Household and families

La demografía aporta elementos al cambio social a través del estudio de la agrupación y distribución de la población en hogares y familias. Se mira aquí demográficamente a la población desde la perspectiva de los agregados o grupos que se forman y deshacen a partir de la concurrencia y alternancia de procesos de cohesión (nupcialidad, cohabitación, fecundidad, mortalidad y movilidad) y procesos de repulsión (disolución del matrimonio, muerte y movilidad.Demography contributes to the social change through the study of agrupation and distribution of population in Household and families. It is focused demographically on population from the perspective of the aggregates or groupes that are build or destroyed with the conjunction of certain processes of cohesion (wedding, cohabitation, fecundity, mortality and mobility) and processes of repulsion (dissolution of marriage, death and mobility)

Análisis espacial medioambiental de la mortalidad en el municipio de Madrid.

The first purpose of this study is to compare mortality indicators in the 21 districts of Madrid for 1987-88 and 1995-96 periods. Mortality indicator used Aceptado: 15/V/2001. * Departamento de Ecología Humana y Población. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 353 Jaime Martín Moreno, et al. Análisis espacial medioambiental de la mortalidad... were the comparative mortality figure with the direct method. The second purpose is to identify differences in mortality between districts in function of certain socioeconomic factors. Socioeconomic indicators were the rate of unemployed, rate of people without studies, rate of people with high studies, rate of unskilled workers and the rate of managerial workers. The statistical correlation between socioeconomic indicators and mortality indicators was studied by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. This study has detected significant differences in mortality between the 21 districts of Madrid and high correlation between mortality and socioeconomic indicators.El primer objetivo del estudio es comparar la mortalidad en los 21 distritos de Madrid para los periodos 1987-88 y 1995-96. El indicador de mortalidad utilizado fue la tasa comparativa de mortalidad mediante el método directo. El segundo objetivo es identificar diferencias en mortalidad entre distritos en función de ciertos factores socioeconómicos. Los factores socioeconómicos que se han tenido en cuenta son la tasa de desempleo, la tasa de personas sin estudios, tasa de personas con estudios universitarios, tasa de trabajadores no cualificados y tasa de trabajadores dentro de la categoría de directivos. Se ha utilizado el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. En el estudio se han detectado importantes diferencias de mortalidad entre los 21 distritos de Madrid, observándose una fuerte correlación entre la mortalidad y los indicadores socioeconómicos utilizados

On the use of NASGRO software to estimate fatigue crack growth under variable amplitude loading in aluminium alloy 2024-T351

This work uses the strip yield model implemented in NASGRO software to estimate fatigue life under random loading. Simulated results were compared with experimental data previously obtained by the authors using different random loading processes in Al2024-T351. Test data under constant amplitude loading from different authors have been considered in order to characterize the material behaviour and fit the model parameters. The two different strip yield model implemented in NASGRO software were considered. The ratio of simulated to experimental fatigue lives was between 0.71 and 1.52 considering all options and between 0.87 and 1.12 with the best option.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad DPI2012-33382Junta de Andalucía TEP-324

Diesel engine optimization and exhaust thermal management by means of variable valve train strategies

[EN] Due to the need to achieve a fast warm-up of the after-treatment system in order to fulfill the pollutant emission regulations, a growing interest has arisen to adopt variable valve timing technology for automotive engines. Several variable valve timing strategies can be used to achieve an increment in the after-treatment upstream temperature by increasing the residual gas amount. In this study, a one-dimensional gas dynamics engine model has been used to carry out a simulation study comparing several exhaust variable valve actuation strategies. A steady-state analysis has been done in order to evaluate the potential of the different strategies at different operating points. Finally, the effect on the after-treatment warm-up, fuel economy and pollutant emission levels was evaluated over the worldwide harmonized light vehicles test cycle. As a conclusion, the combination of an advanced exhaust (early exhaust valve opening and early exhaust valve closing) and a delayed intake (late intake valve opening and late intake valve closing) presented the best trade-off between exhaust temperature increment and fuel consumption, which achieved a mean temperature increment during low-speed phase of the worldwide harmonized light vehicles test cycle of 27¿°C with a fuel penalty of 6%. The exhaust valve re-opening technique offers a worse trade-off. However, the exhaust valve re-opening leads to lower nitrogen oxide (29% less) and carbon monoxide (11% less) pollutant emissions.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research has been partially funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement 723976 ("DiePeR") and by the Spanish government under the grant agreement TRA2017-89894-R. The authors want to acknowledge the "Apoyo para la investigacion y Desarrollo (PAID)," grant for doctoral studies (FPI S2 2018 1048), of Universitat Politecnica de Valencia.Arnau Martínez, FJ.; Martín, J.; Pla Moreno, B.; Auñón-García, Á. (2021). Diesel engine optimization and exhaust thermal management by means of variable valve train strategies. International Journal of Engine Research. 22(4):1196-1213. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087419894804S1196121322

