78 research outputs found

    Effects of winter feeding strategies with alternative feeds on the performance of mature suckler cows and their progeny

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    The present study evaluated the effects of feeding strategies with alternative feeds on the performance of mature suckler cows and their progeny during indoor feeding and subsequent grazing. In both experiments, a 2 × 2 factorially arranged design consisted of two feeding strategies (Step-up, S; Flat-rate, F) and two diets (Control, C; Alternative, A). The aim of Strategy F was to offer the cows the same amount of energy as offered on Strategy S, but at a constant daily level. In Experiment 1, cows on Diet C were offered grass silage and straw and on Diet A grass silage and a fl our-mill industry by-product. On Strategy S, feeding was stepped with barley (0, 1.5 and 3.5 kg d-1). On Strategy F, barley was offered 1.43 kg per head daily. In Experiment 2, cows were offered either grass silage (C) or whole-crop barley silage (A) as a sole feed. Strategy S was carried out by offering 68, 95 and 119 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per cow daily. On Strategy F, roughage was given daily 97 MJ ME. In both experiments, there were no signifi cant differences between treatments in the cow live weight, body condition score, calf pre-weaning live weight gain and cow reproduction. Strategy F can be practised in the nutrition of mature suckler cows in marginal circumstances. Flour-mill industry by-product can partly replace grass silage and straw in the winter diet. Wholecrop barley silage can be offered as a sole feed to suckler cows with good body condition score in autumn

    Kaura-rehuvirnasÀilörehu teurashiehojen ruokinnassa

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    Herne ja rypsipuriste teuraaksi kasvatettavien hereford-hiehojen valkuaislÀhteenÀ vieroituksen jÀlkeisessÀ ruokinnassa

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    Hiehojen ongelmana on ruhojen rasvoittuminen alhaisissa teuraspainoissa. Teurastamoiden tavoitteena on saada ruhoja, joissa pintarasvan mÀÀrÀ on vÀhÀinen ja teuraspaino korkea. NÀiden tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi on ruokintaan suositeltu lisÀvalkuaista erityisesti loppukasvatuksen ajaksi. Luonnonmukaisessa tuotannossa sallittuja lisÀvalkuaislÀhteitÀ ovat herne ja rypsipuriste. TÀmÀ tutkimus selvitti herneen ja rypsipuristeen vaikutukset hereford (hf)-hiehojen kasvuun sekÀ ruhon ja lihan laatuun, kun vÀkirehuseoksen valkuaispitoisuus oli joko 17 % tai 20 %.Kokeeseen otettiin 20 hf-lehmÀvasikkaa, jotka painoivat kokeen alkaessa keskimÀÀrin 258 kg. Koe tehtiin Pohjois-Karjalan ammattiopisto Kiteen opetusmaatilan navetassa. Luonnonmukaisesti viljelty herne ja siirtymÀvaiheen ohra olivat Kiteen opetusmaatilan viljelyksiltÀ. Rypsipuristeen kokee-seen toimitti Mildola Oy. Kokeessa oli kaksi vÀkirehuseosta, ohra+rypsipuriste (Rp) tai ohra+herne (He). VÀkirehuseoksen valkuaispitoisuus oli keskinkertainen (K, 17 % KA:ssa) tai runsas (R, 20 % KA:ssa). Hiehot saivat vÀkirehuseosta 2 kg KA/pv koko kokeen ajan. Karkearehuna oli luonnonmukaisesti viljelty apilapitoinen sÀilörehu vapaasti. Teuraspainotavoite oli 210 kg. Hiehot teurastettiin Kiteen opetusteurastamossa.SÀilörehun KA-pitoisuus oli 300 g/kg ja D-arvo 74,9 %. KA-kilo sisÀlsi raakavalkuaista 128 g ja OIV:sta 90 g. Ohran valkuaispitoisuus oli 152 g/kg KA, OIV-pitoisuus 105 g/kg KA ja energiapitoi-suus 1,08 RY/kg KA. Vastaavat arvot rypsipuristeelle olivat 361, 157 ja 1,08 ja herneelle 228, 122 ja 1,15. VÀkirehu-% oli keskimÀÀrin 28. Dieetin valkuaispitoisuus oli K-ruokinnoilla keskimÀÀrin 13,8 % ja R-ruokinnoilla 14,6 %. SÀilörehun syönti oli keskimÀÀrin 4,93 kg KA/pv. Kaikki hiehot saavuttivat tavoiteteuraspainonsa. Koe kesti keskimÀÀrin 129 pv. RpR-hiehoilla kasvatuskausi oli keskimÀÀrin 18 pv lyhyempi kuin RpK-hiehoilla. VÀkirehuseoksen runsaampi rypsipuristepitoisuus tehosti kasvua 184 g/pv, kun vaikutus herneellÀ oli lievÀsti pÀinvastainen. Nettokasvu oli keskimÀÀrin 656 g/pv. Kaikki ruhot rasvoittuivat. Ruokintojen vaikutus arvopalasaantoihin oli marginaalinen. Rasvaa rypsipuristeella ruokitun hiehon ruhonpuolikkaasta leikattiin keskimÀÀrin 2 kg enemmÀn kuin herneellÀ ruokitun hiehon ruhonpuolikkaista. VÀkirehun alhaisempi valkuaispitoisuus rypsipuristeella ruokittaessa paransi lihan mehukkuutta, kun vaikutus herneellÀ oli pÀinvastainen. Kaikkien ruhojen tervaliha-% oli 0.Hiehojen kasvu oli keskimÀÀrin 1125 g/pv ja ne saavuttivat teuraspainotavoitteensa keskimÀÀrin 10,5 kuukauden iÀssÀ. Dieettien kokonaisvalkuaispitoisuus jÀi alle 15 % vaikka vÀkirehuseos sisÀlsi 20 % raakavalkuaista. Kaikki ruokinnat tÀyttivÀt luonnonmukaisen tuotannon vaatimuksen vÀkirehu-karkearehusuhteesta. Rypsipuriste osoittautui hernettÀ paremmaksi valkuaislÀhteeksi paremman tuotantovaikutuksensa vuoksi. Herneen saatavuus ja hinta mÀÀrÀnnevÀt kÀytÀnnössÀ sen kÀyttömahdollisuudet lihanautojen ruokinnassa

