The Nile Water-Food-Energy Nexus under Uncertainty: Impacts of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from ASCE via the DOI in this recordData Availability Statement: All data, models, code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.Achieving a water, food, and energy (WFE) nexus balance through policy interventions is challenging in a transboundary river basin because of the dynamic nature and intersectoral complexity that may cross borders. The Nile basin is shared by a number of riparian countries and is currently experiencing rapid population and economic growth. This has sparked new developments to meet the growing water, food, and energy demands, alleviate poverty, and improve the livelihood in the basin. Such developments could result in basinwide cooperation or trigger conflicts among the riparian countries. A system dynamics model was developed for the entire Nile basin and integrated with the food and energy sectors in Egypt to investigate the future of the WFE nexus with and without the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) during filling and subsequent operation using basinwide stochastically generated flows. Different filling rates from 10% to 100% of the average monthly flow are considered during the filling process. Results suggest that the GERD filling and operation would affect the WFE nexus in Egypt, with the impact likely to be significant if the filling process occurred during a dry period. Food production from irrigated agriculture would be reduced by 9%–19% during filling and by about 4% during GERD operation compared with the case without it. The irrigation water supply and hydropower generation in Sudan will be reduced during the filling phase of the GERD, but this is expected to be improved during the dam operation phase as a result of the regulation afforded by the GERD. Ethiopian hydropower generation is expected to be boosted by the GERD during the filling and operation of the dam, adding an average of 15,000  GWh/year once GERD comes online. Lastly, the results reveal the urgency of cooperation and coordination among the riparian countries to minimize the regional risks and maximize the regional rewards associated with the GERD.Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE), EgyptUniversity of Exete

Water-food-energy nexus for transboundary cooperation in Eastern Africa

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available on open access from IWA Publishing via the DOI in this recordEstablishing cooperation in transboundary rivers is challenging especially with the weak or non-existent river basin institutions. A nexus-based approach is developed to explore cooperation opportunities in transboundary river basins while considering system operation and coordination under uncertain hydrologic river regimes. The proposed approach is applied to the Nile river basin with a special focus on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), assuming two possible governance positions: with or without cooperation. A cooperation mechanism is developed to allocate additional releases from the GERD when necessary, while a unilateral position assumes that the GERD is operated to maximize hydropower generation regardless of downstream users' needs. The GERD operation modes were analysed considering operation of downstream reservoirs and varying demands in Egypt. Results show that average basin-wide hydropower generation is likely to increase by about 547 GWh/year (1%) if cooperation is adopted when compared to the unilateral position. In Sudan, hydropower generation and water supply are expected to enhance in the unilateral position and would improve further with cooperation. Furthermore, elevated low flows by the GERD are likely to improve the WFE nexus outcomes in Egypt under full cooperation governance scenario with a small reduction in GERD hydropower generation (2,000 GWh/year (19%)).Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE), EgyptUniversity of Exete

The use of premature chromosome condensation to study in interphase cells the influence of environmental factors on human genetic material

Nowadays, there is a constantly increasing concern regarding the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of a variety of harmful environmental factors to which humans are exposed in their natural and anthropogenic environment. These factors exert their hazardous potential in humans' personal (diet, smoking, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics) and occupational environment that constitute part of the anthropogenic environment. It is well known that genetic damage due to these factors has dramatic implications for human health. Since most of the environmental genotoxic factors induce arrest or delay in cell cycle progression, the conventional analysis of chromosomes at metaphase may underestimate their genotoxic potential. Premature Chromosome Condensation (PCC) induced either by means of cell fusion or specific chemicals, enables the microscopic visualization of interphase chromosomes whose morphology depends on the cell cycle stage, as well as the analysis of structural and numerical aberrations at the G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle. The PCC has been successfully used in problems involving cell cycle analysis, diagnosis and prognosis of human leukaemia, assessment of interphase chromosome malformations resulting from exposure to radiation or chemicals, as well as elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the conversion of DNA damage into chromosomal damage. In this report, particular emphasis is given to the advantages of the PCC methodology used as an alternative to conventional metaphase analysis in answering questions in the fields of radiobiology, biological dosimetry, toxicogenetics, clinical cytogenetics and experimental therapeutics

Νεολαία και Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση: Στάσεις, Προσδιοριστικοί Παράγοντες και Διαγενεακές Δυναμικές

