32 research outputs found
ErsÀttning av djurproteiner med plantproteiner i kosten och dess inverkan pÄ halten av N-nitroso föreningar i avföringen hos friska mÀnniskor
Background and aim: Colorectal cancer is the fourth most common form of cancer in the world and the third most common in Finland. One third of the cases are supposed to origin from lifestyle factors. Some studies have even suggested that as much as 30 - 70 % of the cases can originate from the diet. A diet with a smaller amount of red and processed meat has in some studies been associated to a smaller risk for developing colorectal cancer. Processed meat is considered to have a convincing connection to colorectal cancer and red meat is considered to have a possible connection. A possible explanation to this can be the formation of N-nitroso compounds (NOC) which arises from red meat. NOCs are considered to be potentially cancer-causing compounds, when they come in contact with the surface of the intestine. The aim of this study was to examine whether there is a difference in the amount of NOCs in the faeces among healthy humans, when replacing proteins from animal sources in the diet with an equal amount of proteins from plant sources.
Material and methods: This thesis is a part of the study ScenoProt at the University of Helsinki. ScenoProt examines which effect diets with different types of protein sources have on markers for health. The study was conducted in 2017 as a controlled clinical intervention study with parallel and randomized design. The participants were voluntary healthy humans between the ages of 20 and 69 years. The intervention period lasted 12 weeks and the participants were allocated into three different diet groups. In group 1 (n=48) the amount of protein in the diet consisted of 70 % animal proteins and 30 % plant proteins, in group 2 (n=48) 50 % animal proteins and 50 % plant proteins and in group 3 (n=49) 30 % animal proteins and 70 % plant proteins. Faecal samples were collected before the intervention period and during its last week. The participants kept a food diary four days before the intervention period, four days during its last week and 1 day/three weeks during its time. Faecal samples were analysed for the amount of N-nitroso compounds, N-haem compounds and N-thiol compounds with a NO-analyser that measures the nitrogen oxide released from nitrogen compounds. The statistical analyses were carried out with IBM SPSS Statistics. Variance analysis between groups were carried out with Bonferroni test and correlation was examined with Pearson test. As the limit for statistical significance, <0,05 was used.
Results: 136 participants, 107 women and 29 men, completed the study. A dose-dependent decrease in total NOC concentration was observed between the groups (group 1: 4,0 ± 2,4, group 2: 3,2 ± 1,8, group 3: 2,7 ± 1,5 pmol/mg). There was a significant difference in the amount of N-nitroso compounds (p=0,000), N-haem compounds (p=0,000) and N-thiol compounds (p=0,030) between groups 1 and 3 at the end of the intervention. A significant difference in N-haem compounds (p=0,035) was also observed between groups 2 and 3. The amount of protein in the diet didnât correlate with the amount of NOC in the faeces (p=0,622), whereas the total intake of fibre did correlate with the amount of NOC (0,036). The faecal weight increased gradually from groups 1 to 3 and the weight correlated with the amount of fibre (p=0,000) in the diet and the amount of NOC (p=0,000).
Conclusion: A replacement of animal proteins with plant proteins in the diet leads to a dose-dependent decrease in the amount of NOC in the faeces. A diet with a greater amount of plant proteins and a smaller amount of animal proteins might therefore protect against the development of colorectal cancer. The increased amount of fibre in a plant protein-based diet might to some extent contribute to the decrease in NOC, since fibre in some cases has been seen to decrease the formation of NOC. Seen to previous studies, it is however most likely that the decrease in NOC is mostly attributed to the differences in protein sources.Bakgrund och mÄl: Kolorektal cancer Àr den fjÀrde vanligaste formen av cancer i vÀrlden och den tredje vanligaste i Finland. Man rÀknar med att ungefÀr en tredjedel av fallen uppkommer som en följd av livsstilsfaktorer. En del undersökningar har till och med föreslagit att 30 - 70 % av fallen kan bero pÄ kosten. En kost med en mindre mÀngd rött och processat kött, har i en del undersökningar kunnat ses kopplas till en mindre risk för kolorektal cancer. Processat kött anses ha ett övertygande samband med kolorektal cancer och rött kött anses Àven ha ett troligt samband. En möjlig orsak till detta kan vara bildningen av N-nitroso föreningar (NOC) som det röda och processade köttet kan ge upphov till. NOC anses vara potentiellt cancerframkallande föreningar dÄ de stÄr i kontakt med tarmens yta. MÄlet med den hÀr avhandlingen var att undersöka om det finns nÄgon skillnad i mÀngden NOC i avföringen hos friska mÀnniskor, dÄ man ersÀtter protein frÄn animaliska kÀllor i kosten, med samma mÀngd protein frÄn plantkÀllor.
