Microwave-assisted regeneration of activated carbons loaded with pharmaceuticals

8 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables.-- PMID: 17572468 [PubMed].-- Printed version published Aug 2007.The purpose of this work was to explore the application of microwaves for the regeneration of activated carbons spent with salicylic acid, a metabolite of a common analgesic frequently found in wastewater from the pharmaceutical industry. The exhausted carbon was treated in a quartz reactor by microwave irradiation at 2450 MHz at different temperatures and atmospheres, the regeneration efficiency being highly dependent on the operating conditions. Quantitative desorption of the pollutant was achieved at high temperature and oxidizing atmosphere, with regeneration efficiencies as high as 99% after six cycles. The stripping efficiency was superior to 95% at high temperatures and decreased at 450ºC. The incomplete desorption of the adsorbate at low temperature was further confirmed by the changes in the porosity observed by N2 and CO2 adsorption isotherms. Hence, micropores remain blocked which results in a reduction in loading capacities in successive cycles.The authors thank Química Farmacéutica Bayer for kindly providing the adsorbent and for financial support. COA thanks the CSIC I3P Program, co-financed by the European Social Fund, for a postdoctoral contract.Peer reviewe

Effect of microwave and conventional regeneration on the microporous and mesoporous network and on the adsorptive capacity of activated carbons

The effect of different heating mechanisms on the porous network of activated carbons (AC) previously exhausted with phenol has been studied. To this end, thermal treatment of the exhausted AC was performed using two experimental devices: a single mode microwave device operating at 2450 MHz and a conventional electric furnace. By employing microwave energy, the regeneration time was considerably shortened compared to conventional thermal heating. Moreover, microwave heating preserved the porous structure of the regenerated AC more efficiently than treatment in a conventional device. In both cases successive regeneration cycles reduced the microporosity of the activated carbons. However, conventional heating shifted the micropore size distribution to pores of narrower sizes. The apparent BET surface areas were also reduced significantly over the regeneration cycles. A loss of the adsorptive capacity of the carbon material was observed after six adsorption–desorption cycles in both systems. The phenol adsorption capacities decreased to a greater extent in the samples regenerated in the electric furnace.Work carried out with a financial grant from the European Coal and Steel Community (Project 7220-PR-139). The authors wish to thank Dr. Martín-Gullón for his considerate and helpful assistance with the software tool used for the DRS calculation.Peer reviewe

Adaptation and validation of the Spanish version of the DOS questionnaire for the detection of orthorexic nervosa behavior

Introduction Orthorexia nervosa, a term used to describe an obsession with healthy eating, has been shown to have major health implications for those affected. The aim of this study was to validate a Spanish version of the Du¨ sseldorfer Ortorexie Skala (DOS), a questionnaire for the detection of orthorexic behavior. Methods A cross-sectional study comprising a total sample of 492 Spanish participants recruited from the University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain, and randomly divided into two groups. The following tools were applied: the DOS and the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI-2). The factorial structures were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis. Results The internal consistency of the DOS-ES was α = .841. The exploratory factor analysis has revealed the existence of a single factor with factor loadings ranging from .508 to .802. A confirmatory factor analysis was applied to the second half of the random sample in order to confirm the factor solution. Conclusion The Spanish adaptation of the DOS-ES is proven to be a reliable and valid questionnaire for evaluating the obsessive tendency towards healthy eating among university students

La Nueva Escuela Institucional (NEI) y su aporte a la teoría de la organización

El análisis económico ortodoxo (economíaneoclásica) ha obviado algunos aspectos dentrodel análisis empresarial. Los procesos al interiorde la organización desaparecen en este análisis,solo para enfocarse en los inputs y outputs,es decir, en la economía neoclásica la empresase reduce a una caja negra de decisiones.La economía institucional brinda la oportunidadde abordar este vacío teórico al incluir aspectoscomo el análisis de los costos de transacción,las jerarquías, arreglos institucionales en generalentre otros elementos. El presente documentorealiza una revisión documental entorno a losaportes a la teoría organizacional de la escuelaneo-institucional

Set the Controls for the Heart of the Maths. The Protective Factor of Resilience in the Face of Mathematical Anxiety

According to the latest PISA report, the level of mathematical competence of Spanish students is far behind the rest of the OECD countries. One of the main reasons for this is the animosity that students feel towards this subject. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the processes of overcoming the vicissitudes of mathematical anxiety with respect to motivation, metacognitive strategies and academic performance. This study involved 1742 high school students with an average age of 14.87. To analyze the variables of the study, descriptive statistical analyses and a model of structural equations were carried out. The results revealed a negative correlation between resilience and anxiety. In turn, resilience was positively related to motivation and metacognitive strategies, while anxiety was negatively related to motivation and metacognitive strategies. Motivation was positively related to metacognitive strategies and academic performance; finally, metacognitive strategies were positively related to academic performance

Metodología del aprendizaje: ¿una asignatura necesaria?

