METODOLOGIAS ATIVAS QUE EMPREGAM TECNOLOGIAS DIGITAIS DE INFORMAÇÃO E COMUNICAÇÃO (TDIC) NO ENSINO MÉDIO INTEGRADO

The objective of this work is to present a systematic literature mapping of the use of active methodologies applied with digital information and communication technologies (TDIC) in the teaching-learning process in Integrated High School at Federal Institutes. The search for the works was made on the Google Academic site and the choice of works was made by voting the authors so that only works with two votes or more would be analyzed. The analyzed corpus consisted of five articles and a thesis that used TDIC allies to four active methodologies in subjects of High School and Technical Education in the environment of Federal Institutes. The results show that the planning of pedagogical practices, which combine active methodologies and technology, enhance the teaching-learning process of students in different disciplines with different means of learning, whether by gamification, peer instruction, project-based learning or authorial production by through computational devices.El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un mapeo sistemático de la literatura sobre el uso de metodologías activas que emplean tecnologías de la información y la comunicación digitales (TDIC) en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en Bachillerato Integrado de Institutos Federales. La búsqueda de los trabajos se realizó en el sitio Google Academic y la elección de los trabajos se realizó mediante votación de los autores para que solo se analizaran los trabajos con dos votos o más. El corpus analizado estuvo conformado por cinco artículos y una tesis que utilizó aliados del TDIC a cuatro metodologías activas en asignaturas de Bachillerato y Educación Técnica en el ámbito de los Institutos Federales. Los resultados muestran que la planificación de prácticas pedagógicas, que combinan metodologías activas y tecnología, potencian el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los estudiantes en diferentes disciplinas con diferentes formas de aprendizaje, ya sea por gamificación, instrucción entre pares, aprendizaje basado en proyectos o producción autoral por medio de dispositivos computacionales.O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um mapeamento sistemático de literatura do uso de metodologias ativas que empregam tecnologias digitais de informação e comunicação (TDIC) no processo de ensino-aprendizagem, no Ensino Médio Integrado dos Institutos Federais. A busca dos trabalhos foi feita no site Google Acadêmico e a escolha dos trabalhos foi feita por meio de votação dos autores de forma que somente os trabalhos com dois votos ou mais seriam analisados, o corpus analisado foram cinco artigos e uma tese que usaram TDIC aliadas a quatro metodologias ativas em disciplinas do Ensino Médio e Ensino Técnico no ambiente dos Institutos Federais. Os resultados apontam que o planejamento de práticas pedagógicas, que aliem metodologias ativas e tecnologia, potencializam o processo de ensino-aprendizagem de estudantes em diferentes disciplinas com diferentes meios de aprendizagem, seja por gamificação, peer instruction, aprendizagem baseada em projetos ou produção autoral por meio de dispositivos computacionais

WOOD DRYERS: A SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE FOR INCREASED CHARCOAL PRODUCTION

The aim of the study was to evaluate the technical and economic viability of a wood dryer in the charcoal production. Drying was carried out for 72 hours using wood from Eucalyptus sp. in two classes of diameter. The average admission temperature of combustion gases in the dryer was 100-150ºC. It was determined the mass of water withdrawn by drying and estimated the amount of wood that would be consumed during the pyrolysis to remove the same amount of water, being this wood converted into charcoal mass. In the economic analysis were determined the indicators net present value, internal rate of return and discounted payback. The dryer presented technical feasibility, reducing wood moisture by 8% and, consequently, increasing the charcoal productivity by 3.3%, and economic viability, with good financial indicators for current market conditions, including a discounted payback of 6 years. In this way, the use of a wood dryer was presented as an efficient way to take advantage of an environmental liability of pyrolysis, which contributes to the increase of sustainability in the charcoal production

POTENTIAL OF MACAUBA EPICARP (Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Martius) FOR BRIQUETTES PRODUCTION

