Lecciones aprendidas sobre políticas de reconversión y modernización de la agricultura

Contiene: 1 Introducción. 2 Lecciones aprendidas sobre políticas de reconversión y modernización de la agricultura. Sección 1: Marco conceptual. Sección 2: Políticas e instrumentos que inciden en los procesos de reconversión productiva. Sección 3: Casos de reconversión productiva

Business consulting para CBC Peruana S.A.C.

El proyecto por presentar consiste en la ampliación de la capacidad de producción para la fábrica de Huachipa de la empresa CBC Peruana S.A.C., la cual se dedica a la producción y distribución de los productos de PepsiCo. La propuesta consiste en ofrecer un servicio de consultoría donde se levante información, se analice y en conjunto con algunos responsables directos de la empresa se puedan ejecutar actividades e implementar proyectos de mejora para solventar el problema de falta de capacidad. Haciendo una proyección del volumen de ventas del año 2020 al 2025 se encontró que a partir de finales del 2022 existirá un déficit de capacidad para poder entregar el volumen solicitado por el área comercial, lo que traería consigo un desabastecimiento del mercado y una pérdida del 15% del crecimiento de la venta anual. La inversión requerida irá en base a las etapas en cuanto al corto, mediano y largo plazo. Para el corto plazo, la inversión estará basada en recursos como horas hombre adicionales tanto de los trabajadores de CBC Peruana como de los consultores, así como de modificaciones iniciales que se estarían ejecutando en el mediano plazo que oscila los $1,500,000 y en el largo plazo se estima que superaría los$3 millones, con rápido retorno.The project to be presented consists of expanding the production capacity for the Huachipa factory of CBC Peruana S.A.C., which is engaged in the production and distribution of PepsiCo products. The proposal involves offering a consultancy service where information will be gathered, analyzed, and in conjunction with key stakeholders of the company, activities will be executed and improvement projects will be implemented to address the capacity shortage issue. By projecting the sales volume from 2020 to 2025, it was found that starting from late 2022, there will be a capacity deficit to meet the volume requested by the commercial area, which would result in market shortages and a 15% loss in annual sales growth. The required investment will be based on short, medium, and long-term stages. For the short term, the investment will be based on additional manpower resources, including both CBC Peruana employees and consultants' working hours. Initial modifications that would be implemented in the medium term would amount to approximately $1,500,000, while in the long term, it is estimated to exceed$3 million, with a fast return on investment

Towards a target label-free suboptimum oligonucleotide displacement-based detection system

A novel method for the future development of label-free DNA sensors is proposed here. The approach is based on the displacement of a labelled suboptimum mutated oligonucleotide hybridised with the immobilised biotin-capture probe. The target fully complementary to the biotin-capture probe can displace the labelled oligonucleotide causing a subsequent decrease of the signal that verifies the presence of the target. The decrease of signal was demonstrated to be proportional to the target concentration. A study of the hybridisation of mutated and complementary labelled oligonucleotides with an immobilised biotin-capture probe was carried out. Different kinetic and thermodynamic behaviour was observed for heterogeneous hybridisation of biotin-capture probe with complementary or suboptimum oligonucleotides. The displacement method evaluated colourimetrically achieved the objective of decreasing the response time from 1 h for direct hybridisation of 19-mer oligonucleotides in the direct enzyme-linked oligonucleotide assay (ELONA) to 5 min in the case of displacement detection in the micromolar concentration range

Intramolecular Folding in Human ILPR Fragment with Three C-Rich Repeats

Enrichment of four tandem repeats of guanine (G) rich and cytosine (C) rich sequences in functionally important regions of human genome forebodes the biological implications of four-stranded DNA structures, such as G-quadruplex and i-motif, that can form in these sequences. However, there have been few reports on the intramolecular formation of non-B DNA structures in less than four tandem repeats of G or C rich sequences. Here, using mechanical unfolding at the single-molecule level, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), circular dichroism (CD), and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, we report an intramolecularly folded non-B DNA structure in three tandem cytosine rich repeats, 5'-TGTC4ACAC4TGTC4ACA (ILPR-I3), in the human insulin linked polymorphic region (ILPR). The thermal denaturation analyses of the sequences with systematic C to T mutations have suggested that the structure is linchpinned by a stack of hemiprotonated cytosine pairs between two terminal C4 tracts. Mechanical unfolding and Br2 footprinting experiments on a mixture of the ILPR-I3 and a 5′-C4TGT fragment have further indicated that the structure serves as a building block for intermolecular i-motif formation. The existence of such a conformation under acidic or neutral pH complies with the strand-by-strand folding pathway of ILPR i-motif structures

Stability and kinetics of G-quadruplex structures

In this review, we give an overview of recent literature on the structure and stability of unimolecular G-rich quadruplex structures that are relevant to drug design and for in vivo function. The unifying theme in this review is energetics. The thermodynamic stability of quadruplexes has not been studied in the same detail as DNA and RNA duplexes, and there are important differences in the balance of forces between these classes of folded oligonucleotides. We provide an overview of the principles of stability and where available the experimental data that report on these principles. Significant gaps in the literature have been identified, that should be filled by a systematic study of well-defined quadruplexes not only to provide the basic understanding of stability both for design purposes, but also as it relates to in vivo occurrence of quadruplexes. Techniques that are commonly applied to the determination of the structure, stability and folding are discussed in terms of information content and limitations. Quadruplex structures fold and unfold comparatively slowly, and DNA unwinding events associated with transcription and replication may be operating far from equilibrium. The kinetics of formation and resolution of quadruplexes, and methodologies are discussed in the context of stability and their possible biological occurrence

Polyamide-Scorpion Cyclam Lexitropsins Selectively Bind AT-Rich DNA Independently of the Nature of the Coordinated Metal

Cyclam was attached to 1-, 2- and 3-pyrrole lexitropsins for the first time through a synthetically facile copper-catalyzed “click” reaction. The corresponding copper and zinc complexes were synthesized and characterized. The ligand and its complexes bound AT-rich DNA selectively over GC-rich DNA, and the thermodynamic profile of the binding was evaluated by isothermal titration calorimetry. The metal, encapsulated in a scorpion azamacrocyclic complex, did not affect the binding, which was dominated by the organic tail