Buryat shamanism

Predlozemi prace struene analyzuje situaci burjatskeho samanismu v jeho tradienich aspektech s poukazem na soueasnou situaci jednotlivy-ch jew. V teto posledni easti zbYva doplnit nekolik podnetu, k nirnZ doposud nebyla prilezitost vyjadrit se. Vetsina soueasnych samanu se svemu tradienimu remeslu stale jeste uei. Snazi se pritom, aby jejich zkusenosti zUstaly v souladu s "narodnimi tradicemi", ktere v zivote Burjatu hraji vy-znamnou roli. Podstatna pfitom zllstava vzajemna interakce mezi jednotlivy-mi samany i laiky, behem niz se ustaluji interpretace spomych otazek i)rkajicich se kosmologie, pantheonu, ritualnich praxi, spravneho vy-kladu atributu, znalosti norem a tabu. Individualni pojeti jednotlivy-ch samanu jsou podrobovana vzajemne konfrontaci pri nekdy az ostr)rch polemikach a postupne se tak stabilizuji v urCite obecne koncepce, ktere se stavaji zakladem novy-ch dogmat. Prikladem takoveho procesu muze b)ri sledovani vYvoje v uZivani terminu "sabdag", ktery se postupne dostal do samanske kosmologie. Jelikoz se jedna 0 pojem prevzaty z buddhismu teprve v nedavne dobe, v zadne starsi literature tykajici se samanismu se s nim nelze setkat. Sabdag predstavuje ducha nizsi socialni lirovne, ktery obYva nejruznejsi mista, muze posednout lidi nebo jim Pllsobit problemy. Obetovavani na vetsine posvMnych mist...After the political changes in East Europe and Central Asia at the end of 80s of the 20th century some latitude of religious liberty, which had been limited till then, occured. It made possible to restore original traditions and gradually return the religion from illegality back to the public life. Ecclesiastic and confessional institutions started to restore in accordance with those ones operating in the period of Imperial Russia. A very specific situation arose from Buryat shamanism, which had never been under the state and authority control like other confessions had. Buryat shamans began to restore and renew extinct traditions mostly by the way of studying professional ethnographical and religious literature and inspired by the new philosophical currents of the tardy wave of New Age, they complemented numerous gaps and deficiency with their own ideas. During the last 15 years several organisations associtiating Buryat shamans have come into existence. They obviously differ from each other in their specialisation, traditions they gather from, and even in their range. Some of them are local, others try to unite all shamans in the territory settled by the Buryats, but there are also small formal and informal groups gathering disciples of a master. All associations of shamans in some ways use traditional...Ústav etnologieInstitute of EthnologyFaculty of ArtsFilozofická fakult

Contemporary Forms of Buryatian Shamanism

RESUMÉ V ČESKÉM JAZYCE Od poloviny osmdesátých let dvacátého století v celé oblasti Sibiře a Střední Asie probíhá u tzv. "korennych narodov" revitalizace náboženských tradic, jejichž kontinuita byla v období Sovětského Svazu značně narušena. Zatímco u velkých náboženství (buddhismus, islám), díky jejich písemné fixaci obnovování náboženských tradic úspěšně navázalo na jejich přerušení, zcela jiná situace vznikla u náboženských tradic předávaných ústně, tedy také těch šamanských. Intenzivní tenze po duchovnu vycházející z vlastních etnických tradic, která se spontánně otevřela, po mnohaletém období komunistické sekularizace, v případě šamanismu narazila na bariéry, jak na přerušené tradice adekvátně navázat (nedostatek živých nositelů a znalců vlastních tradic, iniciovaných i neiniciovaných šamanů, neznalost vlastní mytologie a symboliky). Celý průběh obrození a revitalizace šamanismu zcela odpovídá kontextu aktuálních problémů provázející jednotlivé společnosti, v rámci nichž se uskutečňoval a který přirozeně nesl dědictví sovětské kultury. Politické a hospodářské změny v postsovětském prostoru také umožnily otevřít se nositelům tradic vůči celé řadě nových vlivů ze zahraničí. Revitalizace šamanských kultů na Sibiři nese viditelné stopy tří hlavních částí, které tvoří její současnou podobu: (1) Předsovětské...RESUMÉ V ANGLICKÉM JAZYCE Since the 1980s, a revival of religious traditions, whose continuity was disrupted considerably in the Soviet-era Russia, has been in motion in the entire area of Siberia and Central Asia, among the so called 'rooted nations'. While major religious groups, such as buddhism and islam, could successfully pick up the threads of their religious traditions thanks to their written resources; religions based mainly on oral transmission are facing the opposite situation, shamanism not being an exception. Intense tension coming from the spirituality of their own ethnic traditions, which spontaneously opened after many years of the Communist secularization, in the case of shamanism hit the barriers of how to adequately re- establish the disrupted traditions (lack of living bearers and experts on their own traditions, initiated and uninitiated shamans, and other ceremony specialists, ignorance of symbolism). The whole process of rebirth, revival or revitalisation of shamanism is entirely consistent with the context of current issues concerning constituent societies, which naturally carries the legacy of Soviet culture. Political and economic changes in the post- Soviet space also enabled the bearers of traditions to become open to a wide range of new influences from abroad. Revitalization...Institute of EthnologyÚstav etnologieFaculty of ArtsFilozofická fakult