Η παρούσα έκθεση πραγματεύεται τις ελληνικές στάσεις απέναντι στην ευρωπαϊκή ολοκλήρωση, με ιδιαίτερη έμφαση στην νεολαία. Από τη λεπτομερή ανάλυση πρωτογενών δεδομένων εντοπίστηκαν διακριτές διαφορές μεταξύ των γενεών, ανάμεσα στα άτομα ηλικίας κάτω και άνω των 35 ετών, τόσο στην εξέλιξη όσο και στους προσδιοριστικούς παράγοντες των στάσεων απέναντι στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση (ΕΕ).Πρώτον, οι νέοι Έλληνες είναι γενικά πιο θετικά διακείμενοι απέναντι στην ΕΕ και πιο αισιόδοξοι για το μέλλον της σε σύγκριση με τις ομάδες μεγαλύτερης ηλικίας. Η εθνική (ελληνική) τους ταυτότητα δεν έρχεται σε αντίθεση με την ευρωπαϊκή : και οι δύο συνυπάρχουν και είναι αμφότερα σημαντικές για το πώς οι νέοι αξιολογούν τις μελλοντικές προοπτικές τους. Αντιθέτως, ο βαθμός στον οποίο οι νέοι είναι ευχαριστημένοι συνολικά από τη ζωή τους στην Ελλάδα επηρεάζει, σε μεγάλο βαθμό, τον τρόπο που βλέπουν την ΕΕ.Δεύτερον, οι νέοι Έλληνες έχουν απόλυτη συνείδηση ​​των ελλείψεων της ευρωπαϊκής ενοποίησης, όπως αυτές εκδηλώθηκαν στον χειρισμό της οικονομικής κρίσης. Συγκεκριμένα, θεωρούν ότι η ΕΕ έχει επωφεληθεί δυσανάλογα από την ελληνική ένταξη και όχι το αντίστροφο και είναι επικριτικοί για τον χειρισμό της κρίσης τόσο από τις ελληνικές κυβερνήσεις, όσο και από την ΕΕ.Τρίτον, μολαταύτα, οι νέοι στην Ελλάδα αρνούνται να συμμετάσχουν σε παιχνίδια απόδοσης ευθυνών για το ποιός έκανε τί και πότε. Αντιθέτως, επικεντρώνονται σε συγκεκριμένες δημόσιες πολιτικές, αναμένοντας ότι η ΕΕ θα συνεχίσει να βοηθά τη χώρα τους στο χειρισμό διεθνικών προβλημάτων, όπως η κλιματική αλλαγή και η μετανάστευση, και υποστηρίζοντας  τις μεταρρυθμίσεις της ελληνικής δημόσιας διοίκησης σύμφωνα με τις βέλτιστες πρακτικές της ΕΕ.Τέταρτον, οι νέοι Έλληνες απέχουν πολύ από το εγωιστικό στερεότυπο της μεγιστοποίησης της ατομικής ωφέλειας. Η στάση τους προς την ΕΕ επηρεάζεται έντονα από αυτό που θεωρούν ότι είναι συμφέρον της χώρας και όχι από τις προσωπικές τους οικονομικές συνθήκες. Οι νέοι επίσης αποδέχονται εμφατικά την προσωπική ευθύνη για την αντιμετώπιση συλλογικών προβλημάτων.Τέλος, οι στάσεις για την ευρωπαϊκή ενοποίηση επηρεάζονται από πολύ συγκεκριμένους στόχους πολιτικής. Η υποστήριξη στην ΕΕ συμβαδίζει με θετικές στάσεις απέναντι στην ιδιωτική επιχείρηση, την επιχειρηματικότητα, τις πολιτικές υπέρ της ανάπτυξης, τη μείωση της ανισότητας και του αυταρχισμού. Εκείνοι που βλέπουν την κρίση ως ευκαιρία υποστηρίζουν την περαιτέρω ολοκλήρωση, έχοντας επίγνωση του γεγονότος ότι οι κρίσεις μας επιτρέπουν να επανεκτιμήσουμε λάθη του παρελθόντος και να χαράξουμε νέες προοπτικές για το μέλλον. Το κεντρικό συμπέρασμα της έκθεσης, οπως προκύπτει από τη διεξοδική ανάλυση πρωτογενών δεδομένων, είναι ότι οι καλές πολιτικές, και όχι μόνον η καλή πολιτική, αποτελεί τον αποτελεσματικότερο τρόπο για να εδραιωθεί η ευρωπαϊκή προοπτική της Ελλάδας.Institutions, Decisions and Collective Behaviou

Impact of system factors on the water saving efficiency of household grey water recycling

