Aristotle’s principles as conditions

In this paper I will argue that when Aristotle uses the word ‘ἀρχή’ (commonly translated as ‘principle,’ ‘beginning,’ ‘origin,’ or ‘starting-point’) he is often referring to what we call a condition, whether necessary, sufficient or necessary and sufficient. To this end I will discuss how conditions for being, change, and knowledge, as identified by Aristotle, can be equated to ontological, physical and noetic principles, respectively.In this paper I will argue that when Aristotle uses the word ‘ἀρχή’ (commonly translated as ‘principle,’ ‘beginning,’ ‘origin,’ or ‘starting-point’) he is often referring to what we call a condition, whether necessary, sufficient or necessary and sufficient. To this end I will discuss how conditions for being, change, and knowledge, as identified by Aristotle, can be equated to ontological, physical and noetic principles, respectively

Water quality in a reservoir used for carp production

Guadalupe Reservoir, on the San Cayetano river, feeds into the Lerma river about 18 km north of Toluca in the State of Mexico, Mexico. On August 9, 1995, more than 6000 Israeli carp (Cyprinus carpio v. specularis and rubrofruscus) died within a week in this reservoir. We investigated the cause of the fish mortality and we determined whether the reservoir could be used again for carp culture. Five days after the accident the residual chlorine was 4 times higher than the maximum permissible amount. Ammonia nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were also above the recommended levels. Six months later, the amount of some contaminants in the water, such as chlorine, were back to normal ranges of water quality criteria for aquaculture. Ammonia, BOD and COD concentrations were lower to those found in the previous analyses but remained higher than the recommended levels. Most probably, residual chlorine was the cause of carp mortality as the chlorine level was very high when the fishes die

Loose ends: almost one in five human genes still have unresolved coding status

Seventeen years after the sequencing of the human genome, the human proteome is still under revision. One in eight of the 22 210 coding genes listed by the Ensembl/GENCODE, RefSeq and UniProtKB reference databases are annotated differently across the three sets. We have carried out an in-depth investigation on the 2764 genes classified as coding by one or more sets of manual curators and not coding by others. Data from large-scale genetic variation analyses suggests that most are not under protein-like purifying selection and so are unlikely to code for functional proteins. A further 1470 genes annotated as coding in all three reference sets have characteristics that are typical of non-coding genes or pseudogenes. These potential non-coding genes also appear to be undergoing neutral evolution and have considerably less supporting transcript and protein evidence than other coding genes. We believe that the three reference databases currently overestimate the number of human coding genes by at least 2000, complicating and adding noise to large-scale biomedical experiments. Determining which potential non-coding genes do not code for proteins is a difficult but vitally important task since the human reference proteome is a fundamental pillar of most basic research and supports almost all large-scale biomedical projects.National Institutes of Health [2 U41 HG007234 to I.J., L.M., J.M.R. and M.L.T., R01 HG004037 to I.J.]. Funding for open access charge: NIH [2 U41 HG007234].S

Caracterización magnética y datación preliminar mediante paleointensidades relativas de sedimentos lacustres de la Formación Tajamar (Guachipas), Salta Argentina