Landscape Connectivity bottlenecks in the Moravian-Slovak Borderlands - Transport Infrastructure and Other Anthropogenic Threats

Based on the findings of the TransGREEN and SaveGREEN projects, changes in land use in selected critical locations were analysed for the period after 1990, when new socio-economic conditions emerged. Aerial images and 1:10,000 topographic maps were used for the detailed analysis. Also changes in traffic intensities according to the National Traffic Census were explored. The next step was field visits to evaluate the permeability of existing transport infrastructure and other barriers in the landscape based on the principles and recommendations from the Wildlife and Traffic in the Carpathians handbook and new national Methodology of environmental audit. Estimation of future development was investigated by evaluating existing spatial-planning documentation. A selection of examples of good and bad practice will accompany the paper

Vineyard zonation based on natural terroir factors using multivariate statistics – Case study Burgenland (Austria)

Aim: The aim of the study was to explicitly develop a methodology of delineation of natural Protected Designation of Origins (PDO) terroir regions for Austria, where PDO viticulture regions reflect natural conditions only in a formal manner. Methods and results: There is increasing competition in the wine market from globalized trends, where the European Union (EU) and non-EU wine producers have adopted different market strategies to promote their wines and gain larger market share. The EU has therefore established protective agricultural product categories such as PDO and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) based on the terroir concept which contrasts with USA strategies. Here, we first collected and derived as many as possible relevant physical geographical data for a total of 66,673 officially registered vineyard areas in Burgenland (Austria). Next, we applied factor analysis to these data with the aim to shrink their size and reduce their dimensionality. For each vineyard plot was derived a factor score which was used for performing k-means clustering. The best count of clusters, k-parameter, was estimated using five internal validity indices. Five homogenous management zones were created as a result of clustering. Correctness and accuracy of the clustering was evaluated by multidimensional discriminant analysis. The final zones were compared to current Districtus Austriae Controllatus (DAC) of Burgenland. Conclusion: It was found by the comparison of DAC regions of Burgenland and our drafted zones that some of the DAC regions do not respect natural terroir zones, while these regions were created as PDO regions which should respect their natural terroir. Significance and impact of the study: The presented methodology can be applied all over Austria and, with some modifications caused by different input data, to each EU member country where it is necessary to revise PDO regions’ borders

Downsizing the Channel Length of Vertical Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are promising building blocks for bioelectronic devices such as While the majority of OECTs use simple planar geometry, there is interest in exploring how these devices operate with much shorter channels on the submicron scale. Here, we show a practical route toward the minimization of the channel length of the transistor using traditional photolithography, enabling large-scale utilization. We describe the fabrication of such transistors using two types of conducting polymers. First, commercial solution-processed poly(dioxyethylenethiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate), PEDOT:PSS. Next, we also exploit the short channel length to support easy in situ electropolymerization of poly(dioxyethylenethiophene):tetrabutyl ammonium hexafluorophosphate, PEDOT:PF6. Both variants show different promising features, leading the way in terms of transconductance (gm), with the measured peak gm up to 68 mS for relatively thin (280 nm) channel layers on devices with the channel length of 350 nm and with widths of 50, 100, and 200 m. This result suggests that the use of electropolymerized semiconductors, which can be easily customized, is viable with vertical geometry, as uniform and thin layers can be created. Spin-coated PEDOT:PSS lags behind with the lower values of gm; however, it excels in terms of the speed of the device and also has a comparably lower off current (300 nA), leading to unusually high on/off ratio, with values up to 8.6 × 104. Our approach to vertical gap devices is simple, scalable, and can be extended to other applications where small electrochemical channels are desired