Briquetting is a form to aggregate value in the biomass production chain, to re-use sustainably waste and to provide high-quality solid biofuels, as well as to enable the development of the energy market. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of the production of briquettes from epicarp waste of macauba fruit and verify the influence of different temperatures and compaction pressures on the chemical, physical, and mechanical characteristics of the briquettes. The epicarp was reduced to particles and, then classified, dried, and characterized for their physical and chemical properties. The briquettes were produced by using compression pressures of 62, 83, and 103 bar and temperatures of 90 and 120 °C. The effect of these factors upon the variables studied was verified through regression analysis. The increase of pressure and temperature contributed to greater mass loss of the briquettes. Apparent density and energy density increased due to temperature rise. High values of energy density were obtained, which demonstrates the potential of the macauba fruit epicarp to produce briquettes for generation of thermal energyBriquetting is a form to aggregate value in the biomass production chain, to re-use sustainably waste and to provide high-quality solid biofuels, as well as to enable the development of the energy market. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of the production of briquettes from epicarp waste of macauba fruit and verify the influence of different temperatures and compaction pressures on the chemical, physical, and mechanical characteristics of the briquettes. The epicarp was reduced to particles and, then classified, dried, and characterized for their physical and chemical properties. The briquettes were produced by using compression pressures of 62, 83, and 103 bar and temperatures of 90 and 120 °C. The effect of these factors upon the variables studied was verified through regression analysis. The increase of pressure and temperature contributed to greater mass loss of the briquettes. Apparent density and energy density increased due to temperature rise. High values of energy density were obtained, which demonstrates the potential of the macauba fruit epicarp to produce briquettes for generation of thermal energy

WOOD THERMAL PROFILE DURING THE PYROLYSIS PROCESS

The objective of this project was to obtain the temperature profile formed in the wood during the slow pyrolysis process. For this, small holes were opened into the wood using a drill, three thermocouples were inserted in the radial portion along the length of the wood and on the surface - center direction. Three Eucalyptus wood logs, 35 cm long, 30% moisture and 8, 9 and 12 cm diameters, were used. The final pyrolysis temperature was 400 °C. The gravimetric yield of the products was calculated after the pyrolysis process.  The formation of thermal gradients was observed in the wood throughout the process. The temperature difference between the surface and the center can reach up 200 °C, in the pyrolysis of the largest diameter wood.  Thermal heights formed in the wood at 100 °C were detected, being more evident in the central portion. The thermal variation perceived in the wood can be explained by the presence of water, which demands energy for its evaporation and changes the temperature gradients, and the heat conductivity is poor due to the wood being a porous material, mainly in the carbonized zone.These phenomena influence the heat transfer during the pyrolysis process. On the surface - to - center direction, the formation of temperature gradients generates transient thermal threshold due to the drying process. Thus, a temperature gradient was formed between the surface and the center of the wood during the pyrolysis and the total time of the process will be higher in the largest diameter wood

HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENT OF EUCALYPTUS GRANDIS WOOD

 Among the technological alternatives to improve the quality and use of eucalyptus wood is heat treatment, as the wood has some features that may limit its use, such as dimensional instability, high anisotropy, and heterogeneous coloring. This study is aimed at evaluating the effect of time of hydrothermal treatment on physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of solid wood of Eucalyptus grandis. We used three trees of E. grandis, selecting only the heartwood, and prepared test specimens with dimensions of 30cmx8cmx3cm (length, width, and thickness). The hydrothermal treatment was performed in a Parr reactor using three reaction times (5, 15, and 25min) at 140°C. Partial removal of extractives occurred, especially in the outer layer of wood. There was an increase of up to 58% of its permeability because of the partial clearing of the vessel elements. There was no degradation of the main constituents of the wood, so loss of mechanical strength was observed. The hydrothermal treatment promoted the partial removal of the hydroxyl groups and/or a structural rearrangement of the hemicelluloses and cellulose, causing a reduction of the hygroscopicity of E. grandis.