    Luomukasvustosta valmistettu vehnÀ-rehuvirnasÀilörehu teuraaksi kasva-tettavien hereford-hiehojen vieroituksen jÀlkeisessÀ ruokinnassa

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    Virnoja viljellÀÀn seoksena viljojen kanssa, koska virna vĂ€hentÀÀ kasvuston typpilannoitustarvetta ja lisÀÀ sĂ€ilörehun valkuaispitoisuutta. Rehu- ja ruisvirnan viljely on yleistĂ€ luonnonmukaisessa tuotan-nossa ja sen kĂ€yttö on lisÀÀntynyt luonnonmukaisen tuotannon lisÀÀntyessĂ€. TĂ€mĂ€ tutkimus selvitti luonnonmukaisesti viljellyn vehnĂ€-rehuvirnakokoviljasĂ€ilörehun (VVSR) tuotantovaikutuksen joko sellaisenaan tai luomukauralla tĂ€ydennettynĂ€ hereford (hf)-hiehojen kasvuun sekĂ€ ruhon ja lihan laa-tuun. Vertailurehuna oli heinĂ€ksi tehdyn, apilapitoisen luomunurmen odelmasta valmistettu nurmisĂ€i-lörehu (NSR).Kokeeseen otettiin 20 hf-lehmĂ€vasikkaa, jotka kokeen alkaessa painoivat keskimÀÀrin 252 kg. Koe tehtiin Kiteen oppimiskeskuksen navetassa. VVSR-kasvusto niitettiin niittomurskaimella ja pyö-röpaalattiin/muovitettiin. NSR-kasvusto niitettiin niittomurskaimella, paalattiin silppuavalla pyöröpaa-laimella ja muovitettiin. SĂ€ilöntÀÀn kĂ€ytettiin AIV 2 Plus–liuosta. VĂ€kirehuna oli luomukaura. Hie-hoille annettiin kivennĂ€is- ja vitamiinitĂ€ydennys. Hiehot saivat vapaasti sĂ€ilörehua ja puolet kumman-kin karkearehun elĂ€imistĂ€ kauraa 2,0 kg KA/pv 310 elopainokiloon asti ja sen jĂ€lkeen 1,0 kg KA/pv teurastukseen. Teuraspainotavoite oli 180 kg. Hiehot teurastettiin Kiteen opetusteurastamossa.VVSR:n kuiva-ainesato oli 4100 kg/ha. Rehuvirnan osuus kasvustossa oli ennen korjuuta ote-tuissa nĂ€ytteissĂ€ 35 % ja vehnĂ€n 31 % KA:sta. Peltovalvattia esiintyi paikoin runsaasti. NSR:n kuiva-ainesato oli 2530 kg/ha. Rehun Ca-pitoisuuden perusteella rehun apilapitoisuus oli noin 50 %. VVSR:n KA-pitoisuus oli keskimÀÀrin 356 g/kg ja D-arvo 59,9 %. KA-kilo sisĂ€lsi 0,81 RY, 152 g raakavalkuaista ja 79 g OIV. NSR:n vastaavat arvot olivat 387 g/kg, 66,9 %, 0,92 RY, 143 g ja 81 g. Rehut sĂ€ilyivĂ€t paaleissa hyvin. VĂ€kirehu vĂ€hensi hiehojen karkearehun syöntiĂ€ huomattavasti. Koko-naiskuiva-aineen syönti oli keskimÀÀrin 5,8 kg. Energian saanti muodostui vĂ€kirehulisĂ€llĂ€ suurem-maksi kuin pelkĂ€llĂ€ karkearehuruokinnalla (5,3 vs. 4,7 RY). VĂ€kirehulisĂ€ lyhensi hiehojen kasvatus-kautta kuudella viikolla. Tavoiteteuraspaino saavutettiin lukuun ottamatta ilman vĂ€kirehulisÀÀ olleita VVSR-hiehoja. NSR-hiehojen kasvu oli keskimÀÀrin 112 g/pv parempaa kuin VVSR-hiehojen. VĂ€ki-rehu tehosti hiehojen kasvua 224 g/pv ilman vĂ€kirehua olleisiin hiehoihin verrattuna. NSR-hiehot ras-voittuivat VVSR-hiehoja runsaammin. VĂ€kirehulisĂ€ paransi VVSR-hiehojen lihan mureutta, mutta NSR-ruokinnalla vaikutus oli lievĂ€sti pĂ€invastainen. Ruhojen tervaliha-% oli 0.VVSR osoittautui kokeessa nurmisĂ€ilörehua heikommaksi karkearehuksi. Suurin syy tĂ€hĂ€n lie-nee ollut VVSR:n huono sulavuus. Hiehojen kasvu VVSR:lla ilman vĂ€kirehua jĂ€i heikoksi ollen kes-kimÀÀrin vain 515 g/pv. VĂ€kirehu tehosti hiehojen kasvua huomattavasti. Ruokintojen vaikutus lihan syöntilaatuun oli marginaalinen. Virnan siemenmÀÀrĂ€n lisÀÀminen kylvöseokseen tai muu korjuuaika olisi mahdollisesti parantanut rehun sulavuutta

