Self-assembly of triblock copolymers in aqueous solution

Indexación: ScieloThe aggregation of PE4VP-b-PS-b-PE4VP block copolymers was studied in aqueous solution. Triblock copolymers P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP were synthesized by sequential anionic polymerization of poly(styrene) and poly(4-vinylpirydine) using sodium naphthalene as a bifunctional initiator. Subsequently, the 4-vinylpyridine units were quaternized with ethyl bromide to obtain cationic PE4VP-b-PS-b-PE4VP block copolymers. Both star and crew-cut micelles were formed. The concentrations at which micelles are formed cmc were determined, by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence probing methods, as a function of quatemization degree. The results indicate that cmc of crew-cut micelles increases with increasing charge density of the PE4VP blocks. For star micelles there is not a clear dependency of cmc with the percentage of quatemization. The lifetime of pyrene fluorescence and the ratio I1/I3 were determined at concentrations of copolymers well above the cmc, and the results show that the location of pyrene into the micelle changes with the charge density of the micelle corona. The micropolarity sensed by pyrene decreases with increasing quatemization degree. The presence of aggregates was confirmed by transmission electronic microscopy.http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-97072008000200013&lng=es&nrm=is

Energy Infrastructure of the Factory as a Virtual Power Plant: Smart Energy Management

Smart energy factories are crucial for the development of upcoming energy markets in which emissions, energy use and network congestions are to be decreased. The virtual power plant (VPP) can be implemented in an industrial site with the aim of minimizing costs, emissions and total energy usage. A VPP considers the future situation forecasting and the situation of all energy assets, including renewable energy generation units and energy storage systems, to optimize the total cost of the plant, considering the possibility to trade with the energy market. For a VPP to be constructed, a proper communication system is essential. The energy management system (EMS) enables the monitoring, management and control of the different energy devices and permits the transference of the decisions made by the VPP to the different energy assets. VPP concept is explained together with the methods used for forecasting the future situation and the energy flow inside the facility. To reach its benefits, the optimization of the VPP is assessed. After that, the communication technologies that enable the VPP implementation are also introduced, and the advantages/disadvantages regarding their deployment are stated. With the tools introduced, the VPP can face the challenges of energy markets efficiently

Macroporous silicon for high-capacitance devices using metal electrodes

Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Macroporous silicon for high-capacitance devices using metal electrodes

Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

El lenguaje videolúdico y la educación literaria. Los videojuegos en la formación del lector competente

En esta tesis doctoral se recorren los campos teóricos de la didáctica de la literatura y los game studies para ver cómo la interactividad ha modificado el concepto de lectura y lector competente en la actualidad. Desde esa perspectiva se realiza una reflexión sobre qué obras trabajan este nuevo enfoque y la manera en la que el discurso videolúdico puede reforzar este punto. Se presenta un modelo de análisis híbrido a partir de las propuestas de O.Pérez y J.Planells junto a una puesta en práctica de este esquema. Para finalizar la investigación se muestran dos propuestas didácticas, una para el cuarto curso de la Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria y otra para el grado en Maestra en Educación infantil. En ellas se plantea el trabajo del lenguaje videolúdico junto al de tipologías textuales ya analizadas

The new curriculum framework in Aragon. Objections

This academic year 2014-2015 begins the implementation of a new curriculum in Primary Education. This new curricular model is closer than the previous one. Some regulated aspects seem to be difficult to comply with due to the time and effort they require. The Inspection of Education should accompany the educational centers in this process of adaptation to the new situation

Fray Candil: el hombre, el escritor, el mito…

This essay recounts the life trajectory of Emilio Bobadilla, alias Fray Candil (Cardenas, 1862 – Biarritz, 1921). The following pages seek to arouse interest in the biography and work of this somewhat forgotten Cuban intellectual and polemicist, who served as a writer, poet, journalist, literary critic and diplomat.Este ensayo relata la trayectoria vital de Emilio Bobadilla, alias Fray Candil (Cárdenas, 1862 – Biarritz, 1921). Las páginas que siguen buscan despertar interés en la biografía y la obra de este intelectual y polemista cubano ―un tanto olvidado― que se desempeñó como escritor, poeta, periodista, crítico literario y diplomático

