Arabinogalactan-protein and pectin epitopes in relation to an extracellular matrix surface network and somatic embryogenesis and callogenesis in Trifolium nigrescens Viv

The formation of an extracellular matrix surface network (ECMSN), and associated changes in the distribution of arabinogalactan-protein and pectin epitopes, have been studied during somatic embryogenesis (SE) and callogenesis of Trifolium nigrescens Viv. Scanning electron microscopy observations revealed the occurrence of an ECMSN on the surface of cotyledonary-staged somatic embryos as well as on the peripheral, non-regenerating callus cells. The occurrence of six AGP (JIM4, JIM8, JIM13, JIM16, LM2, MAC207) and four pectin (JIM5, JIM7, LM5, LM6) epitopes was analysed during early stages of SE, in cotyledonary-staged somatic embryos and in non-embryogenic callus using monoclonal antibodies. The JIM5 low methyl-esterified homogalacturonan (HG) epitope localized to ECMSN on the callus surface but none of the epitopes studied were found to localize to ECMSN over mature somatic embryos. The LM2 AGP epitope was detected during the development of somatic embryos and was also observed in the cell walls of meristematic cells from which SE was initiated. The pectic epitopes JIM5, JIM7, LM5 and LM6 were temporally regulated during SE. The LM6 arabinan epitope, carried by side chains of rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), was detected predominantly in cells of embryogenic swellings, whilst the LM5 galactan epitope of RG-I was uniformly distributed throughout the ground tissue of cotyledonary-staged embryoids but not detected at the early stages of SE. Differences in the distribution patterns of low and high methyl-esterified HG were detected: low ester HG (JIM5 epitope) was most abundant during the early steps of embryo formation and highly methyl-esterified form of HG (JIM7 epitope) became prevalent during embryoid maturation

Sexual Dimorphism of Staminate- and Pistillate-Phase Flowers of Saponaria officinalis (Bouncing Bet) Affects Pollinator Behavior and Seed Set

The sequential separation of male and female function in flowers of dichogamous species allows for the evolution of differing morphologies that maximize fitness through seed siring and seed set. We examined staminate- and pistillate-phase flowers of protandrous Saponaria officinalis for dimorphism in floral traits and their effects on pollinator attraction and seed set. Pistillate-phase flowers have larger petals, greater mass, and are pinker in color, but due to a shape change, pistillate-phase flowers have smaller corolla diameters than staminate-phase flowers. There was no difference in nectar volume or sugar content one day after anthesis, and minimal evidence for UV nectar guide patterns in staminate- and pistillate-phase flowers. When presented with choice arrays, pollinators discriminated against pistillate-phase flowers based on their pink color. Finally, in an experimental garden, in 2012 there was a negative correlation between seed set of an open-pollinated, emasculated flower and pinkness (as measured by reflectance spectrometry) of a pistillate-phase flower on the same plant in plots covered with shade cloth. In 2013, clones of genotypes chosen from the 2012 plants that produced pinker flowers had lower seed set than those from genotypes with paler flowers. Lower seed set of pink genotypes was found in open-pollinated and hand-pollinated flowers, indicating the lower seed set might be due to other differences between pink and pale genotypes in addition to pollinator discrimination against pink flowers. In conclusion, staminate- and pistillate-phase flowers of S. officinalis are dimorphic in shape and color. Pollinators discriminate among flowers based on these differences, and individuals whose pistillate-phase flowers are most different in color from their staminate-phase flowers make fewer seeds. We suggest morphological studies of the two sex phases in dichogamous, hermaphroditic species can contribute to understanding the evolution of sexual dimorphism in plants without the confounding effects of genetic differences between separate male and female individuals

A genome-wide genetic map of NB-LRR disease resistance loci in potato

