Les élections de mars 2008 en Espagne et en Catalogne

Cet article analyse les résultats des élections législatives du 9 mars 2008, en Espagne, ainsi qu'une focale particulière sur la Catalogne. Nous examinons d'abord le contexte politique du scrutin, en prenant en compte les principaux déterminants de la législature 2004-2008 et les éléments d'innovation qui sont apparus en 2008. Nous analysons ensuite la géographie électorale, en plaçant la focale sur les phénomènes de mobilisation / démobilisation que l'on peut relever à l'échelle provinciale, ainsi que leur impact sur la physionomie de l'implantation du PP et du PSOE. Enfin, nous soulignons le rôle majeur de la Catalogne dans le résultat finalThe article analyses the electoral results of Spanish legislative elections held on 9 March 2008, stressing on the results in Catalonia. First, we examine the political context of the election, taking into account the main determinants of the 2004-2008 legislature and the innovation elements produced during the last electoral campaign. Secondly, we look at the electoral geography, focusing on the mobilization/demobilization patterns pointed out by the results at provincial level and their possible impact on the PP and PSOE figures. Finally, the article underlines the deciding role of Catalonia on the general final outcom

Molecular epidemiology of domestic and sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural northwestern Argentina

Genetic diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi populations and parasite transmission dynamics have been well documented throughout the Americas, but few studies have been conducted in the Gran Chaco ecoregion, one of the most highly endemic areas for Chagas disease, caused by T. cruzi. In this study, we assessed the distribution of T. cruzi lineages (identified by PCR strategies) in Triatoma infestans, domestic dogs, cats, humans and sylvatic mammals from two neighbouring rural areas with different histories of transmission and vector control in northern Argentina. Lineage II predominated amongst the 99 isolates characterised and lineage I amongst the six isolates obtained from sylvatic mammals. T. cruzi lineage IIe predominated in domestic habitats; it was found in 87% of 54 isolates from Tr. infestans, in 82% of 33 isolates from dogs, and in the four cats found infected. Domestic and sylvatic cycles overlapped in the study area in the late 1980s, when intense domestic transmission occurred, and still overlap marginally. The introduction of T. cruzi from sylvatic into domestic habitats is likely to occur very rarely in the current epidemiological context. The household distribution of T. cruzi lineages showed that Tr. infestans, dogs and cats from a given house compound shared the same parasite lineage in most cases. Based on molecular evidence, this result lends further support to the importance of dogs and cats as domestic reservoir hosts of T. cruzi. We believe that in Argentina, this is the first time that lineage IIc has been isolated from naturally infected domestic dogs and Tr. infestans.Fil: Cardinal, Marta Victoria. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Lauricella, Marta A.. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud “Dr. C.G. Malbrán”. Instituto Nacional de Parasitología “Dr. M. Fatala Chabén”; ArgentinaFil: Ceballos, Leonardo A.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; ArgentinaFil: Lanati, Leonardo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; ArgentinaFil: Marcet, Paula Lorena. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Levin, Mariano Jorge. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres"; ArgentinaFil: Kitron, Uriel D.. Emory University; Estados UnidosFil: Gurtler, Ricardo Esteban. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Schijman, Alejandro Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres"; Argentin

Automatic use of phonological codes during word recognition in deaf signers of Spanish Sign Language.

The poor reading skills often found in deaf readers are typically explained on the basis of underspecified print-to-sound mapping and poorer use of spoken phonology. Whilst prior research using explicit phonological tasks has shown that deaf readers can use phonological codes when required, an open question is whether congenitally deaf readers can automatically use phonological codes when reading. We designed a masked sandwich priming experiment to examine whether deaf readers can automatic activate phonological codes during the early stages of lexical processing. 24 deaf participants had to decide whether a target stimulus was a word or not. We also recruited a group of 24 hearing controls. Each target word was preceded by a pseudohomophone or by an orthographic control prime. Results showed faster word identification times in the pseudohomophone than in the control condition (i.e., masked phonological priming). The magnitude of this phonological effect was similar in the two groups, thus supporting the view that phonological codes are automatically activated during word identification. The pattern of correlations of the phonological priming effect with reading ability suggested that the amount of sub-lexical use of phonological information might be a main contributor to reading ability for hearing but not for deaf readers

La libertad en la obra de Miguel Delibes. Aplicaciones intermediales en las aulas de Magisterio y de Filología

Memoria ID2022-227 Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2022-2023

