Translating "Translations": The Importance of Conversational Analysis in this Play

Heidegger's idea that "man acts as if he were the shaper and master of language, while it is language which remains mistress of man" (foreword to George Steiner's After Baben forms part of the ideology behind the play Translations. Friel says in an interview in Magill in 1980 that this was quoted in the programme notes to Translations. The implication in the interview is if language is the mistress of man and not vice versa then the English as spoken in Ireland "forms us and shapes us in a way that is neither healthy nor valuable for u

Wheat EST resources for functional genomics of abiotic stress

BACKGROUND: Wheat is an excellent species to study freezing tolerance and other abiotic stresses. However, the sequence of the wheat genome has not been completely characterized due to its complexity and large size. To circumvent this obstacle and identify genes involved in cold acclimation and associated stresses, a large scale EST sequencing approach was undertaken by the Functional Genomics of Abiotic Stress (FGAS) project. RESULTS: We generated 73,521 quality-filtered ESTs from eleven cDNA libraries constructed from wheat plants exposed to various abiotic stresses and at different developmental stages. In addition, 196,041 ESTs for which tracefiles were available from the National Science Foundation wheat EST sequencing program and DuPont were also quality-filtered and used in the analysis. Clustering of the combined ESTs with d2_cluster and TGICL yielded a few large clusters containing several thousand ESTs that were refractory to routine clustering techniques. To resolve this problem, the sequence proximity and "bridges" were identified by an e-value distance graph to manually break clusters into smaller groups. Assembly of the resolved ESTs generated a 75,488 unique sequence set (31,580 contigs and 43,908 singletons/singlets). Digital expression analyses indicated that the FGAS dataset is enriched in stress-regulated genes compared to the other public datasets. Over 43% of the unique sequence set was annotated and classified into functional categories according to Gene Ontology. CONCLUSION: We have annotated 29,556 different sequences, an almost 5-fold increase in annotated sequences compared to the available wheat public databases. Digital expression analysis combined with gene annotation helped in the identification of several pathways associated with abiotic stress. The genomic resources and knowledge developed by this project will contribute to a better understanding of the different mechanisms that govern stress tolerance in wheat and other cereals

Methicillin-Susceptible ST398 Staphylococcus aureus Responsible for Bloodstream Infections: An Emerging Human-Adapted Subclone?

In the course of an annual 3-month bloodstream infections (BSI) survey conducted during a four-year period in 31 healthcare institutions located in three noncontiguous French regions, we report 18 ST398 Staphylococcus aureus BSI. ST398 BSI incidence showed a seven-fold increase during the study period (0.002 per 1,000 patient days in 2007 vs. 0.014 in 2010). ST398 BSI isolates differed from the pig-borne multiresistant clone: 17/18 BSI isolates were methicillin susceptible and none was of t011, t034 or t108 pig-borne spa-types. ST398 BSI isolates had homogenous resistance patterns (15/18 with only Eryr) and prophagic content (all harboured the hlb-converting Sau3int phage). The clustering of BSI and pig-borne isolates by spa-typing and MLVA, the occurrence of Sau3int phage in BSI isolates and the lack of this phage in pig-borne isolates suggest that the emergence of BSI isolates could have arisen from horizontal transfer, at least of the Sau3int phage, in genetically diverse MSSA ST398 isolates. The acquisition of the phage likely plays a role in the increasing ability of the lysogenic ST398 isolates to colonize human. The mode of acquisition of the non pig-borne ST398 isolates by our 18 patients remains unclear. ST398 BSI were diagnosed in patients lacking livestock exposure and were significantly associated with digestive portals of entry (3/18 [16.7%] for ST398 vs. 19/767 [2.5%] for non ST398 BSI; p = .012). This raises the question of possible foodborne human infections. We suggest the need for active surveillance to study and control the spread of this human-adapted subclone increasingly isolated in the hospital setting

The Image of Ireland in Iberian Galicia in the Early Twentieth Century

In her article The Image of Ireland in Iberian Galicia in the Early Twentieth Century, Anne MacCarthy explores Galician intellectuals\u27 relationship with Ireland in their attempt to create a Celtic imaginary for Galicia which would act as a cultural fortification in the face of centralizing forces of Castilian Spain. In periodicals prominent in the 1920s, Nós and A Nosa Terra, the wish to construct a separate identity for Galicia, apart from Spain, is often expressed and embodied in reference to Ireland. Whereas the interest in Ireland was increased by the struggle for independence in that country at the time, the basis for the similarities found between the two cultures was mythical and imaginary

The various attitudes to the Irish language in nineteenth century Ireland

Actas del I Congreso Internacional “Adquisición e aprendizaxe das linguas segundas e as súas literaturas” (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, septiembre de 1995

Las dos traducciones de El purgatorio de San Patricio por Denis Florence MacCarthy (1853 y 1873). Primeras calas

The article analyses The Purgatory of Saint Patrick, a translation of Calder\uf3n\u2019s El purgatorio de San Patricio which the Irish poet Denis Florence MacCarthy (1817-82) published in two versions, one in 1853 and one in 1873. The comparison of the two texts shows how MacCarthy, as a lucid importer of the Catholic and Baroque Calder\uf3n in a predominantly hostile Anglophone culture, progressively refined his poetics of translation, adopting in particular a completely imitative versification (including a bold assonant English verse) and showing a growing, if eclectic, fidelity to the Calderonian rhetorical universe