Material och metoder: Avhandlingen Àr en del av undersökningen ScenoProt vid Helsingfors universitet, dÀr man undersöker vilken pÄverkan dieter med olika typer av proteinkÀllor har pÄ markörer för hÀlsa. Undersökningen utfördes 2017 och var en kontrollerad klinisk interventionsstudie med parallell och randomiserad design. Deltagarna var frivilliga friska mÀnniskor i Äldrarna 20 - 69 Är. Interventionsperioden pÄgick under 12 veckors tid och deltagarna delades in i tre olika kostgrupper. I grupp 1 (n=48) bestod andelen proteiner i kosten av 70 % djurproteiner och 30 % plantproteiner, i grupp 2 (n=48) 50 % djurproteiner och 50 % plantproteiner och i grupp 3 (n=49) 30 % djurproteiner och 70 % plantproteiner. Avföringsprover samlades in före interventionsperiodens början och under dess sista vecka. Deltagarna fyllde i matdagbok under fyra dagar före interventionsperioden, fyra dagar under dess sista vecka och under en dag per tre veckor under periodens tid. Avföringsproverna analyserades för mÀngden N-nitroso föreningar, N-hem föreningar och N-tiol föreningar med en NO-analysator som mÀter den kvÀveoxid som frigörs frÄn kvÀveföreningar. De statistiska analyserna utfördes med IBM SPSS Statistics. Variansanalyser mellan grupperna utfördes med Bonferroni test och korrelation undersöktes med Pearson test. För statistisk signifikans anvÀndes grÀnsen <0,05.
Resultat: Den slutliga mÀngden deltagare var 136 mÀnniskor, 107 kvinnor och 29 mÀn. Man kunde se en dosberoende minskning i den totala mÀngden NOC mellan grupperna (grupp 1: 4,0 ± 2,4, grupp 2: 3,2 ± 1,8, grupp 3: 2,7 ± 1,5 pmol/mg). Det fanns en betydelsefull skillnad i mÀngden N-nitroso föreningar (p=0,000), N-hem föreningar (p=0,000) och mÀngden N-tiol föreningar (p=0,030) mellan grupperna 1 och 3 under slutet av interventionsperioden. En betydelsefull skillnad i mÀngden N-hem föreningar (p=0,035) mellan grupperna 2 och 3 observerades ocksÄ. MÀngden protein i kosten korrelerade inte med mÀngden NOC i avföringen (p=0,622), dÀremot korrelerade det totala fiberintaget och mÀngden NOC (0,036). Avföringsvikten ökade stegvis frÄn grupp 1 till grupp 3 och avföringsvikten kunde ses korrelera med mÀngden fiber (p=0,000) och mÀngden NOC (p=0,000).
