PRINCIPALES CAUSAS DEL CONGESTIONAMIENTO VEHICULAR EN ALGUNOS SECTORES DEL PERÍMETRO URBANO DE LA CIUDAD CÚCUTA

Estrategias de solución como lo puede ser gestionar para que se hagan deprimidos en las vías para que la movilidad, el presente documento plantea analizar las principales causas del congestionamiento vehicular en algunos sectores del perímetro urbano de la ciudad de Cúcuta. En los últimos años se ha experimentado un crecimiento en el número de vehículos que circulan por las diferentes vías lo cual contribuyen a los grandes congestionamientos que se presentan frecuentemente, generando problemas en la movilidad, accidentes y problemas ambientales. Una de estas principales causas es la falta de señalización, la ausencia de semáforos y el mal estado de los mismos, la invasión del espacio público e imprudencia al manejar y cruzar las calles, provocando así una mayor accidentalidad y un alto índice de mortalidad. Con los resultados obtenidos nos conlleva a buscar sea más eficiente. Mejores resultados pueden esperarse de la intervención simultánea y progresiva en una amplia gama de facetas que componen el sistema de transporte: la coordinación de los semáforos y señalización, el mejoramiento de los hábitos de conducción, la racionalización del transporte público y de los estacionamientos, la consideración de los mayores volúmenes de tránsito, y muchas otras. En otras palabras, es necesario poner en práctica un conjunto de medidas factibles mencionadas anteriormente para ampliar la capacidad mediante el mejoramiento de la congestión vehicular en la ciudad de Cúcuta.Palabras clave: Accidentalidad, Congestionamiento, movilidad, transporte, vehicular.ABSTRACT This paper presents analysis of the main causes of traffic congestion in some sectors of the urban perimeter of the city of Cucuta. In recent years there has been a growth in the number of vehicles on the different ways which contribute to large traffic jams that occur frequently, causing problems in mobility, accidents and environmental problems. One of these main causes is the lack of signage, the absence of traffic lights and the poor state of the same, the invasion of public space and reckless driving and crossing streets, causing more accidents and a high mortality rate. With the results leads us to seek solution strategies as it can be managed so that they become depressed at ways to make mobility more efficient. Best results can be expected from the simultaneous and progressive intervention in a wide range of facets that make up the transport system: coordination of traffic lights and signage, improved driving habits, rationalization of public transport and parking lots, the consideration of higher traffic volumes, and many others. In other words, it is necessary to implement a set of feasible measures mentioned above to expand capacity by improving traffic congestion in the city of Cucuta.Keywords: Accidents, Congestion, mobility, transportation, vehicle

Identificación de habilidades del desarrollo cognitivo y variable psicosocial que afectan el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de básica primaria en edades entre 7 y 10 años de la institución educativa técnico agropecuario de desarrollo rural del municipio de Pauna - Boyacá

TablasTeniendo en cuenta el bajo rendimiento escolar que está afectando a los niños del Municipio de Pauna Boyacá, se llevó a cabo la ejecución del proyecto social para explorar las habilidades cognitivas y evaluar el nivel de riesgo Psicosocial de los niños entre siete y diez años de edad escolarizados en la Institución Educativa técnico de Desarrollo Rural y sus 15 sedes respectivas, se aplicaron dos instrumentos aprobados a nivel Departamental, el cuestionario de rastreo Psicodiagnóstico Cognitivo Infantil y el Instrumento de Factores de Riesgo Psicosocial con una muestra de 183 estudiantes predominantemente del área rural.Given the poor school performance that is affecting children Pauna Boyacá Township, was carried out the execution of the project to explore social cognitive abilities and psychosocial assess the level of risk to children between seven and ten years old enrolled in Technical Educational Institution of Rural Development and their 15 respective headquarters, two instruments approved at the Department level were applied cognitive questionnaire Psicodiagnostico child tracking tool and psychosocial risk factors in a sample of 183 students predominantly rural area

Cyto-genotoxicity and oxidative stress in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to a mixture of ibuprofen and diclofenac

Thirty million people worldwide consume each day nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), a heterogeneous group of pharmaceuticals used for its analgesic, antipyretic, and anti- inflammatory properties. Recent studies report high NSAID concentrations in wastewater treat- ment plant effluents, in surface, ground, and drinking water, and in sediments. NSAIDs are also known to induce toxicity on aquatic organisms. However, toxicity in natural ecosystems is not usu- ally the result of exposure to a single substance but to a mixture of toxic agents, yet only a few studies have evaluated the toxicity of mixtures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity induced by diclofenac (DCF), ibuprofen (IBP), and their mixture on a species of commercial inter- est, the common carp Cyprinus carpio. The median lethal concentration of IBP and DCF was determined, and oxidative stress was evaluated using the following biomarkers: lipid peroxidation and activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxi- dase. Cyto-genotoxicity was evaluated by micronucleus test, comet assay, and the specific activity of caspase-3. Results show that DCF, IBP, and a mixture of these pharmaceuticals induced free radical production, oxidative stress and cyto-genotoxicity in tissues of C. carpio. However, a greater effect was elicited by the mixture than by either pharmaceutical alone in some biomarkers evaluated, particularly in gill.Secretaria de Investigacion y Estudios Avanzados de la UAEM (Project 3722/ 2014CID)