    Monitoring changes in forestry and seasonal snow using surface albedo during 1982-2016 as an indicator

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    Short summary The surface albedo time series CLARA-A2 SAL was used to study trends in the timing of the melting season of snow and preceding albedo value in Finland during 1982–2016 to assess climate change. The results were in line with operational snow depth data, JSBACH land ecosystem model, SYKE fractional snow cover and greening-up data. In the north a clear trend to earlier snowmelt onset, increasing melting season length, and decrease in pre-melt albedo (related to increased stem volume) was observed.The surface albedo time series, CLARA-A2 SAL, was used to study trends in the snowmelt start and end dates, the melting season length and the albedo value preceding the melt onset in Finland during 1982–2016. In addition, the melt onset from the JSBACH land surface model was compared with the timing of green-up estimated from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. Moreover, the melt onset was compared with the timing of the greening up based on MODIS data. Similarly, the end of snowmelt timing predicted by JSBACH was compared with the melt-off dates based on the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) operational in situ measurements and the Fractional Snow Cover (FSC) time-series product provided by the EU FP7 CryoLand project. It was found that the snowmelt date estimated using the 20 % threshold of the albedo range during the melting period corresponded well to the melt estimate of the permanent snow layer. The longest period, during which the ground is continuously half or more covered by snow, defines the permanent snow layer (Solantie et al., 1996). The greening up followed within 5–13 days the date when the albedo reached the 1 % threshold of the albedo dynamic range during the melting period. The time difference between greening up and complete snowmelt was smaller in mountainous areas than in coastal areas. In two northern vegetation map areas (Northern Karelia–Kainuu and Southwestern Lapland), a clear trend towards earlier snowmelt onset (5–6 days per decade) and increasing melting season length (6–7 days per decade) was observed. In the forested part of northern Finland, a clear decreasing trend in albedo (2 %–3 % per decade in absolute albedo percentage) before the start of the melt onset was observed. The decreasing albedo trend was found to be due to the increased stem volume

