The Ambiguous Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in HIV Replication and Pathogenesis

Cells from all kingdoms of life can release membrane-enclosed vesicles to the extracellular milieu. These extracellular vesicles (EVs) may function as mediators of intercellular communication, allowing the transfer of biologically active molecules between cells and organisms. It has become clear that HIV particles and certain types of EVs, such as exosomes, share many similarities regarding morphology, composition, and biogenesis. This review presents a summary of the literature describing the intricate relationship between HIV and EVs biogenesis. Also, we discuss the latest progress toward understanding the mechanisms by which EVs influence HIV pathogenesis, as well as, how HIV modulates EVs composition in infected cells to facilitate viral spread

Growth and yield of Anão Verde coconut under fertigation with nitrogen and potassium

Tal como ocorre em outras culturas, no cultivo de coco irrigado a utilização da técnica da fertigação também tende a aumentar. Objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar os efeitos de doses de N e K2O via fertigação no desenvolvimento vegetativo e na produção do coqueiro Anão verde. O ensaio foi conduzido no período de abril de 2002 a março de 2004, em campo experimental da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte - EMPARN, em Parnamirim, RN. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados, com 4 repetições utilizando-se, para composição dos tratamentos, a matriz experimental Plan Puebla III, compostos da combinação de dois fatores: doses de nitrogênio e de potássio aplicados nas formas de uréia e cloreto de potássio, respectivamente, obtendo-se 10 tratamentos, definindo-se o intervalo para as doses de N (256 a 4874 g planta-1 ano-1) e K2O (258 a 4872 g planta-1 ano-1) aplicados via fertigação. O número de folhas, diâmetro de copa, altura e circunferência do estipe, foram favorecidos pela aplicação de N e K2O, em que as doses 2910 g planta-1 ano-1 de K2O e 2353 g planta-1 ano-1 de N, representaram maiores produções no 6º ano de cultivo e no 7º ano as doses de 1540 g planta-1 ano-1 de 2O e 1539 g planta-1 ano-1 de N, representaram maiores produções.In irrigated coconut, similar to trend in other crops the use of technique of fertigation is increasing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of N and K2O doses under fertigation in development and the production of Anão Verde coconut palm. In April of 2002 until March of 2004, an experiment was carried out at the Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The adopted statistical design was in randomized blocks, with 4 repetitions, using for composition of treatments Puebla Plan III experimental matrix, consisting of combination of two factors: nitrogen and potassium doses in the form of urea and potassium chloride, respectively, testing 10 treatments. The interval of N being 256 the 4874 g plant-1 year-1 and 258 to 4872 g plant-1 year-1 of K2O applied through fertigation. The number of leaves, diameter of canopy, height and circumference of estipe were favored with 2910 g plant-1 year-1 of K2O and 2353 g plant-1 year-1 of N representing highest productions in 6th year of crop. In the 7th year the dose of 1540 and 1539 g plant-1 year-1 of K2 e N, respectively promoted maximum productions

Metabolic control of T cell immune response through glycans in inflammatory bowel disease