[SPA]Esta comunicación presenta una iniciativa docente de la Escuela de Arquitectura e Ingeniería de Edificación. Una iniciativa a gran escala, pues, más allá de seminarios docentes o talleres específicos, se plantea en el primer curso de Ingeniería de Edificación una asignatura obligatoria de 3 créditos ECTS cuyo objetivo declarado es el alumno1 competente. Se parte de la idea de que, en general, el alumno viene del bachiller sin conocer el proceso de Bolonia y con ciertos hábitos de estudio basados, fundamentalmente, en la memoria. Por ello, esta asignatura ofrece la oportunidad de explicitar los que el alumno suele sobrellevar en solitario: su estilo de aprendizaje y su enfoque superficial o profundo al afrontar el estudio. Para que el alumno aplique, una vez conocido, cada aspecto de un aprendizaje significativo la asignatura se articula en torno a dos ciclos. Un ciclo corto donde la teoría se presenta, desarrolla y resume trufada de ejercicios y un ciclo largo en el que se utiliza un caso de contenido suficientemente complejo y de interés profesional para que sirva de laboratorio del estudio ajustado al estilo del alumno, significativo y profundo. Se aplica, también una estructura explicita de alineamiento entre objetivos y evaluación. [ENG]This paper presents an educational initiative of the School of Architecture and Building Engineering. A major initiative is therefore beyond specific training seminars or workshops, is raised in the first year of Building Engineering a compulsory course of 3 ECTS whose stated goal is the competent student. It starts from the idea that, in general, students coming from high school without knowing the Bologna process and study habits based primarily on memory. Therefore, this course offers the opportunity to show what students cope by yourself: your learning style and approach in dealing with superficial or deep study. For students to apply, once known, every aspect of meaningful learning the subject is structured around two cycles: A short course where the theory is presented, developed and resume riddled with exercises. And a long cycle in which case you use a sufficiently complex content and professional interest to serve as a laboratory study. It applies, also an explicit structure alignment between objectives and assessment.Metodología del AprendizajeEscuela de Arquitectura e Ingeniería de Edificació

Influence of water concentration in the viscosities and densities of cellulose dissolving ionic liquids. Correlation of viscosity data

Producción CientíficaThe densities and viscosities of aqueous mixtures of two cellulose dissolving ionic liquids: 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate ionic liquids have been experimentally determined for water concentration up to approx. 35% water at atmospheric pressure and temperature range from (298.15 to 373.15) K. Molar excess volumes were calculated, resulting in negative values. Literature viscosity correlations were modified in order to describe the viscosity as a function of temperature and water concentration for both water concentrations lower than xH2O = 0.4 and for all the water concentration range. These modified equations were applied to correlate viscosity of (water + ionic liquid) viscosity data for other 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids as well as for (ethanol + 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate) from literature obtaining a good reproducibility of the data.Junta de Castilla y León VA295U14MINECO proyecto CTQ 2011 – 14825 – E (Program Explora)MINECO contrato FPI BES-2011-046496MINECO programa Ramon y Cajal RYC-2013-1397

Menstrual Migraine Among Spanish University Students.

Purpose:This study sought to determine the prevalence of menstrual migraine among female university studentsat the Nursing Faculty of Ciudad Real and to determine possible risk factors.Design and methods:A cross-sectional observational study was performed using a self-report questionnaire. Twohundred and ninety-nine femaleuniversity students participated inthestudy;all were enrolledin the2017/2018academic year at the Faculty of Nursing. Participants were over the age of 18 years and without any diagnosedgynecological pathology. The main measurement tools were menstrual migraine between days−2 and +3 ofthe menstrual cycle, over the previous six cycles.Results:The prevalence of menstrual migraine was 45.15%, identifying the following possible risk factors: dys-menorrhea (OR 9.19; 1.62–6.28% CI), use of hormonal contraceptive methods (OR 2.60; 95% CI 1.30–5.20), men-strual irritability (OR 2.34; 95% CI 1.25–4.40), menstrual dizziness (OR 2.05; 95% CI % 1.12–3.75) and dailyconsumption of cola beverages (OR 1.85; 95% CI % 1.04–3.32).Conclusions:The prevalence of this problem is high among our population and the approach is complex.Practice implications: It is necessary to continue to research the pharmacological measures and methods of phar-macological pain relief as well as interventions directed at lifestyle modifications considering the potential riskfactors involved in menstrual migrainepost-print393 K