Guia per a l’elaboració de projectes en un centre educatiu. Exemples d´indicadors d’avaluació

Els centres educatius, en el marc de l’autonomia de centre, disposen d’unes eines organitzatives i de gestió que han de permetre posar en pràctica el Projecte Educatiu del Centre (PEC) per tal de contribuir als objectius marcats en el sistema educatiu català, que són l’èxit escolar i l’excel·lència educativa en un marc d’escola inclusiva. Per desenvolupar les línies del PEC, els centres dissenyen diferents projectes concebuts com un conjunt d’activitats, planificades com un procés, interrelacionades i coordinades entre si que es porten a terme per satisfer una necessitat o un problem

Energy-Investment Decision-Making for Industry: Quantitative and Qualitative Risks Integrated Analysis

Industrial SMEs may take the decision to invest in energy efficient equipment to reduce energy costs by replacing or upgrading their obsolete equipment or due to external socio-political and legislative pressures. When upgrading their energy equipment, it may be beneficial to consider the adoption of new energy strategies rising from the ongoing energy transition to support green transformation and decarbonisation. To face this energy-investment decision-making problem, a set of different economic and environmental criteria have to be evaluated together with their associated risks. Although energy-investment problems have been treated in the literature, the incorporation of both quantitative and qualitative risks for decision-making in SMEs has not been studied yet. In this paper, this research gap is addressed, creating a framework that considers non-risk criteria and quantitative and qualitative risks into energy-investment decision-making problems. Both types of risks are evaluated according to their probability and impact on the company’s objectives and, additionally for qualitative risks, a fuzzy inference system is employed to account for judgmental subjectivity. All the criteria are incorporated into a single cost–benefit analysis function, which is optimised along the energy assets’ lifetime to reach the best long-term energy investment decisions. The proposed methodology is applied to a specific industrial SME as a case study, showing the benefits of considering these risks in the decision-making problem. Nonetheless, the methodology is expandable with minor changes to other entities facing the challenge to invest in energy equipment or, as well, other tangible assets.Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i InfraestructuraObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No ContaminantPostprint (published version

Quantitative and qualitative risk-informed energy investment for industrial companies

© 2023 Elsevier. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/In the ongoing energy transition, small and medium-sized industrial companies are making energy equipment investments due to the obsolescence of their current equipment as well as social, political and market pressures. These firms typically choose investments with low risk exposure based on a combination of criteria that are not always quantifiable. However, published studies on energy investment to date have not been suitable for industrial SMEs because they do not assess the value of the investment over time, ignore the qualitative aspects of decision-making, and do not consider uncertainties. To fill this gap in the literature, this paper proposes a methodology that considers both quantitative and qualitative parameters and risks over time through an extended two-stage risk-informed approach. The proposed methodology includes fuzzy and statistical techniques for evaluating both qualitative and quantitative parameters, as well as their uncertainties, at the time of decision-making and over the investment lifetime. Fuzzy logic is used in the first stage of the optimisation process to measure qualitative parameters and their uncertainty, while quantitative parameters are expressed using probability density functions to account for their uncertainty and measure the quantitative risk assumed by the investor. This methodology is applied to a case study involving a real industrial SME, and the results show that considering both quantitative and qualitative parameters and uncertainties in the optimisation process leads to a more balanced consideration of economic, environmental and social criteria and reduces the variability of the outcome compared to economic-only approaches that do not account for risks. Specifically, the case study shows that considering these parameters and uncertainties resulted in a 15.7% reduction in the size of the cogeneration system due to its environmental and social impacts, and 4.2% reduction in the variability of the economic result.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version