Towards a functional characterization of collaborative systems

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23734-8_30Proceedings of 8th International Conference, CDVE 2011, Hong Kong, China, September 11-14, 2011.In this paper we present major results of a detailed study about the functionalities that are present in different collaborative systems, realized as collaborative components. We have used this study to establish a methodology for the automatic generation of collaborative applications supporting group needs. The methodology is directed to any community of end users, who do not need to have any programming skills.This research was partly funded by the Spanish National Plan of R+D, project number TIN2008-02081/TIN and by the CAM (Autonomous Community of Madrid), project number S2009/TIC-1650

¿Por qué se vinculan las niñas a los grupos guerrilleros y paramilitares en Colombia?

Este trabajo realiza una comparación entre las explicacionesque los investigadores del fenómeno de los niños soldadoen Colombia dan de los motivos por los cuales los menoresingresaron a los grupos armados ilegales, con los testimoniosde las 21 niñas desmovilizadas en Antioquia durante 2004.Se hizo un análisis de contenido de las investigacionesempíricas y de las sucesivas entrevistas en profundidad enlas que participaron las niñas. Existe coincidencia entreniñas e investigadores en la relativa importancia atribuidaal maltrato familiar y a la casi nula motivación ideológica,pero se dan diferencias significativas en el mayor pesoatribuido por los investigadores a determinismos objetivoscomo la pobreza, y en la gran importancia atribuida porlas menores a elementos lúdicos como el afán de aventura,la diversión y los criterios estéticos

Terahertz and infrared nonlocality and field saturation in extreme-scale nanoslits

With advances in nanofabrication techniques, extreme-scale nanophotonic devices with critical gap dimensions of just 1-2 nm have been realized. The plasmonic response in these extreme-scale gaps is significantly affected by nonlocal electrodynamics, quenching field enhancement and blue-shifting the resonance with respect to a purely local behavior. The extreme mismatch in lengthscales, ranging from millimeter-long wavelengths to atomic-scale charge distributions, poses a daunting computational challenge. In this paper, we perform computations of a single nanoslit using the hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin method to solve Maxwell’s equations augmented with the hydrodynamic model for the conduction-band electrons in noble metals. This method enables the efficient simulation of the slit while accounting for the nonlocal interactions between electrons and the incident light. We study the impact of gap width, film thickness and electron motion model on the plasmon resonances of the slit for two different frequency regimes: (1) terahertz frequencies, which lead to 1000-fold field amplitude enhancements that saturate as the gap shrinks; and (2) the near- and mid-infrared regime, where we show that narrow gaps and thick films cluster Fabry-Pérot (FP) resonances towards lower frequencies, derive a dispersion relation for the first FP resonance, in addition to observing that nonlocality boosts transmittance and reduces enhancement

Prevalence of urinary incontinence among spanish older people living at home

Objective: To estimate the prevalence and characteristics of urinary incontinence (UI) in the noninstitutionalized elderly population of Madrid. Spain. Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study in a representative sample of all community-dwelling people aged 65 or over. Subjects were interviewed in their homes. The question: Do you currently experience any difficulty in controlling your urine?... In other words, does your urine escape involuntarily? Was used to identify UI. Type of UI, use of absorbents and specific drugs were also assessed, as well as consultation behaviour. Results: 589 persons were interviewed (response rate: 71,2 %). The prevalence of UI was 15,5%. No significant difference was observed between men and women. Urge UI was the main type for men and mixed UI for women. Use of pads was referred by 20,2% of men. A total of 34,4% of subjects never went to the doctor for their problem (25,2% of men and 39,4% of women). Conclusion: Compared to other populations the overall prevalence of UI in Spanish elders living at home is relatively high. A very small difference by gender was found, although a lower response rate in women could in part explain this unexpected finding.Publicad

Prácticas culinarias y alimentación en asentamientos ibéricos valencianos

This article offers an approach to cooking practices, diet and consumption of food and beverages in the Iberian Culture (IV-II centuries BC).We focus on settlements, located in the Valencian region, well known by the studies of their material repertoires, domestic contexts and the analysis of faunal and palaeocarpologic samples. Our goal is to identify the general and specific characteristics of different territories, and then to evaluate differing social practices and consumptions as representative features of a complex society