Omnibus survey of pupils and their parents or carers: wave 5: Research report: March 2019

Brazilian productivity of eucalyptus trees is one of the highest in the world, and it has sustainable and viable conditions to supply the demand for woody biomass in a large quantity and diversity. This favorable situation makes Brazil one of the countries with the greatest potential for the production development of torrefied woody biomass on a commercial scale. Torrefaction is a mild pyrolysis applied to increase the energy quality of the feedstock. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Brazilian potential of woody biomass torrefaction for energy purposes. An experimental study was performed evaluating this thermal treatment of eucalyptus wood chips on a semi-continuous screw reactor developed by a Brazilian university. The results showed the increases in the energy quality of eucalyptus wood chips as a function of torrefaction temperature and time. This thermal treatment was technically feasible for the hygroscopicity reduction and the increases of fixed carbon and calorific values of the woody biomass

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PELLETS OF Pinus sp. TORREFIED IN A SCREW TYPE REACTOR

The combination of pelletization and torrefaction allows for obtaining pellets with higher energetic density. Thus, biomass becomes more attractive and usable for energetic purposes, and therefore, knowing the chemical properties becomes important to guarantee the quality of the torrefied pellets for fuel. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of torrefaction of Pinus sp. pellets on their chemical properties. The wood was previously transformed into particles and dried to 16% moisture content for further pelleting. For the torrefaction, the pellets were dried to 0% moisture content and subjected to heat treatment in a screw type reactor at the temperatures of 210, 250, and 290 °C and the times of 10, 20, and 30 minutes. In order to determine the chemical properties, the structural chemical composition, immediate chemical composition, elemental composition, and thermogravimetric analysis were performed. The torrefaction promoted significant changes in the chemical properties of Pinus sp. pellets, especially regarding the proportional increase of carbon content in detriment to oxygen reduction, increase of the thermal stability, and proportional increase of the lignin content by the reduction of the hemicelluloses. This improves the energetic quality of the biomass and turns it into a more competitive fuel when compared to fossil fuels.The combination of pelletization and torrefaction allows for obtaining pellets with higher energetic density. Thus, biomass becomes more attractive and usable for energetic purposes, and therefore, knowing the chemical properties becomes important to guarantee the quality of the torrefied pellets for fuel. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of torrefaction of Pinus sp. pellets on their chemical properties. The wood was previously transformed into particles and dried to 16% moisture content for further pelleting. For the torrefaction, the pellets were dried to 0% moisture content and subjected to heat treatment in a screw type reactor at the temperatures of 210, 250, and 290 °C and the times of 10, 20, and 30 minutes. In order to determine the chemical properties, the structural chemical composition, immediate chemical composition, elemental composition, and thermogravimetric analysis were performed. The torrefaction promoted significant changes in the chemical properties of Pinus sp. pellets, especially regarding the proportional increase of carbon content in detriment to oxygen reduction, increase of the thermal stability, and proportional increase of the lignin content by the reduction of the hemicelluloses. This improves the energetic quality of the biomass and turns it into a more competitive fuel when compared to fossil fuels