    Spatio-temporal divergence in the responses of Finland's boreal forests to climate variables

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    Spring greening in boreal forest ecosystems has been widely linked to increasing temperature, but few studies have attempted to unravel the relative effects of climate variables such as maximum temperature (TMX), minimum temperature (TMN), mean temperature (TMP), precipitation (PRE) and radiation (RAD) on vegetation growth at different stages of growing season. However, clarifying these effects is fundamental to better understand the relationship between vegetation and climate change. This study investigated spatio-temporal divergence in the responses of Finland's boreal forests to climate variables using the plant phenology index (PPI) calculated based on the latest Collection V006 MODIS BRDF-corrected surface reflectance products (MCD43C4) from 2002 to 2018, and identified the dominant climate variables controlling vegetation change during the growing season (May-September) on a monthly basis. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to quantify the response of PPI to climate variables and distinguish the separate impacts of different variables. The study results show the dominant effects of temperature on the PPI in May and June, with TMX, TMN and TMP being the most important explanatory variables for the variation of PPI depending on the location, respectively. Meanwhile, drought had an unexpectedly positive impact on vegetation in few areas. More than 50 % of the variation of PPI could be explained by climate variables for 68.5 % of the entire forest area in May and 87.7 % in June, respectively. During July to September, the PPI variance explained by climate and corresponding spatial extent rapidly decreased. Nevertheless, the RAD was found be the most important explanatory variable to July PPI in some areas. In contrast, the PPI in August and September was insensitive to climate in almost all of the regions studied. Our study gives useful insights on quantifying and identifying the relative importance of climate variables to boreal forest, which can be used to predict the possible response of forest under future warming.Peer reviewe

    Diffusion tensor imaging is associated with motor outcomes of very preterm born children at 11 years of age

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    Aim Very preterm children born Methods A cohort of 37 very preterm infants (mean gestational age 29 4/7, SD 2 0/7) born in 2004-2006 in Turku University Hospital underwent diffusion tensor imaging at term. A region of interest analysis of fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity was performed. Motor outcomes at 11 years of age were measured with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children - Second Edition. Results The diffusion metrics of the corpus callosum (genu P = .005, splenium P = .049), the left corona radiata (P = .035) and the right optic radiation (P = .017) were related to later motor performance. Mean diffusivity decreased and fractional anisotropy increased in proportion to the improving performance. Conclusion The diffusion metrics of the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum, the left corona radiata and the right optic radiation at term were associated with motor skills at 11 years of age. Diffusion tensor imaging should be further studied as a potential tool in recognising children at risk for motor impairment.</div

    Gene Expression Profiles in Human and Mouse Primary Cells Provide New Insights into the Differential Actions of Vitamin D-3 Metabolites

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    1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3) had earlier been regarded as the only active hormone. The newly identified actions of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24R,25(OH)2D3) broadened the vitamin D3 endocrine system, however, the current data are fragmented and a systematic understanding is lacking. Here we performed the first systematic study of global gene expression to clarify their similarities and differences. Three metabolites at physiologically comparable levels were utilized to treat human and mouse fibroblasts prior to DNA microarray analyses. Human primary prostate stromal P29SN cells (hP29SN), which convert 25(OH)D3 into 1α,25(OH)2D3 by 1α-hydroxylase (encoded by the gene CYP27B1), displayed regulation of 164, 171, and 175 genes by treatment with 1α,25(OH)2D3, 25(OH)D3, and 24R,25(OH)2D3, respectively. Mouse primary Cyp27b1 knockout fibroblasts (mCyp27b1−/−), which lack 1α-hydroxylation, displayed regulation of 619, 469, and 66 genes using the same respective treatments. The number of shared genes regulated by two metabolites is much lower in hP29SN than in mCyp27b1−/−. By using DAVID Functional Annotation Bioinformatics Microarray Analysis tools and Ingenuity Pathways Analysis, we identified the agonistic regulation of calcium homeostasis and bone remodeling between 1α,25(OH)2D3 and 25(OH)D3 and unique non-classical actions of each metabolite in physiological and pathological processes, including cell cycle, keratinocyte differentiation, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis signaling, gene transcription, immunomodulation, epigenetics, cell differentiation, and membrane protein expression. In conclusion, there are three distinct vitamin D3 hormones with clearly different biological activities. This study presents a new conceptual insight into the vitamin D3 endocrine system, which may guide the strategic use of vitamin D3 in disease prevention and treatment.Peer reviewe

    Ayrshire-hiehot lihantuotantoon?

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