Planeamiento estratégico del sector bancario colombiano

Para nadie es un secreto que el Sector Bancario Colombiano tiene una gran importancia en el desarrollo del País, entre otras cosas porque presta servicios trasversales a todos los sectores y es la fuente principal de financiación para la inversión y el desarrollo de todo tipo de negocios, al tiempo es un sector que está en constante cambio debido a la cantidad de variables que pueden influir en el comportamiento del mismo, porque estas pueden venir desde el punto de vista económico, tecnológico, político o social, ya que en gran parte este sector abre la puerta para el desarrollo de toda las oportunidades que se pueden estar dando en el mercado y que se pueden aprovechar por la población colombiana. Es por esto que esta tesis pretende desarrollar el plan estratégico del sector bancario colombiano, con la idea de poner en contexto como se encuentra el sector en este momento desde todos los ángulos que tienen que ver con la medición de la eficiencia y la eficacia de su trabajo, tomando para ello las publicaciones y referencias más importantes que tienen que ver con los principales indicadores con los cuales se mide al sector y que incluyen variables que van desde la estructura actual del sistema, su composición y legislación, hasta aquellos indicadores que van con la prestación del servicio a los usuarios del mismo. También para el presente trabajo se tuvo en cuenta el marco de referencia de los sectores bancarios de referencia para el país y con los cuales se pudieron comparar sus indicadores con el fin de validar las fortalezas del sector en Colombia, pero al tiempo aquellas áreas en las cuales todavía hay mucho espacio para el mejoramiento del sector; todo esto con la idea entenderlo y a partir del mismo que los lectores puedan sacarle el mejor provecho posible. Dentro de la metodología que sigue el presente trabajo se plantea el análisis del sector desde las diferentes áreas administrativas, financieras, RRHH, tecnológicas y operacionales del mismo, analizando los diferentes aspectos de cada una de ellas, para que luego de esto enmarque los objetivos a seguir y las estrategias a implementar con cada uno de ellos, que tienen el fin de perseguir que el sector sea mucho más abierto a los usuarios desde el punto de vista de la bancarización, el acceso y los costos, logrando así cumplir con la visión y la misión que se plantea en este trabajo, esto se alinea en el balance score card [BSC], esto nos asegurara que se evalúen y controlen los objetivos a corto plazo definidos, en las dimensiones de aprendizaje, es decir, clientes, procesos, finanzas e interno. Con lo anterior se concluye en el presente trabajo que efectivamente existen múltiples oportunidades para este sector si es que se implementa el plan estratégico descrito, se reflejan muchas oportunidades de mejoramiento que pueden influir en la competitividad del sector, si los recursos se utilizan con mayor eficiencia serán de gran impacto para el sector y lógicamente para la sociedadIt is no secret that the Colombian banking sector is of great importance in the development of the country , not least because it provides services cut across all sectors and is the main source of funding for investment and development of all types of businesses , while it is an industry that is constantly changing due to the number of variables that can influence the behavior of the same , because these may come from the standpoint of economic, technological , political or social , as this sector largely open the door for the development of all the opportunities that may be happening in the market and that can be leveraged by the Colombian population. That is why this thesis aims to develop the strategic plan Colombian banking sector , with the idea to put into context as is the sector at this time from all angles that have to do with measuring the efficiency and effectiveness of their work, taking for it the most important publications and references that have to do with the main indicators with which to measure the sector and include variables ranging from the current system structure , composition and legislation , to those indicators that go with the provision of service to users. Also for the present study took into account the framework of the banking sectors of reference for the country and which could compare their indicators to validate the strengths of the sector in Colombia, but also those areas in which there is still much room for improvement in the sector, all with the idea and understand from it that readers can make the most possible. Within the methodology that follows this paper also presents an analysis of the sector from the different areas of administrative, financial , human resources, technology and operational thereof, analyzing the different aspects of each , so that after this frame the objectives and strategies continue to follow each one of them, you have to pursue the sector to be much more open to users from the point of view of banking , access and costs , thus fulfilling vision and mission that arises in this work , it is aligned on the balance score card [BSC] , this will ensure that you assess and monitor the short-term objectives defined in the dimensions of learning, that is to say, customers, processes , finance and internal. With the above it is concluded in this study that there are indeed many opportunities for this sector if it is implemented the strategic plan described, reflect many opportunities for improvement that can affect the competitiveness of the sector, if resources are used more efficiently be of great impact for the sector and for society logicallyTesi