Mucosal T lymphocytes from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) were previously shown to display a deficiency in branched N-glycosylation associated with disease severity. However, whether this glycosylation pathway shapes the course of the T cell response constituting a targeted-specific mechanism in UC remains largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that metabolic supplementation of ex vivo mucosal T cells from patients with active UC with N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) resulted in enhancement of branched N-glycosylation in the T cell receptor (TCR), leading to suppression of T cell growth, inhibition of the T helper 1 (Th1)/Th17 immune response, and controlled T cell activity. We further demonstrated that mouse models displaying a deficiency in the branched N-glycosylation pathway (MGAT5-/-, MGAT5+/-) exhibited increased susceptibility to severe forms of colitis and early-onset disease. Importantly, the treatment of these mice with GlcNAc reduced disease severity and suppressed disease progression due to a controlled T cell-mediated immune response at the intestinal mucosa. In conclusion, our human ex vivo and preclinical results demonstrate the targeted-specific immunomodulatory properties of this simple glycan, proposing a therapeutic approach for patients with UC.We thank Dr. Hiroaki Korekane and Fumi (RIKEN) for support in preparation of the fluorescent oligosaccharide acceptor substrate. We thank Dr. Michael Pierce for kindly providing the MGAT5 knockout mice. We also thank Paula Paíga (REQUIMTE/LAQV) for technical support with the HPLC system. The Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto integrates the i3S research unit, which is partially supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). This article is a result of the project NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000029, supported by the Norte Portugal Regional Programme (NORTE 2020) under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement through the European Regional Development Fund. This work was also funded by Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) funds through the COMPETE 2020—Operacional Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalization (POCI), Portugal 2020, and by Portuguese funds through the FCT in the framework of the project (POCI-01/ 0145-FEDER-016601 and PTDC/DTP-PIC/0560/2014). S.S.P. acknowledges the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organization (ECCO) for ECCO Grant 2017, the Broad Medical Research Program at the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America, and the Portuguese Group of Study in IBD (GEDII) for funding. A.M.D. [PD/BD/105982/2014], A.C. [SFRH/BPD/91623/2012], and M.S.P. [SFRH/ BD/110148/2015] received funding from the FCT. M. Lima thanks the CHP for the research support.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

On the equivalence between Implicit Regularization and Constrained Differential Renormalization

Constrained Differential Renormalization (CDR) and the constrained version of Implicit Regularization (IR) are two regularization independent techniques that do not rely on dimensional continuation of the space-time. These two methods which have rather distinct basis have been successfully applied to several calculations which show that they can be trusted as practical, symmetry invariant frameworks (gauge and supersymmetry included) in perturbative computations even beyond one-loop order. In this paper, we show the equivalence between these two methods at one-loop order. We show that the configuration space rules of CDR can be mapped into the momentum space procedures of Implicit Regularization, the major principle behind this equivalence being the extension of the properties of regular distributions to the regularized ones.Comment: 16 page

Search for supersymmetry in events with b-quark jets and missing transverse energy in pp collisions at 7 TeV

Results are presented from a search for physics beyond the standard model based on events with large missing transverse energy, at least three jets, and at least one, two, or three b-quark jets. The study is performed using a sample of proton-proton collision data collected at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2011. The integrated luminosity of the sample is 4.98 inverse femtobarns. The observed number of events is found to be consistent with the standard model expectation, which is evaluated using control samples in the data. The results are used to constrain cross sections for the production of supersymmetric particles decaying to b-quark-enriched final states in the context of simplified model spectra.Comment: Submitted to Physical Review

Blood Meal-Derived Heme Decreases ROS Levels in the Midgut of Aedes aegypti and Allows Proliferation of Intestinal Microbiota

The presence of bacteria in the midgut of mosquitoes antagonizes infectious agents, such as Dengue and Plasmodium, acting as a negative factor in the vectorial competence of the mosquito. Therefore, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the control of midgut microbiota could help in the development of new tools to reduce transmission. We hypothesized that toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by epithelial cells control bacterial growth in the midgut of Aedes aegypti, the vector of Yellow fever and Dengue viruses. We show that ROS are continuously present in the midgut of sugar-fed (SF) mosquitoes and a blood-meal immediately decreased ROS through a mechanism involving heme-mediated activation of PKC. This event occurred in parallel with an expansion of gut bacteria. Treatment of sugar-fed mosquitoes with increased concentrations of heme led to a dose dependent decrease in ROS levels and a consequent increase in midgut endogenous bacteria. In addition, gene silencing of dual oxidase (Duox) reduced ROS levels and also increased gut flora. Using a model of bacterial oral infection in the gut, we show that the absence of ROS resulted in decreased mosquito resistance to infection, increased midgut epithelial damage, transcriptional modulation of immune-related genes and mortality. As heme is a pro-oxidant molecule released in large amounts upon hemoglobin degradation, oxidative killing of bacteria in the gut would represent a burden to the insect, thereby creating an extra oxidative challenge to the mosquito. We propose that a controlled decrease in ROS levels in the midgut of Aedes aegypti is an adaptation to compensate for the ingestion of heme