Slutledningar: ErsÀttning av djurproteiner med plantproteiner i kosten fÄr till stÄnd en dosberoende minskning av mÀngden NOC i avföringen. DÀrför kan en kost med en större mÀngd plantproteiner och en mindre mÀngd djurproteiner, till viss del skydda mot utvecklingen av kolorektal cancer. Den ökade mÀngden fiber i en plantproteinbaserad kost kan till viss del bidra till den observerade minskningen av NOC, eftersom fiber i vissa fall kunnat ses hÀmma bildningen av NOC. UtgÄende frÄn resultat frÄn tidigare undersökningar, Àr det ÀndÄ mest troligt att skillnaden i NOC till största del beror pÄ skillnaden i proteinkÀllor
Crossing the Dripline to 11N Using Elastic Resonance Scattering
The level structure of the unbound nucleus 11N has been studied by 10C+p
elastic resonance scattering in inverse geometry with the LISE3 spectrometer at
GANIL, using a 10C beam with an energy of 9.0 MeV/u. An additional measurement
was done at the A1200 spectrometer at MSU. The excitation function above the
10C+p threshold has been determined up to 5 MeV. A potential-model analysis
revealed three resonance states at energies 1.27 (+0.18-0.05) MeV (Gamma=1.44
+-0.2 MeV), 2.01(+0.15-0.05) MeV, (Gamma=0.84 +-$0.2 MeV) and 3.75(+-0.05) MeV,
(Gamma=0.60 +-0.05 MeV) with the spin-parity assignments I(pi) =1/2+, 1/2- and
5/2+, respectively. Hence, 11N is shown to have a ground state parity inversion
completely analogous to its mirror partner, 11Be. A narrow resonance in the
excitation function at 4.33 (+-0.05) MeV was also observed and assigned
spin-parity 3/2-.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, twocolumn Accepted for publication in PR
Study of the unbound nucleus N-11 by elastic resonance scattering
4 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables.-- PACS nrs.: 21.10.Pc, 25.40.Ny, 27.20.+n.Resonances in the unbound nucleus N-11 have been studied, using the resonance scattering reaction C-10+p. The data give evidence for three states above the C-10+p threshold with energies 1.30, 2.04, and 3.72 MeV. These states can be interpreted, in a potential-model analysis, as the ground state and the first two excited states with spin-parity 1/2(+), 1/2(-), and 5/2(+) arising from the shell-model orbitals 1s(1/2), Op(1/2), and Od(5/2). A narrow state superposed on a broad structure found at higher energy could be interpreted as the mirror state of the 3/2(-) in Be-11 shifted down in energy. This shift would suggest a large radius of the potential.We acknowledge financial support from the European Community under Contract No. CHGE-CT94-0056 (Human Capital and Mobility, Access to the GANIL large scale facility) and from the Russian
Foundation RFFI.Peer reviewe
Behandlingsalternativ vid akut komplicerad divertikulit
Title:
Treatment options in acute, complicated diverticulitis
Background:
Although diverticulosis is common in western countries, only some of the affected patients develop acute, complicated diverticulitis. The choice of treatment and surgical method depends much on the severity of the diverticulitis. For a long time the choice of surgical method regarding acute diverticulitis causing generalized purulent peritonitis has been a matter of debate. The preferred methods have included a three-stage procedure including secondary resection, primary resection with either proximal colostomy and closing of the distal end (i.e. Hartmannâs procedure) or construction of an anastomosis with or without a stoma. Also laparoscopic peritoneal lavage has been suggested.
Purpose:
The purpose is to try to answer the question Which is the best treatment option for acute, complicated diverticulitis?
Method:
This literature study is a non-systematic review. A search was preformed in PubMed with identified key words. Inclusion- and exclusioncriteria were defined and articles chosen. The articles were evaluated and the results are presented in charts according to a set of variables.
Results:
This literature study is based on seven studies; including two RCTs, four non-randomized comparative studies and one observational study. The studies identify some significant differences in mortality, morbitity and length of hospital stay. The results of this literature study are not conclusive and the studies are difficult to compare.
Conclusion:
This literature study illustrates the difficulty to compare existing studies and draw a conclusion from them. There is not enough evidence to change clinical praxis at this moment. More and better research is needed.
Key words:
Acute complicated diverticulitis, surgical methods, secondary resection, three-stage procedure, Hartmannâs procedure, primary resection, primary anastomosis, laparoscopic lavag
ââJag Ă€lskar mitt barn mer Ă€n nĂ„got annat, men vad sjutton gör man nĂ€r kĂ€rlek inte rĂ€cker?ââ : en kvalitativ studie om förĂ€ldrars upplevelser av att ha ett barn i Ă„ldern 0-12 Ă„r som har cancer samt deras upplevelser av bemötande inom vĂ„rden
Examensarbetets syfte Àr att öka kunskapen och förstÄelsen för vilka erfarenheter och upplevelser som förÀldrarna till ett cancersjukt barn genomgÄr. Detta för att vi ska fÄ en bÀttre uppfattning om hur man som vÄrdpersonal skall bemöta familjer med ett barn med cancer. VÄra frÄgestÀllningar Àr: Vilka olika erfarenheter och upplevelser genomgÄr förÀldrarna som har ett cancersjukt barn? Hur blir förÀldrarna bemötta av vÄrdpersonal? Hur vill förÀldrarna bli bemötta av vÄrdpersonal?