Absenteeism during Menstruation among Nursing Students in Spain

Absenteeism can clearly have a negative impact on academic performance among university students. Certain experiences or symptoms such as menstrual pain are very common in women and can lead to absenteeism. The current study was aimed at examining the presence of menstrual experiences or symptoms and their impact upon absenteeism among healthy (illness-free) female university nursing students in Spain. A total of 299 students participated in this research, which was a descriptive cross-sectional, observational study. An ad hoc online questionnaire was used based on sociodemographic and gynecological data, together with the noted menstrual experiences; the most prevalent of which were bloating, which affected 87.3% of students; dysmenorrhea and irritability, which affected 76.3%; and fatigue, which affected 70.6%. Students with dysmenorrhea had a 6.95 higher (odds ratio (OR) 6.95; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.39–14.25) odds of absenteeism; in those who reported dizziness, the odds of absenteeism was 4.82 times higher (OR 4.82; 1.76–13.23); in those who manifested nausea and vomiting, the percentage of absenteeism was 3.51 higher (OR 3.51; 95% CI 1.51–8.15); in those who presented sleep alterations, the odds were 2.95 higher (OR 2.95; 95% CI 1.39–6.25); and for those who felt depressed the odds were 2.18 times higher (OR 2.18; 95% CI 1.21–3.94) Absenteeism was found to be more likely in women with dysmenorrhea. However, in addition, higher odds of absenteeism were also found in women with nausea and vomiting, dizziness, sleep disorders, and those who feel depressed. These menstrual experiences can be considered a relevant problem among young women, leading to absenteeism, and a negative influence on academic performance. It is essential to raise awareness of the socioeconomic impact of absenteeism and establish new strategies for improving menstrual experiences.El ausentismo claramente puede tener un impacto negativo en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes universitarios. Ciertas experiencias o síntomas como el dolor menstrual son muy comunes en las mujeres y pueden derivar en ausentismo. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar la presencia de experiencias o síntomas menstruales y su impacto en el ausentismo entre estudiantes universitarias de enfermería sanas (libres de enfermedades) en España. En esta investigación participaron un total de 299 estudiantes, la cual fue un estudio observacional transversal descriptivo. Se utilizó un cuestionario online ad hoc basado en datos sociodemográficos y ginecológicos, junto con las experiencias menstruales anotadas; los más prevalentes fueron la distensión abdominal, que afectó al 87,3% de los estudiantes; dismenorrea e irritabilidad, que afectó al 76,3%; y fatiga, que afectó al 70,6%. Los estudiantes con dismenorrea tenían una probabilidad de ausentismo 6,95 mayor (odds ratio (OR) 6,95; intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95 % 3,39–14,25); en los que refirieron mareos, la probabilidad de ausentismo fue 4,82 veces mayor (OR 4,82; 1,76-13,23); en los que manifestaron náuseas y vómitos el porcentaje de ausentismo fue 3,51 mayor (OR 3,51; IC 95% 1,51-8,15); en los que presentaban alteraciones del sueño, las probabilidades eran 2,95 mayores (OR 2,95; IC 95% 1,39-6,25); y para aquellas que se sentían deprimidas, las probabilidades eran 2,18 veces mayores (OR 2,18; IC del 95 %: 1,21–3,94). Se encontró que el ausentismo era más probable en mujeres con dismenorrea. Sin embargo, además, también se encontraron mayores probabilidades de ausentismo en mujeres con náuseas y vómitos, mareos, trastornos del sueño y aquellas que se sienten deprimidas. Estas experiencias menstruales pueden considerarse un problema relevante entre las mujeres jóvenes, que conduce al ausentismo, y una influencia negativa en el rendimiento académico. Es fundamental concienciar sobre el impacto socioeconómico del absentismo y establecer nuevas estrategias para mejorar las experiencias menstruales