Backstage pass

A “Backstage Pass”, l’exposició de fi de curs creada pels alumnes d’aquest any, tenim el privilegi d’entrar en els processos creatius d’aquests 25 joves il·lustradors emergents. Ells comparteixen els seus treballs i inquietuds amb gran varietat d’estils visuals i conceptuals, tot just, al principi de les seves carreres. Estic segur que molts d’aquests nous talents seran els il·lustradors destacats del dia de demà. Gaudim doncs d’aquesta mirada íntima i generosa.En “Backstage Pass”, la exposición de fin de curso, creada por los alumnos de este año, tenemos el privilegio de entrar en los procesos creativos de estos 25 jóvenes ilustradores emergentes. Comparten su trabajo e inquietudes, con gran variedad de estilos visuales y conceptuales, justo ahora, al principio de sus carreras. Estoy seguro que muchos de estos nuevos talentos serán los ilustradores destacados del mañana. Disfrutemos de esta mirada íntima y generosa.In “Backstage Pass” the end of course exhibition created by this year’s alumni, we have the privilege of entering into the creative processes of these 25 young, emerging illustrators. They share their work & talents through a wide variety of visual and conceptual styles, in this moment, at the beginning of their careers. I'm sure many of these new talents will be tomorrow’s outstanding illustrators. Let's enjoy this intimate and generous look into their current work

Genome of Rhodnius prolixus, an insect vector of Chagas disease, reveals unique adaptations to hematophagy and parasite infection

Rhodnius prolixus not only has served as a model organism for the study of insect physiology, but also is a major vector of Chagas disease, an illness that affects approximately seven million people worldwide. We sequenced the genome of R. prolixus, generated assembled sequences covering 95% of the genome ( approximately 702 Mb), including 15,456 putative protein-coding genes, and completed comprehensive genomic analyses of this obligate blood-feeding insect. Although immune-deficiency (IMD)-mediated immune responses were observed, R. prolixus putatively lacks key components of the IMD pathway, suggesting a reorganization of the canonical immune signaling network. Although both Toll and IMD effectors controlled intestinal microbiota, neither affected Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas disease, implying the existence of evasion or tolerance mechanisms. R. prolixus has experienced an extensive loss of selenoprotein genes, with its repertoire reduced to only two proteins, one of which is a selenocysteine-based glutathione peroxidase, the first found in insects. The genome contained actively transcribed, horizontally transferred genes from Wolbachia sp., which showed evidence of codon use evolution toward the insect use pattern. Comparative protein analyses revealed many lineage-specific expansions and putative gene absences in R. prolixus, including tandem expansions of genes related to chemoreception, feeding, and digestion that possibly contributed to the evolution of a blood-feeding lifestyle. The genome assembly and these associated analyses provide critical information on the physiology and evolution of this important vector species and should be instrumental for the development of innovative disease control methods

Whole genome sequencing of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus; Pleuronectiformes):a fish adapted to demersal life

12 páginas, 5 figuras.-- Antonio Figueras ... et al.-- This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly citedThe turbot is a flatfish (Pleuronectiformes) with increasing commercial value, which has prompted active genomic research aimed at more efficient selection. Here we present the sequence and annotation of the turbot genome, which represents a milestone for both boosting breeding programmes and ascertaining the origin and diversification of flatfish. We compare the turbot genome with model fish genomes to investigate teleost chromosome evolution. We observe a conserved macrosyntenic pattern within Percomorpha and identify large syntenic blocks within the turbot genome related to the teleost genome duplication. We identify gene family expansions and positive selection of genes associated with vision and metabolism of membrane lipids, which suggests adaptation to demersal lifestyle and to cold temperatures, respectively. Our data indicate a quick evolution and diversification of flatfish to adapt to benthic life and provide clues for understanding their controversial origin. Moreover, we investigate the genomic architecture of growth, sex determination and disease resistance, key traits for understanding local adaptation and boosting turbot production, by mapping candidate genes and previously reported quantitative trait loci. The genomic architecture of these productive traits has allowed the identification of candidate genes and enriched pathways that may represent useful information for future marker-assisted selection in turbotThis work was funded by the Spanish Government: projects Consolider Ingenio: Aquagenomics (CSD2007-00002) and Metagenoma de la Península Ibérica (CSD2007-00005), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad and European Regional Development Funds (AGL2012-35904), and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (AGL2014-51773 and AGL2014-57065-R); and Local Government Xunta de Galicia (GRC2014/010). P.P. and D.R. gratefully acknowledge the Spanish Ministerio de Educación for their FPU fellowships (AP2010-2408, AP2012-0254). Funding to pay the Open Access publication charges for this article was provided by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (AGL2014-51773) and Xunta de Galicia (GRC2014/010)Peer reviewe

Estudi de la prevalença d’hipòxia intermitent en pacients estables amb diabetis de tipus 2 mal controlada i de l’evolució del control de la glucèmia amb el tractament amb pressió