Denna studie Àr en kvalitativ dokumentstudie, dÀr vi analyserat fyra bloggar som Àr skrivna av förÀldrar vars barn har cancer. Resultatet speglades mot vÄra teoretiska utgÄngspunkter, vilka var Katie Erikssons teori om lidande och Àven den ontologiska hÀlsomodellen. Resultatet speglades Àven mot vetenskapliga artiklar och begreppet krisens olika faser frÄn den teoretiska bakgrunden.
Resultatet har tvÄ teman: Att vara förÀlder till ett barn med cancer och bemötande inom vÄrden, av dessa tvÄ teman skapades sedan kategorier och underkategorier. Resultatet lyfter fram hur förÀldrarna pÄverkas dÄ deras barn har cancer samt hur förÀldrarna upplever att de blivit bemötta av vÄrdpersonalen samt hur de önskar bli bemötta. Som sjukskötare Àr det viktigt att man har kunskap om bemötande av mÀnniskor i svÄra livssituationer, detta för att underlÀtta deras vardag och inte skapa onödigt lidande.OpinnÀytetyön tavoitteena on lisÀtÀ tietoa ja ymmÀrrystÀ kokemuksista ja elÀmyksistÀ, joita vanhemmat joilla on syöpÀÀ sairastava lapsi, ovat joutuneet lÀpikÀydÀ. Haluamme saada paremman kÀsityksen siitÀ, miten terveydenhoidon henkilöstön pitÀisi kohdata vanhempia joilla on syöpÀÀ sairastava lapsi. MeidÀn tutkimuksen kysymykset ovat: MitÀ erilaisia kokemuksia ja elÀmyksiÀ vanhemmat lÀpikÀyvÀt joilla on syöpÀÀ sairastava lapsi? Miten terveydenhoidon henkilöstö kohtaa vanhempia joilla on syöpÀÀ sairastava lapsi? Miten vanhemmat haluavat ettÀ terveydenhoidon henkilöstö kohtaa heitÀ?
TÀmÀ tutkimus on laadullinen dokumenttitutkimus, jossa analysoimme neljÀÀ blogia, joita vanhemmat joilla on syöpÀÀ sairastava lapsi ovat kirjoittaneet. Heijastimme tuloksemme teoreettisia lÀhtökohtiamme vasten, jotka olivat Katie Erikssonin kÀrsimyksen teoria ja ontologinen terveysmalli. Heijastimme myös tulostamme tieteellisiin artikkeleihin ja kriisin eri vaiheisiin, joita meillÀ oli teoreettisessa taustassa.
Tuloksessa on kaksi teemaa: Olla vanhempi syöpÀÀ sairastavalle lapselle ja kohtaaminen terveydenhoidossa, nÀmÀ kaksi teemaa loivat luokkia ja alaluokkia. Tulos korostaa, miten lapsen syöpÀ sairaus vaikuttaa vanhempiin ja miten vanhemmat ovat kokeneet kohtaamisen terveydenhoidonhenkilöstön kanssa ja kuinka he haluavat ettÀ kohtaaminen tapahtuisi. On tÀrkeÀÀ, ettÀ hoitajalla on tietoa vaikeissa elÀmÀntilanteissa olevien ihmisten kohtaamisesta, jotta niiden ihmisten pÀivittÀinen elÀmÀ helpottuisi ja ettÀ tarpeetonta kÀrsimystÀ ei kehittyisi.The aim of the thesis is to increase the awareness of the many challenges that parents face when their child has cancer. It also allows for a better perception on how nurses should treat families who have a child with cancer. Our research questions are: What kind of experiences do the parents with a child with cancer undergo? How are the parents treated by the nurses? How do the parents want to be treated by the nurses?
