature review. Methods: The search of studies in MEDLINE, SCOPUS and COCHRANE databases was performed on 24th March, 2014. The terms used were: Scoliosis, therapeutic exercise, physical therapy. Clinical trials with scoliotic patients undergoing some type of non-invasive intervention were included. The outcome was spine lateral inclination. Results: The research found 941 studies, seven of these were included after a screening performed by two independent reviewers. Six studies (85.7%) have adopted some sort of kinesiotherapeutic technic, and three studies (42.8%) used corrective orthosis. The average intervention time in kinesiotherapeutic technique studies was of 37.6 weeks and 91.6 weeks in the studies of corrective brace. The progression improvement of the spine lateral inclination was reported by 83.3% (5 of 6) of the kinesiotherapeutic technique studies and in 66.6% (2 of 3) of studies with corrective brace. Conclusion: An improvement was found, in general, in the progression of spine lateral inclination in IS subjects of both sexes from 11 to 25 years of age undergoing non-invasive interventions

Non-invasive interventions in idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review

<div><p>Abstract Introduction: Idiopathic Scoliosis (IS) is an idiopathic curvature of the spine in all three plans, been treated conservatively (non-invasive) or surgicaly (invasive). The effectiveness of noninvasive therapy still remains lacking in a scientific basis to support their evidence-based applicability. Objective: Evaluate the effects of non-invasive interventions in spine lateral inclination in IS through a systematic literature review. Methods: The search of studies in MEDLINE, SCOPUS and COCHRANE databases was performed on 24th March, 2014. The terms used were: Scoliosis, therapeutic exercise, physical therapy. Clinical trials with scoliotic patients undergoing some type of non-invasive intervention were included. The outcome was spine lateral inclination. Results: The research found 941 studies, seven of these were included after a screening performed by two independent reviewers. Six studies (85.7%) have adopted some sort of kinesiotherapeutic technic, and three studies (42.8%) used corrective orthosis. The average intervention time in kinesiotherapeutic technique studies was of 37.6 weeks and 91.6 weeks in the studies of corrective brace. The progression improvement of the spine lateral inclination was reported by 83.3% (5 of 6) of the kinesiotherapeutic technique studies and in 66.6% (2 of 3) of studies with corrective brace. Conclusion: An improvement was found, in general, in the progression of spine lateral inclination in IS subjects of both sexes from 11 to 25 years of age undergoing non-invasive interventions.</p></div