Numerical analysis of the calcaneal nail C-NAIL

The presented article investigates the biomechanics of the calcaneal nail C-NAIL (TM) by numerical calculations and, partially, experimentally. This nail is widely used in trauma and orthopaedics. A numerical model of implants directly interacting with the bone tissue model obtained from CT scans was calculated. The material properties of the bone tissue can be described by several models; in this work, a non-homogeneous material model with isotropic elements and prescribed elastic modulus was used to provide a more accurate model of the applied force distribution on the individual parts of the implants. The critical areas of the nail and its fixtures were investigated using finite element strength calculations to verify their strength and reliability, contributing to the safety and faster and easier treatment of patients. These analyses suggest that the strength of the calcaneal nail C-NAIL, as well as the stabilization of bone fragments resulting from its use, are sufficient for clinical practice.Web of Science1210art. no. 526

Advertisement perception in relation to users preferences

The thesis deals with visual attention of group of smokers and non-smokers, several commercials focused on tobacco products were the subject of research. The thesis is not only to identify differences in visual attention to tobacco advertisement between smokers and non-smokers, but also to map the visual attention of respondents based on their gender and to conduct the research using a questionnaire and eye-tracking measurements. The group selected for the research consisted of people from generations Y and Z. The literature recherche focuses on the elements contained in advertisements and the specifics of the tobacco industry. In addition, it also discusses the issues of warning texts in advertisements. Two methods of data collection were chosen to process the practical part, namely a questionnaire and eye-tracking. The practical part analyzes and interprets the data obtained from the questionnaire and eye-tracking expetiment and compares them in relation to research questions and hypotheses.Práce se zabývá vizuální pozorností skupinou kuřáků a skupiny nekuřáků, předmě-tem zkoumání bylo několik reklamních spotů zaměřených na tabákové výrobky. Cílem práce je nejen zjistit rozdíly ve vizuální pozornosti týkající se reklamy na tabákový vý-robek mezi kuřáky a nekuřáky, ale také zmapovat vizuální pozornost respondentů na základě jejich pohlaví a provést výzkum s pomocí dotazníku a eye-trackingového mě-ření. Skupinu vybranou ke zkoumání tvoří osoby z generací Y a Z. Literární rešerše se věnuje prvkům obsažených v reklamách a specifikům tabákového průmyslu, kromě toho je zde také rozebrán problém varovných textů v reklamách. Ke zpracování prak-tické části byly vybrány dvě metody sběru dat, a to dotazník a eye-tracking. Praktická část analyzuje a interpretuje data získaná z dotazníku a eye-trackingu a porovnává je ve vztahu k výzkumným otázkám a hypotézám

Privacy and trust as a barriers of acceptance of home voice asistants

Tato diplomová práce s názvem Soukromí a důvěra jako bariéry akceptace domácích hlasových asistentů se zabývá tématem SMART domácích asistentů. Přínosem práce je poskytnutí zásadních informací k vnímání soukromí a důvěry při využívání hlasových asistentů. Práce také odhaluje povědomí lidí o hlasových asistentech a volbách uživatelských preferencí. Praktická část se zabývá hlasovými asistenty a jejich vlivem na jejich uživatele, zda nějakým způsobem ovlivňují jejich chování nebo pocit soukromí a důvěry.This thesis, named Privacy and trust as barriers to the acceptance of home voice assistants, deals with the topic of SMART home assistants. The contribution of the thesis is the provision of essential information for the perception of privacy and trust while using voice assistants. The thesis also reveals people's awareness of voice assistants and user preferences. The practical part deals with voice assistants and their influence on their users, whether they somehow influence their behavior or the feeling of privacy and trust