This thesis is a qualitative research study, in which we analyzed four blogs written by parents with children with cancer. The results reflected our theoretical framework, which was Katie Erikssonâs theory of suffering and the ontological health model. The results were also reflected towards scientific articles and the theoretical background containing the different phases of the crisis.
The results have two themes: To be a parent to a child with cancer and treatment in healthcare. From these two themes categories and subcategories were created. The results highlighted how parents are affected when their child has cancer, how the parents have been treated by the nurses and also how they want to be treated by the nurses. As a nurse it is important that you have knowledge about dealing with people in difficult life situations in order to better facilitate their everyday lives and not create unnecessary suffering
Design av startkulturer för havresurdeg för förbÀttrad smak av bröd
Whole grain oats have a high nutritional value and a favorable taste, making oats a valid option to enhance the nutritional properties of food products. Due to the absence of gluten, baking with oat flour can be challenging but lactic acid bacteria fermentation can provide the needed functional activities and modify the sensory properties. The aim of this study was to find lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast starter cultures suitable for oat flour fermentation and define their main metabolic profile. The sourdoughs were prepared with whole grain oat flour and water. Some of these also contained sprouted grain oat and fructose or sucrose to facilitate fermentation. Strains from species Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Levilactobacillus brevis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used as starters. Microbial enumeration was carried out and acidification was studied by measuring pH and total titratable acidity; organic acid content was analysed with high performance liquid chromatography. The results indicate that there are benefits to using LAB and yeast in consortium to produce oat sourdough, in that they acidify the dough and produce organic acids. The addition of sprouted oat was beneficial, allowing higher acidification and higher organic acid production. Fructose successfully allowed to increase the content of acetic acid. Sensory and baking tests are needed to draw final conclusions on the flavor of the bread.Fullkornshavre har ett högt nÀringsvÀrde och en god smak, vilket gör havre till ett bra alternativ för att förbÀttra livsmedels nÀringsegenskaper. Eftersom havre inte innehÄller gluten kan det vara utmanande att baka med havremjöl, men fermentering med mjölksyrabakterier kan ge fördelaktiga funktionella aktiviteter och modifiera de sensoriska egenskaperna. Syftet med denna studie var att hitta mjölksyrabakterier och jÀststartkulturer lÀmpliga för fermentering av havremjöl, samt att definiera deras huvudsakliga metaboliska profil. Surdegarna tillagades med fullkornshavremjöl och vatten. Vissa av dem innehöll Àven groddad havre och fruktos eller sackaros för att underlÀtta fermenteringen. Stammar frÄn arterna Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Levilactobacillus brevis och Saccharomyces cerevisiae anvÀndes som startkulturer. Mikrobiell kolonirÀkning utfördes och försurning studerades genom mÀtning av pH och total titrerbar syra; innehÄllet av organisk syra analyserades med högupplösande vÀtskekromatografi. Resultaten visar att det finns fördelar med att anvÀnda mjölksyrabakterier och jÀst i konsortium för att producera havresurdeg, eftersom de försurar degen och producerar organiska syror. Tillsats av groddad havre var fördelaktig, vilket möjliggjorde högre försurning och högre produktion av organiska syror. Fruktos ökade innehÄllet av Àttiksyra. Sensoriska tester och bakningstest behövs för att dra slutliga slutsatser om brödets smak
Evaluation of surface treatment techniques for polypropylene andimplementation of a method for testing ink adhesion
If a plastic material is used as a print bearer there are a need of a special surface treatment to get agod and durable printing. The most used surface treatment technique for the moment is coronatreatment. This kind of treatment has unfortunately showed not to be so durable in the long term.Plasma treatment which in this case uses different kind of gases in the treatment of polypropyleneis shown as a more effective treatment in this project. When the plasma treated surface has beenprinted is the good quality last much longer and the adhesion between the ink and the surface isremained. To test this adhesion is for the moment a standard used (ASTM D3359). This standardhas appeared unstable and dependent at many different factors, which gives a big variation in thetest results. Because of this has new test methods been carried out to give a more even and morereliable result in the test of the adhesion