Copyright © 2010 Taylor & Francis. This is an Author's Accepted Manuscript of an article published in Desalination and Water Treatment Volume 24, Issue 1-3 (2010), available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.5004/dwt.2010.1542A general concern when considering the implementation of domestic grey water recycling is to understand the impacts of system factors on water saving efficiency. Key factors include household occupancy, storage volumes, treatment capacity and operating mode. Earlier investigations of the impacts of these key factors were based on a one-tank system only. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the effect of these factors on the performance of a more realistic ‘two tank’ system with treatment using an object based household water cycle model. A Monte-Carlo simulation technique was adopted to generate domestic water appliance usage data which allows long-term prediction of the system's performance to be made. Model results reveal the constraints of treatment capacity, storage tank sizes and operating mode on percentage of potable water saved. A treatment capacity threshold has been discovered at which water saving efficiency is maximised for a given pair of grey and treated grey water tank. Results from the analysis suggest that the previous one-tank model significantly underestimates the tank volumes required for a given target water saving efficiency

SEGMA: an automatic SEGMentation Approach for human brain MRI using sliding window and random forests

Quantitative volumes from brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquired across the life course may be useful for investigating long term effects of risk and resilience factors for brain development and healthy aging, and for understanding early life determinants of adult brain structure. Therefore, there is an increasing need for automated segmentation tools that can be applied to images acquired at different life stages. We developed an automatic segmentation method for human brain MRI, where a sliding window approach and a multi-class random forest classifier were applied to high-dimensional feature vectors for accurate segmentation. The method performed well on brain MRI data acquired from 179 individuals, analyzed in three age groups: newborns (38–42 weeks gestational age), children and adolescents (4–17 years) and adults (35–71 years). As the method can learn from partially labeled datasets, it can be used to segment large-scale datasets efficiently. It could also be applied to different populations and imaging modalities across the life course

How to use the world's scarce selenium resources efficiently to increase the selenium concentration in food

The world's rare selenium resources need to be managed carefully. Selenium is extracted as a by-product of copper mining and there are no deposits that can be mined for selenium alone. Selenium has unique properties as a semi-conductor, making it of special value to industry, but it is also an essential nutrient for humans and animals and may promote plant growth and quality. Selenium deficiency is regarded as a major health problem for 0.5 to 1 billion people worldwide, while an even larger number may consume less selenium than required for optimal protection against cancer, cardiovascular diseases and severe infectious diseases including HIV disease. Efficient recycling of selenium is difficult. Selenium is added in some commercial fertilizers, but only a small proportion is taken up by plants and much of the remainder is lost for future utilization. Large biofortification programmes with selenium added to commercial fertilizers may therefore be a fortification method that is too wasteful to be applied to large areas of our planet. Direct addition of selenium compounds to food (process fortification) can be undertaken by the food industry. If selenomethionine is added directly to food, however, oxidation due to heat processing needs to be avoided. New ways to biofortify food products are needed, and it is generally observed that there is less wastage if selenium is added late in the production chain rather than early. On these bases we have proposed adding selenium-enriched, sprouted cereal grain during food processing as an efficient way to introduce this nutrient into deficient diets. Selenium is a non-renewable resource. There is now an enormous wastage of selenium associated with large-scale mining and industrial processing. We recommend that this must be changed and that much of the selenium that is extracted should be stockpiled for use as a nutrient by future generations

Iron Behaving Badly: Inappropriate Iron Chelation as a Major Contributor to the Aetiology of Vascular and Other Progressive Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases

The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of aerobic metabolism, and while these particular "reactive oxygen species" (ROSs) can exhibit a number of biological effects, they are not of themselves excessively reactive and thus they are not especially damaging at physiological concentrations. However, their reactions with poorly liganded iron species can lead to the catalytic production of the very reactive and dangerous hydroxyl radical, which is exceptionally damaging, and a major cause of chronic inflammation. We review the considerable and wide-ranging evidence for the involvement of this combination of (su)peroxide and poorly liganded iron in a large number of physiological and indeed pathological processes and inflammatory disorders, especially those involving the progressive degradation of cellular and organismal performance. These diseases share a great many similarities and thus might be considered to have a common cause (i.e. iron-catalysed free radical and especially hydroxyl radical generation). The studies reviewed include those focused on a series of cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases, where iron can be found at the sites of plaques and lesions, as well as studies showing the significance of iron to aging and longevity. The effective chelation of iron by natural or synthetic ligands is thus of major physiological (and potentially therapeutic) importance. As systems properties, we need to recognise that physiological observables have multiple molecular causes, and studying them in isolation leads to inconsistent patterns of apparent causality when it is the simultaneous combination of multiple factors that is responsible. This explains, for instance, the decidedly mixed effects of antioxidants that have been observed, etc...Comment: 159 pages, including 9 Figs and 2184 reference