This paper presents a detailed study of rock magnetism in lacustrine sediments from three sample sequences from the Pleistocene Tajamar Formation, exposed in an outcrop near the locality of Guachipas (25º31.0´S 65°30.5'W), in Salta Province, Argentina. The studied sediments are located in the drainage of the Guachipas River, which drains Meso-Cenozoic outcrops that border the southern end of the Lerma Valley.The studied samples showed a stable remanent magnetization that was obtained after removing a viscous remanent magnetization with alternating fields of about 10-15 mT. The magnetic properties indicate that the main carrier of remanence is magnetite with the presence of hematite in different percentages. Magnetite samples have magnetic grain sizes between 4 and 16 mm. The magnetic concentration parameters have the same variations as the stable remanent magnetization suggesting the signal is dominated by this magnetic parameter. Based on this, the relative paleointensities were calculated using the normalization method. In order to obtain an approximate age for the deposits, the relative paleointensity curve of Guachipas was compared with the SINT800 curve using different correlation windows. The best correlation was obtained with the window 40 - 200 ky BP.Fil: Irurzun, Maria Alicia. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Fisica Arroyo Seco; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tandil. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez Bonorino, Gustavo. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Río Grande; ArgentinaFil: Gogorza, Claudia Susana. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Fisica Arroyo Seco; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tandil. Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Hall, Sarah. College of the Atlantic; Estados UnidosFil: del Valle Abascal, Liliana. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Río Grande; ArgentinaFil: Alonso, Ricardo Narciso. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Larcher, Nicolás Ezequiel. Mina Pirquitas Inc.; Argentin

A risk-organised model for clinically significant prostate cancer early detection

Prostate cancer; Risk‐organised modelCàncer de pròstata; Model organitzat de riscCáncer de próstata; Modelo organizado de riesgoThe Instituto de Salut Carlos III (SP) and European Union financed this project, ref. PI20/01666

A risk-organised model for clinically significant prostate cancer early detection

Prostate cancer; Risk‐organised modelCàncer de pròstata; Model organitzat de riscCáncer de próstata; Modelo organizado de riesgoThe Instituto de Salut Carlos III (SP) and European Union financed this project, ref. PI20/01666

The phase diagram of water from quantum simulations

The phase diagram of water has been calculated for the TIP4PQ/2005 model, an empirical rigid non-polarisable model. The path integral Monte Carlo technique was used, permitting the incorporation of nuclear quantum effects. The coexistence lines were traced out using the Gibbs-Duhem integration method, once having calculated the free energies of the liquid and solid phases in the quantum limit, which were obtained via thermodynamic integration from the classical value by scaling the mass of the water molecule. The resulting phase diagram is qualitatively correct, being displaced to lower temperatures by 15-20K. It is found that the influence of nuclear quantum effects are correlated to the tetrahedral order parameter.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, 1 tabl

A clinically significant prostate cancer predictive model using digital rectal examination prostate volume category to stratify initial prostate cancer suspicion and reduce magnetic resonance imaging demand

A predictive model including age, PCa family history, biopsy status (initial vs repeat), DRE (normal vs abnormal), serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and DRE prostate volume ca-tegory was developed to stratify initial PCa suspicion in 1486 men with PSA > 3 ng/mL and/or abnormal DRE, in whom mpMRI followed; 2- to 4-core TRUS-guided biopsies where Prostate Imaging Report and Data System (PI-RADS) > 3 lesions and/or 12-core TRUS systematic biopsies were performed in one academic institution between 1 January 2016–31 December 2019. The csPCa detection rate, defined as International Society of Uro-Pathology grade group 2 or higher, was 36.9%. An external validation of designed BCN-RC 1 was carried out on 946 men from two other institutions in the same metropolitan area, using the same criteria of PCa suspicion and diagnostic approach, yielded a csPCa detection rate of 40.8%. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of BCN-RC 1 were 0.823 (95% CI: 0.800–0.846) in the development cohort and 0.837 (95% CI: 0.811–0.863) in the validation cohort (p = 0.447). In both cohorts, BCN-RC 1 exhibited net benefit over performing mpMRI in all men from 8 and 12% risk thresholds, respectively. At 0.95 sensitivity of csPCa, the specificities of BCN-RC 1 were 0.24 (95% CI: 0.22–0.26) in the development cohort and 0.34 (95% CI: 0.31–0.37) in the validation cohort (p < 0.001). The percentages of avoided mpMRI scans were 17.2% in the development cohort and 22.3% in the validation cohort, missing between 1.8% and 2% of csPCa among men at risk of PCa. In summary, BCN-RC 1 can stratify initial PCa suspicion, reducing the demand of mpMRI, with an acceptable loss of csPCa