Modelling and Simulation of Reactor Fuel Cladding under Loss-of-Coolant Accident Conditions
We present a unified model for calculation of zirconium alloy fuel cladding rupture during a postulated loss-of-coolant accident in light water reactors. The model treats the Zr alloy solid-to-solid phase transformation kinetics, cladding creep deformation, oxidation, and rupture as functions of temperature and time in an integrated fashion during the transient. The fuel cladding material considered here is Zircaloy-4, for which material property data (model parameters) are taken from the literature. We have modelled and simulated single-rod transient burst tests in which the rod internal pressure and the heating rate were kept constant during each test. The results are compared with experimental data on cladding rupture strain, temperature, and pressure. The agreement between computations and measurements in general is satisfactory. The effects of heating rate and rod internal pressure on the rupture strain are evaluated on the basis of systematic parameter variations of these quantities. In the α-phase of Zr, the burst strain decreases with increasing heating rate, whereas in the two-phase coexistence (α+ÎČ) domain and ÎČ-phase, the situation is more complex. Also, the mechanism for creep deformation in the (α+ÎČ) domain is not well understood; hence, its mechanistic constitutive relation is presently unknown
En för alla, alla för en - En kvalitativ studie om samverkan mellan SocialtjÀnst, Barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin och Statens institutionsstyrelse i VÀstra Götalands lÀn
2015-03-03</p
Evaluation of the Halden IFA-650 loss-of-coolant accident experiments 2, 3 and 4
BrĂ€nslestavprover under LOCA förhĂ„llanden i Halden reaktorn, IFA-650 seriens prov 2, 3, och 4, utvĂ€rderas med tvĂ„ olika versioner av datorprogrammet FRAPTRAN-1.4. Provobjektet vid IFA-650.2 var en fĂ€rsk brĂ€nslestav, dvs. i obestrĂ„lat tillstĂ„nd, med stavegenskaper karakteristiska för tryckvattenreaktor (PWR) brĂ€nsle. Experimentstavarna för proven IFA- 650.3 och IFA-650.4 tillverkades frĂ„n brĂ€nslestavar, förbestrĂ„lade i en PWR, till en stavutbrĂ€nning av 82 MWd/kgU för det första provet och 92 MWd/kgU för det andra. Alla tre brĂ€nslestavar havererade under LOCA proven vid temperaturer omkring eller under 800âŠC, genom kapslingsbrott. Resultaten frĂ„n vĂ„ra datorberĂ€kningar jĂ€mförs med mĂ€tdata för följande parametrar: (i) kapslingstemperatur som funktion av tid; (ii) brĂ€nslestavtryck som funktion av tid; (iii) kapslingsdiameter vid brott lĂ€ngs staven; (iv) maximal kapslingstemperatur vid brott; och (v) maximal oxidtjocklek efter LOCA transienten (prov 2). ĂverensstĂ€mmelsen mellan berĂ€kningar och mĂ€tningar samt mellan de tvĂ„ olika versionerna av berĂ€kningsprogrammet Ă€r tillfredsstĂ€llande. I rapporten ges beskrivningar av de olika proven, datorprogrammen, berĂ€kningarna och en sammanfattning av resultaten.The Halden reactor fuel rod loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) tests, IFA-650 series 2, 3, and 4, are evaluated using two versions of the computer code FRAPTRAN-1.4. The test sample IFA-650.2 was a fresh fuel rod, that is unirradiated, with pressurized water reactor (PWR) rod characteristics, while IFA-650.3 and IFA-650.4 sample rods were refabricated from fuel rods irradiated in a PWR to rod burnups of 82 and 92 MWd/kgU, respectively. All the rods failed during the LOCA tests at temperatures around and below 800âŠC by fuel cladding burst. The results of our computer calculations are compared with measured data for the following parameters: (i) Cladding temperature as a function of time; (ii) Cladding diameter at rupture versus axial position of the rod; (iii) Fuel rod pressure as a function of time; (iv) Peak cladding temperature at rupture; and (v) Maximum cladding oxide layer thickness after LOCA transient (test 2). The agreement between calculations and measurements and between the two versions of the utilized code are satisfactory. The report offers descriptions of the tests, the computer codes, the computations and a summary of the results