PLANEACIÓN DIDÁCTICA GENERAL DE LA ASIGNATURA INGLÉS 4

GUÍA DIDÁCTICA / PLANEACIÓN DIDÁCTICA (NMS

Broadly Protective Shigella Vaccine Based on Type III Secretion Apparatus Proteins

Shigella spp. are food- and waterborne pathogens that cause severe diarrheal and dysenteric disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Individuals most often affected are children under 5 years of age in the developing world. The existence of multiple Shigella serotypes and the heterogenic distribution of pathogenic strains, as well as emerging antibiotic resistance, require the development of a broadly protective vaccine. All Shigella spp. utilize a type III secretion system (TTSS) to initiate infection. The type III secretion apparatus (TTSA) is the molecular needle and syringe that form the energized conduit between the bacterial cytoplasm and the host cell to transport effector proteins that manipulate cellular processes to benefit the pathogen. IpaB and IpaD form a tip complex atop the TTSA needle and are required for pathogenesis. Because they are common to all virulent Shigella spp., they are ideal candidate antigens for a subunit-based, broad-spectrum vaccine. We examined the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of IpaB and IpaD, alone or combined, coadministered with a double mutant heat-labile toxin (dmLT) from Escherichia coli, used as a mucosal adjuvant, in a mouse model of intranasal immunization and pulmonary challenge. Robust systemic and mucosal antibody- and T cell-mediated immunities were induced against both proteins, particularly IpaB. Mice immunized in the presence of dmLT with IpaB alone or IpaB combined with IpaD were fully protected against lethal pulmonary infection with Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei. We provide the first demonstration that the Shigella TTSAs IpaB and IpaD are promising antigens for the development of a cross-protective Shigella vaccine

Study protocol and rationale of the “Cogniaction project” a cross-sectional and randomized controlled trial about physical activity, brain health, cognition, and educational achievement in schoolchildren

Background: Education and health are crucial topics for public policies as both largely determine the future wellbeing of the society. Currently, several studies recognize that physical activity (PA) benefits brain health in children. However, most of these studies have not been carried out in developing countries or lack the transference into the education field. The Cogni-Action Project is divided into two stages, a cross-sectional study and a crossover-randomized trial. The aim of the first part is to establish the associations of PA, sedentarism, and physical fitness with brain structure and function, cognitive performance and academic achievement in Chilean schoolchildren (10–13 years-old). The aim of the second part is to determinate the acute effects of three PA protocols on neuroelectric indices during a working memory and a reading task. Methods: PA and sedentarism will be self-reported and objectively-assessed with accelerometers in a representative subsample, whilst physical fitness will be evaluated through the ALPHA fitness test battery. Brain structure and function will be assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a randomized subsample. Cognitive performance will be assessed through the NeuroCognitive Performance Test, and academic achievement by school grades. In the second part 32 adolescents (12–13 year-old) will be cross-over randomized to these condition (i) “Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training” (MICT), (ii) “Cooperative High-Intensity Interval Training” (C-HIIT), and (iii) Sedentary condition. Neuroelectric indices will be measures by electroencephalogram (EEG) and eye-tracking, working memory by n-back task and reading comprehension by a reading task

Desafíos de las metrópolis: Efectos ambientales y sociales. Tendencias geográficas II

El libro está conformado de estudios realizados por profesores-investigadores de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, de la Universidad de Varsovia, así como de la Universidad Pedagógica Comisión de Educación Nacional de Cracovia. En esta obra se exponen algunas investigaciones sobre los cambios en los factores sociales, naturales, económicos y ambientales como principales desafios que presentan las zonas de México, Polonia y de contextos de Sudamérica, tales como Sao Paulo, Quito y Bogotá y ciudades medias y pequeñas.Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Méxic

Effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral intervention in patients with medically unexplained symptoms: cluster randomized trial

BACKGROUND: Medically unexplained symptoms are an important mental health problem in primary care and generate a high cost in health services.Cognitive behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy have proven effective in these patients. However, there are few studies on the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions by primary health care. The project aims to determine whether a cognitive-behavioral group intervention in patients with medically unexplained symptoms, is more effective than routine clinical practice to improve the quality of life measured by the SF-12 questionary at 12 month. METHODS/DESIGN: This study involves a community based cluster randomized trial in primary healthcare centres in Madrid (Spain). The number of patients required is 242 (121 in each arm), all between 18 and 65 of age with medically unexplained symptoms that had seeked medical attention in primary care at least 10 times during the previous year. The main outcome variable is the quality of life measured by the SF-12 questionnaire on Mental Healthcare. Secondary outcome variables include number of consultations, number of drug (prescriptions) and number of days of sick leave together with other prognosis and descriptive variables. Main effectiveness will be analyzed by comparing the percentage of patients that improve at least 4 points on the SF-12 questionnaire between intervention and control groups at 12 months. All statistical tests will be performed with intention to treat. Logistic regression with random effects will be used to adjust for prognostic factors. Confounding factors or factors that might alter the effect recorded will be taken into account in this analysis. DISCUSSION: This study aims to provide more insight to address medically unexplained symptoms, highly prevalent in primary care, from a quantitative methodology. It involves intervention group conducted by previously trained nursing staff to diminish the progression to the chronicity of the symptoms, improve quality of life, and reduce frequency of medical consultations. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01484223 [http://ClinicalTrials.gov].S