EFEITO DA CARBONIZAÇÃO DA MADEIRA NA ESTRUTURA ANATÔMICA E DENSIDADE DO CARVÃO VEGETAL DE Eucalyptus

This study aimed to evaluate the anatomical changes that occur with charred wood and determine the anatomical properties, basic wood density and apparent density of charcoal Eucalyptus clones, besides elucidating the possible existing significant correlations. The scanning electron microscopy was performed in the transverse, longitudinal and tangential longitudinal and radial wood charcoal sections. In the morphological analysis of the pores and the apparent density was made. In general, the anatomical features such as pore radius and the wood fibers showed little or no change due to carbonization of coal surface and showed well defined structures. The changes in cellular elements of wood were mainly related to the quantitative parameters such as wall thickness and pore diameter fibers. The clones showed satisfactory basic density of wood for charcoal production. The anatomical parameters were significantly correlated with basic wood density and apparent density of charcoal, especially, in this study, the fraction of the fiber wall.O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar as modificações anatômicas que ocorrem com a carbonização da madeira e determinar as propriedades anatômicas, densidade básica da madeira e densidade aparente do carvão vegetal de clones de Eucalyptus, além de elucidar as possíveis correlações significativas existentes. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura foi efetuada nas seções transversal, longitudinal tangencial e longitudinal radial da madeira e do carvão vegetal. Neste, foi feita a análise morfológica dos poros e densidade aparente. De uma forma geral, as características anatômicas como forma de poros, raios e fibras da madeira apresentaram pouca ou nenhuma modificação devido à carbonização, e a superfície do carvão apresentou estruturas bem definidas. As modificações nos elementos celulares da madeira foram principalmente referentes aos parâmetros quantitativos, como espessura da parede das fibras e diâmetro dos poros. Os clones avaliados apresentaram densidade básica da madeira satisfatória para a produção de carvão vegetal. Os parâmetros anatômicos correlacionaram-se significativamente com a densidade básica da madeira e densidade aparente do carvão vegetal, destacando-se, neste estudo, a fração parede das fibras

Bio-Coal Production With Agroforestry Biomass In Brazil

Pyrolysis is a promising technology for thermal conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into a higher added value fuel. The aim of this study was to analyze the potential of four agroforestry biomass to produce energy as a raw material or as a bio-coal. In this study, slow pyrolysis was conducted in three final temperatures to evaluate the bio-coal production of four agroforestry biomasses widely available in Brazil. The biomass used was sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum sp.), bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus), straw bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and eucalypts wood chips (Eucalyptus sp.). In the first part was presented the raw biomasses proprieties, such as lignin, carbon, hydrogen and ash content. In the second part was showed the bio-coal proprieties, such as, gravimetric and fixed carbon yield, fixed carbon and ash content. These bio-coal results were showed as a function of final temperature of pyrolysis. The best energy indicators for bio-coal production, such as fixed carbon yield, high heating value, was found in the bamboo and eucalypts. The bagasse and straw bean biomasses possess high concentrations of ash and low lignin content when compared with the other biomasses assessed and are less suitable to produce bio-coal

Doença Celíaca: aspectos epidemiológicos, fisiopatológicos e manejo terapêutico

A doença celíaca (DC) é uma doença autoimune caracterizada por alterações intestinais associadas com a expressão de linfócitos T em indivíduos geneticamente predispostos que fazem a ingestão de glúten. A DC afeta aproximadamente 1% da população mundial. Suas manifestações clínicas clássicas aparecem nos primeiros dois anos de idade, enquanto seu segundo pico ocorre entre os 20 e 30 anos. A fisiopatologia da DC é uma interação entre a genética e o ambiente. Indivíduos com genes mais propensos à intolerância parcial à gliadina presente no glúten são indivíduos que possuem essa predisposição para DC. Assim, quando expostas aos derivados do glúten, as células T sensíveis tornam-se ativas, causando inflamação e atrofia da mucosa do intestino delgado, o que leva à má absorção. A maioria dos pacientes com DC não apresentam sintomas, todavia, os sintomas da DC, quando presentes, podem ser encontrados nos intestinos, em outras partes do corpo ou em ambos. Ademais, podem haver complicações em diferentes gravidades tanto para homens quanto para mulheres. O diagnóstico da DC requer uma associação de fatores. Considera-se que a DC possui três pilares que ajudam a confirmar sua presença: testes sorológicos, histologia duodenal e testes dietéticos. Estes são os maiores responsáveis ​​pelo diagnóstico final da doença. O tratamento mais eficaz para DC é a remoção do glúten da dieta, juntamente com um monitoramento dietético rigoroso e mudanças no estilo de vida