Objectius i justificació del projecte. Nombrosos estudis suggereixen que l’apnea obstructiva del son (AOS) afecta el metabolisme de la glucosa i que la hipòxia intermitent (HI) és un potencial mecanisme intermediari d’aquesta relació. Aquest estudi va analitzar la prevalença d’HI secundària a AOS en pacients amb diabetis tipus 2 mal controlada, la seva relació amb el control glucèmic i l’impacte del seu tractament en el control glucèmic i en altres variables secundàries. Subjectes i metodologia. L’estudi va incloure 145 pacients consecutius, de 18 a 70 anys, amb diabetis tipus 2 en tractament estable i hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) ≥ 7% (53 mmol/mol), atesos en una consulta ambulatòria d’Endocrinologia, que no estaven en tractament amb pressió positiva contínua a la via aèria (CPAP). Als pacients se’ls va fer una polsioximetria nocturna, i una poligrafia respiratòria en cas d’HI (índex de dessaturacions per hora [IDH] ≥ 15). Després de 14 setmanes de tempteig, els 50 pacients amb AOS i índex d’apnea-hipopnea (IAH) >20 van rebre tractament amb CPAP, amb avaluacions de l’HbA1c, entre altres variables, a 14, 28 i 56 setmanes de tractament. L’evolució de l’HbA1c es va comparar amb la d’un grup de 32 pacients que no tenien hipòxia nocturna significativa (IDH < 5 i < 20% de temps amb saturació d’oxihemoglobina < 90%). Resultats. Es va observar HI en 54 (37%) pacients, dels que 52 tenien AOS. La HI es va associar a pitjor control glucèmic (nivell d’HbA1C > a la mediana) independentment dels potencials factors de confusió, amb una odds ratio (OR) ajustada per HbA1C >8,5% de 2,31 (IC 95%: 1,06 a 5,04) en el model ajustat per índex de massa corporal, i de 2,46 (IC 95%: 1,13 a 5,34) en l’ajustat per índex cintura/talla. El tractament amb CPAP no va modificar l’HbA1c, que va experimentar una evolució similar a la dels pacients del grup de control. El tractament de l’AOS va millorar la qualitat del son, però no el perfil lipídic, la pressió arterial o l’albuminúria. L’anàlisi del subgrup de pacients amb compliment del tractament ≥ 4h/dia va aportar uns resultats similars. Conclusions. Els pacients amb DM2 mal controlada tenen una elevada prevalença d’HI secundària a AOS no diagnosticada que està independentment associada a un pitjor control glucèmic. No obstant això, el tractament de l’AOS amb CPAP no millora el seu control glucèmic.Rationale and objectives. Numerous studies suggest that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects glucose metabolism and point to intermittent hypoxia (IH) as a potential intermediate mechanism in this relationship. The present study examined the prevalence of IH secondary to OSA in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, the association between IH and glycaemic control and the impact of OSA treatment on glycaemic control and on other secondary variables. Subjects and methods. The study included 145 consecutive patients, aged 18 to 70 years, with type 2 diabetes on stable treatment and glycosylated haemoglobin level (HbA1c) ≥7% (53 mmol/mol) who attended an outpatient Endocrinology clinic and were not on treatment with continuous positive pressure airway pressure (CPAP). Patients underwent overnight pulse oximetry and respiratory poligraphy in case IH (desaturation index [DI] ≥15) was found. After a 14-week run-in period, the 50 patients with OSA and apnoea plus hypopnoea index (AHI) >20 were treated with CPAP with assessment of HbA1c among other variables at 14, 28 and 56 weeks of treatment. The change in HbA1c level was compared with that experienced by a group of 32 patients without significant nocturnal hypoxia (DI <5 and <20% of time with oxyhaemoglobin saturation <90%). Results. IH was observed in 54 (37%) patients, of whom 52 had OSA, and was associated with worse glycaemic control (HbA1c level > median), independently of potential confounders. IH was associated with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) for having a level of HbA1c >8,5% of 2,31 (95% CI: 1,06 to 5,04) in a model adjusted for body mass index and of 2,46 (95% CI: 1,13 to 5,34) in a model adjusted for waist to height ratio. CPAP treatment did not change HbA1c levels, which evolved similarly to those of control patients. OSA treatment improved sleep quality, but not the lipid profile, blood pressure or albuminuria. An analysis of the subgroup of patients with treatment compliance ≥4 h/day showed similar results. Conclusions. Patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes have a high prevalence of IH secondary to undiagnosed OSA that is independently associated with worse glycaemic control. However, in these patients the treatment of OSA does not improve glycaemic control

Les élections de mars 2008 en Espagne et en Catalogne

Cet article analyse les résultats des élections législatives du 9 mars 2008, en Espagne, ainsi qu'une focale particulière sur la Catalogne. Nous examinons d'abord le contexte politique du scrutin, en prenant en compte les principaux déterminants de la législature 2004-2008 et les éléments d'innovation qui sont apparus en 2008. Nous analysons ensuite la géographie électorale, en plaçant la focale sur les phénomènes de mobilisation / démobilisation que l'on peut relever à l'échelle provinciale, ainsi que leur impact sur la physionomie de l'implantation du PP et du PSOE. Enfin, nous soulignons le rôle majeur de la Catalogne dans le résultat finalThe article analyses the electoral results of Spanish legislative elections held on 9 March 2008, stressing on the results in Catalonia. First, we examine the political context of the election, taking into account the main determinants of the 2004-2008 legislature and the innovation elements produced during the last electoral campaign. Secondly, we look at the electoral geography, focusing on the mobilization/demobilization patterns pointed out by the results at provincial level and their possible impact on the PP and PSOE figures. Finally, the article underlines the deciding role of Catalonia on the general final outcom