Like all plants, potato has evolved a surveillance system consisting of a large array of genes encoding for immune receptors that confer resistance to pathogens and pests. The majority of these so-called resistance or R proteins belong to the super-family that harbour a nucleotide binding and a leucine-rich-repeat domain (NB-LRR). Here, sequence information of the conserved NB domain was used to investigate the genome-wide genetic distribution of the NB-LRR resistance gene loci in potato. We analysed the sequences of 288 unique BAC clones selected using filter hybridisation screening of a BAC library of the diploid potato clone RH89-039-16 (S. tuberosum ssp. tuberosum) and a physical map of this BAC library. This resulted in the identification of 738 partial and full-length NB-LRR sequences. Based on homology of these sequences with known resistance genes, 280 and 448 sequences were classified as TIR-NB-LRR (TNL) and CC-NB-LRR (CNL) sequences, respectively. Genetic mapping revealed the presence of 15 TNL and 32 CNL loci. Thirty-six are novel, while three TNL loci and eight CNL loci are syntenic with previously identified functional resistance genes. The genetic map was complemented with 68 universal CAPS markers and 82 disease resistance trait loci described in literature, providing an excellent template for genetic studies and applied research in potato

Improved functionalization of oleic acid-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles can providemultiple benefits for biomedical applications in aqueous environments such asmagnetic separation or magnetic resonance imaging. To increase the colloidal stability and allow subsequent reactions, the introduction of hydrophilic functional groups onto the particles’ surface is essential. During this process, the original coating is exchanged by preferably covalently bonded ligands such as trialkoxysilanes. The duration of the silane exchange reaction, which commonly takes more than 24 h, is an important drawback for this approach. In this paper, we present a novel method, which introduces ultrasonication as an energy source to dramatically accelerate this process, resulting in high-quality waterdispersible nanoparticles around 10 nmin size. To prove the generic character, different functional groups were introduced on the surface including polyethylene glycol chains, carboxylic acid, amine, and thiol groups. Their colloidal stability in various aqueous buffer solutions as well as human plasma and serum was investigated to allow implementation in biomedical and sensing applications.status: publishe

An allele of Arabidopsis COI1 with hypo- and hypermorphic phenotypes in plant growth, defence and fertility

Resistance to biotrophic pathogens is largely dependent on the hormone salicylic acid (SA) while jasmonic acid (JA) regulates resistance against necrotrophs. JA negatively regulates SA and is, in itself, negatively regulated by SA. A key component of the JA signal transduction pathway is its receptor, the COI1 gene. Mutations in this gene can affect all the JA phenotypes, whereas mutations in other genes, either in JA signal transduction or in JA biosynthesis, lack this general effect. To identify components of the part of the resistance against biotrophs independent of SA, a mutagenised population of NahG plants (severely depleted of SA) was screened for suppression of susceptibility. The screen resulted in the identification of intragenic and extragenic suppressors, and the results presented here correspond to the characterization of one extragenic suppressor, coi1-40. coi1-40 is quite different from previously described coi1 alleles, and it represents a strategy for enhancing resistance to biotrophs with low levels of SA, likely suppressing NahG by increasing the perception to the remaining SA. The phenotypes of coi1-40 lead us to speculate about a modular function for COI1, since we have recovered a mutation in COI1 which has a number of JA-related phenotypes reduced while others are equal to or above wild type levels.This work was supported by grant BIO201018896 from "Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad" (MINECO) of Spain and by grant ACOMP/2012/105 from "Generalitat Valenciana" to PT, a JAE-CSIC Fellowship to JVC, a FPI-MINECO to AD, and Fellowships from the European Molecular Biology Organization and the Human Frontier Science Program to BBHW. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Dobón Alonso, A.; Wulff, BBH.; Canet Perez, JV.; Fort Rausell, P.; Tornero Feliciano, P. (2013). An allele of Arabidopsis COI1 with hypo- and hypermorphic phenotypes in plant growth, defence and fertility. PLoS ONE. 1(8):55115-55115. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055115S551155511518Vlot, A. C., Dempsey, D. A., & Klessig, D. F. (2009). Salicylic Acid, a Multifaceted Hormone to Combat Disease. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 47(1), 177-206. doi:10.1146/annurev.phyto.050908.135202Mauch, F., Mauch-Mani, B., Gaille, C., Kull, B., Haas, D., & Reimmann, C. (2001). Manipulation of salicylate content in Arabidopsis thaliana by the expression of an engineered bacterial salicylate synthase. The Plant Journal, 25(1), 67-77. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.00940.xGaffney, T., Friedrich, L., Vernooij, B., Negrotto, D., Nye, G., Uknes, S., … Ryals, J. (1993). Requirement of Salicylic Acid for the Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance. Science, 261(5122), 754-756. doi:10.1126/science.261.5122.754Delaney, T. P., Uknes, S., Vernooij, B., Friedrich, L., Weymann, K., Negrotto, D., … Ryals, J. (1994). A Central Role of Salicylic Acid in Plant Disease Resistance. Science, 266(5188), 1247-1250. doi:10.1126/science.266.5188.1247Lawton, K. (1995). Systemic Acquired Resistance inArabidopsisRequires Salicylic Acid but Not Ethylene. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 8(6), 863. doi:10.1094/mpmi-8-0863Ross, A. F. (1961). Systemic acquired resistance induced by localized virus infections in plants. Virology, 14(3), 340-358. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(61)90319-1Pieterse, C. M. ., & van Loon, L. C. (1999). Salicylic acid-independent plant defence pathways. Trends in Plant Science, 4(2), 52-58. doi:10.1016/s1360-1385(98)01364-8Fonseca, S., Chico, J. M., & Solano, R. (2009). The jasmonate pathway: the ligand, the receptor and the core signalling module. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 12(5), 539-547. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2009.07.013Ton, J., De Vos, M., Robben, C., Buchala, A., Métraux, J.-P., Van Loon, L. C., & Pieterse, C. M. J. (2002). Characterization ofArabidopsisenhanced disease susceptibility mutants that are affected in systemically induced resistance. The Plant Journal, 29(1), 11-21. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01190.xCui, J., Bahrami, A. K., Pringle, E. G., Hernandez-Guzman, G., Bender, C. L., Pierce, N. E., & Ausubel, F. M. (2005). Pseudomonas syringae manipulates systemic plant defenses against pathogens and herbivores. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(5), 1791-1796. doi:10.1073/pnas.0409450102Robert-Seilaniantz, A., Navarro, L., Bari, R., & Jones, J. D. (2007). Pathological hormone imbalances. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 10(4), 372-379. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2007.06.003Garcion, C., Lohmann, A., Lamodière, E., Catinot, J., Buchala, A., Doermann, P., & Métraux, J.-P. (2008). Characterization and Biological Function of the ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE2 Gene of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 147(3), 1279-1287. doi:10.1104/pp.108.119420Tornero, P., Chao, R. A., Luthin, W. N., Goff, S. A., & Dangl, J. L. (2002). Large-Scale Structure –Function Analysis of the Arabidopsis RPM1 Disease Resistance Protein. The Plant Cell, 14(2), 435-450. doi:10.1105/tpc.010393Bowling, S. A., Guo, A., Cao, H., Gordon, A. S., Klessig, D. F., & Dong, X. (1994). A mutation in Arabidopsis that leads to constitutive expression of systemic acquired resistance. The Plant Cell, 6(12), 1845-1857. doi:10.1105/tpc.6.12.1845Bowling, S. A., Clarke, J. D., Liu, Y., Klessig, D. F., & Dong, X. (1997). The cpr5 mutant of Arabidopsis expresses both NPR1-dependent and NPR1-independent resistance. The Plant Cell, 9(9), 1573-1584. doi:10.1105/tpc.9.9.1573Yu, I. -c., Parker, J., & Bent, A. F. (1998). Gene-for-gene disease resistance without the hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis dnd1 mutant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95(13), 7819-7824. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.13.7819Dietrich, R. A., Delaney, T. P., Uknes, S. J., Ward, E. R., Ryals, J. A., & Dangl, J. L. (1994). Arabidopsis mutants simulating disease resistance response. Cell, 77(4), 565-577. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90218-6Rivas-San Vicente, M., & Plasencia, J. (2011). Salicylic acid beyond defence: its role in plant growth and development. Journal of Experimental Botany, 62(10), 3321-3338. doi:10.1093/jxb/err031Wang, D. (2005). Induction of Protein Secretory Pathway Is Required for Systemic Acquired Resistance. Science, 308(5724), 1036-1040. doi:10.1126/science.1108791Ritter, C. (1995). TheavrRpm1Gene ofPseudomonas syringaepv.maculicolaIs Required for Virulence on Arabidopsis. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 8(3), 444. doi:10.1094/mpmi-8-0444Debener, T., Lehnackers, H., Arnold, M., & Dangl, J. L. (1991). Identification and molecular mapping of a single Arabidopsis thaliana locus determining resistance to a phytopathogenic Pseudomonas syringae isolate. The Plant Journal, 1(3), 289-302. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1991.t01-7-00999.xGrant, M., Godiard, L., Straube, E., Ashfield, T., Lewald, J., Sattler, A., … Dangl, J. (1995). Structure of the Arabidopsis RPM1 gene enabling dual specificity disease resistance. Science, 269(5225), 843-846. doi:10.1126/science.7638602Mindrinos, M., Katagiri, F., Yu, G.-L., & Ausubel, F. M. (1994). The A. thaliana disease resistance gene RPS2 encodes a protein containing a nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeats. Cell, 78(6), 1089-1099. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90282-8Coego, A., Ramirez, V., Gil, M. J., Flors, V., Mauch-Mani, B., & Vera, P. (2005). An Arabidopsis Homeodomain Transcription Factor, OVEREXPRESSOR OF CATIONIC PEROXIDASE 3, Mediates Resistance to Infection by Necrotrophic Pathogens. The Plant Cell, 17(7), 2123-2137. doi:10.1105/tpc.105.032375Pieterse, C. M. J., van Wees, S. C. M., van Pelt, J. A., Knoester, M., Laan, R., Gerrits, H., … van Loon, L. C. (1998). A Novel Signaling Pathway Controlling Induced Systemic Resistance in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 10(9), 1571-1580. doi:10.1105/tpc.10.9.1571Berger, S., Bell, E., & Mullet, J. E. (1996). Two Methyl Jasmonate-Insensitive Mutants Show Altered Expression of AtVsp in Response to Methyl Jasmonate and Wounding. Plant Physiology, 111(2), 525-531. doi:10.1104/pp.111.2.525Attaran, E., Zeier, T. E., Griebel, T., & Zeier, J. (2009). Methyl Salicylate Production and Jasmonate Signaling Are Not Essential for Systemic Acquired Resistance in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 21(3), 954-971. doi:10.1105/tpc.108.063164Yan, J., Zhang, C., Gu, M., Bai, Z., Zhang, W., Qi, T., … Xie, D. (2009). The Arabidopsis CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 Protein Is a Jasmonate Receptor. The Plant Cell, 21(8), 2220-2236. doi:10.1105/tpc.109.065730Mittal, S. (1995). Role of the Phytotoxin Coronatine in the Infection ofAmbidopsis thalianabyPseudomonas syringaepv.tomato. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 8(1), 165. doi:10.1094/mpmi-8-0165Genoud, T., & Métraux, J.-P. (1999). Crosstalk in plant cell signaling: structure and function of the genetic network. Trends in Plant Science, 4(12), 503-507. doi:10.1016/s1360-1385(99)01498-3Lawton, K. A., Friedrich, L., Hunt, M., Weymann, K., Delaney, T., Kessmann, H., … Ryals, J. (1996). Benzothiadiazole induces disease resistance in Arabidopsis by activation of the systemic acquired resistance signal transduction pathway. The Plant Journal, 10(1), 71-82. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1996.10010071.xFeys, B., Benedetti, C. E., Penfold, C. N., & Turner, J. G. (1994). Arabidopsis Mutants Selected for Resistance to the Phytotoxin Coronatine Are Male Sterile, Insensitive to Methyl Jasmonate, and Resistant to a Bacterial Pathogen. The Plant Cell, 751-759. doi:10.1105/tpc.6.5.751Sun, J., Xu, Y., Ye, S., Jiang, H., Chen, Q., Liu, F., … Li, C. (2009). Arabidopsis ASA1 Is Important for Jasmonate-Mediated Regulation of Auxin Biosynthesis and Transport during Lateral Root Formation. The Plant Cell, 21(5), 1495-1511. doi:10.1105/tpc.108.064303He, Y., Fukushige, H., Hildebrand, D. F., & Gan, S. (2002). Evidence Supporting a Role of Jasmonic Acid in Arabidopsis Leaf Senescence. Plant Physiology, 128(3), 876-884. doi:10.1104/pp.010843Shan, X., Zhang, Y., Peng, W., Wang, Z., & Xie, D. (2009). Molecular mechanism for jasmonate-induction of anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis. Journal of Experimental Botany, 60(13), 3849-3860. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp223Yoshida, Y., Sano, R., Wada, T., Takabayashi, J., & Okada, K. (2009). Jasmonic acid control of GLABRA3 links inducible defense and trichome patterning in Arabidopsis. Development, 136(6), 1039-1048. doi:10.1242/dev.030585Borevitz, J. O., Xia, Y., Blount, J., Dixon, R. A., & Lamb, C. (2000). Activation Tagging Identifies a Conserved MYB Regulator of Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis. The Plant Cell, 12(12), 2383-2393. doi:10.1105/tpc.12.12.2383Berger, S., Bell, E., Sadka, A., & Mullet, J. E. (1995). Arabidopsis thaliana Atvsp is homologous to soybean VspA and VspB, genes encoding vegetative storage protein acid phosphatases, and is regulated similarly by methyl jasmonate, wounding, sugars, light and phosphate. Plant Molecular Biology, 27(5), 933-942. doi:10.1007/bf00037021Feng, S., Ma, L., Wang, X., Xie, D., Dinesh-Kumar, S. P., Wei, N., & Deng, X. W. (2003). The COP9 Signalosome Interacts Physically with SCFCOI1 and Modulates Jasmonate Responses. The Plant Cell, 15(5), 1083-1094. doi:10.1105/tpc.010207Nawrath C, Métraux JP, Genoud T (2005) Chemical signals in plant resistance: salicylic acid. . In: Tuzun S, Bent E, editors. Multigenic and Induced Systemic Resistance in Plants. Dordrecht, Netherlands.: Springer US. pp. pp. 143–165.Kunkel, B. N., & Brooks, D. M. (2002). Cross talk between signaling pathways in pathogen defense. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 5(4), 325-331. doi:10.1016/s1369-5266(02)00275-3Truman, W., Bennett, M. H., Kubigsteltig, I., Turnbull, C., & Grant, M. (2007). Arabidopsissystemic immunity uses conserved defense signaling pathways and is mediated by jasmonates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(3), 1075-1080. doi:10.1073/pnas.0605423104Canet, J. V., Dobón, A., Ibáñez, F., Perales, L., & Tornero, P. (2010). Resistance and biomass in Arabidopsis: a new model for Salicylic Acid perception. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 8(2), 126-141. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00468.xCasimiro, I., Marchant, A., Bhalerao, R. P., Beeckman, T., Dhooge, S., Swarup, R., … Bennett, M. (2001). Auxin Transport Promotes Arabidopsis Lateral Root Initiation. The Plant Cell, 13(4), 843-852. doi:10.1105/tpc.13.4.843Celenza, J. L., Grisafi, P. L., & Fink, G. R. (1995). A pathway for lateral root formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genes & Development, 9(17), 2131-2142. doi:10.1101/gad.9.17.2131Traw, M. B., & Bergelson, J. (2003). Interactive Effects of Jasmonic Acid, Salicylic Acid, and Gibberellin on Induction of Trichomes in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 133(3), 1367-1375. doi:10.1104/pp.103.027086Kloek, A. P., Verbsky, M. L., Sharma, S. B., Schoelz, J. E., Vogel, J., Klessig, D. F., & Kunkel, B. N. (2001). Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae conferred by an Arabidopsis thaliana coronatine-insensitive (coi1) mutation occurs through two distinct mechanisms. The Plant Journal, 26(5), 509-522. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01050.xXie, D. (1998). COI1: An Arabidopsis Gene Required for Jasmonate-Regulated Defense and Fertility. Science, 280(5366), 1091-1094. doi:10.1126/science.280.5366.1091Ellis, C., & Turner, J. (2002). A conditionally fertile coi1 allele indicates cross-talk between plant hormone signalling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds and young seedlings. Planta, 215(4), 549-556. doi:10.1007/s00425-002-0787-4Fernández-Arbaizar, A., Regalado, J. J., & Lorenzo, O. (2011). Isolation and Characterization of Novel Mutant Loci Suppressing the ABA Hypersensitivity of the Arabidopsis coronatine insensitive 1-16 (coi1-16) Mutant During Germination and Seedling Growth. Plant and Cell Physiology, 53(1), 53-63. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcr174He, Y., Chung, E.-H., Hubert, D. A., Tornero, P., & Dangl, J. L. (2012). Specific Missense Alleles of the Arabidopsis Jasmonic Acid Co-Receptor COI1 Regulate Innate Immune Receptor Accumulation and Function. PLoS Genetics, 8(10), e1003018. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003018Xu, L., Liu, F., Lechner, E., Genschik, P., Crosby, W. L., Ma, H., … Xie, D. (2002). The SCFCOI1 Ubiquitin-Ligase Complexes Are Required for Jasmonate Response in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 14(8), 1919-1935. doi:10.1105/tpc.003368Chini, A., Fonseca, S., Fernández, G., Adie, B., Chico, J. M., Lorenzo, O., … Solano, R. (2007). The JAZ family of repressors is the missing link in jasmonate signalling. Nature, 448(7154), 666-671. doi:10.1038/nature06006Grunewald, W., Vanholme, B., Pauwels, L., Plovie, E., Inzé, D., Gheysen, G., & Goossens, A. (2009). Expression of the Arabidopsis jasmonate signalling repressor JAZ1/TIFY10A is stimulated by auxin. EMBO reports, 10(8), 923-928. doi:10.1038/embor.2009.103Cao, H., Glazebrook, J., Clarke, J. D., Volko, S., & Dong, X. (1997). The Arabidopsis NPR1 Gene That Controls Systemic Acquired Resistance Encodes a Novel Protein Containing Ankyrin Repeats. Cell, 88(1), 57-63. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81858-9Century, K. S., Holub, E. B., & Staskawicz, B. J. (1995). NDR1, a locus of Arabidopsis thaliana that is required for disease resistance to both a bacterial and a fungal pathogen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 92(14), 6597-6601. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.14.6597Wildermuth, M. C., Dewdney, J., Wu, G., & Ausubel, F. M. (2001). Isochorismate synthase is required to synthesize salicylic acid for plant defence. Nature, 414(6863), 562-565. doi:10.1038/35107108Lu, M., Tang, X., & Zhou, J.-M. (2001). Arabidopsis NHO1 Is Required for General Resistance against Pseudomonas Bacteria. The Plant Cell, 13(2), 437-447. doi:10.1105/tpc.13.2.437Ritter, C., & Dangl, J. L. (1996). Interference between Two Specific Pathogen Recognition Events Mediated by Distinct Plant Disease Resistance Genes. The Plant Cell, 251-257. doi:10.1105/tpc.8.2.251Tornero, P., & Dangl, J. L. (2002). A high-throughput method for quantifying growth of phytopathogenic bacteria in Arabidopsis thaliana. The Plant Journal, 28(4), 475-481. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01136.xMacho, A. P., Guevara, C. M., Tornero, P., Ruiz-Albert, J., & Beuzón, C. R. (2010). The Pseudomonas syringae effector protein HopZ1a suppresses effector-triggered immunity. New Phytologist, 187(4), 1018-1033. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03381.xTon, J., & Mauch-Mani, B. (2004). β-amino-butyric acid-induced resistance against necrotrophic pathogens is based on ABA-dependent priming for callose. The Plant Journal, 38(1), 119-130. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02028.xCANET, J. V., DOBÓN, A., ROIG, A., & TORNERO, P. (2010). Structure-function analysis of npr1 alleles in Arabidopsis reveals a role for its paralogs in the perception of salicylic acid. Plant, Cell & Environment, 33(11), 1911-1922. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02194.xJohnson, C. M., Stout, P. R., Broyer, T. C., & Carlton, A. B. (1957). Comparative chlorine requirements of different plant species. Plant and Soil, 8(4), 337-353. doi:10.1007/bf01666323Dobón, A., Canet, J. V., Perales, L., & Tornero, P. (2011). Quantitative genetic analysis of salicylic acid perception in Arabidopsis. Planta, 234(4), 671-684. doi:10.1007/s00425-011-1436-6Mehrtens, F., Kranz, H., Bednarek, P., & Weisshaar, B. (2005). The Arabidopsis Transcription Factor MYB12 Is a Flavonol-Specific Regulator of Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis. Plant Physiology, 138(2), 1083-1096. doi:10.1104/pp.104.058032Konieczny, A., & Ausubel, F. M. (1993). A procedure for mapping Arabidopsis mutations using co-dominant ecotype-specific PCR-based markers. The Plant Journal, 4(2), 403-410. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1993.04020403.xBell, C. J., & Ecker, J. R. (1994). Assignment of 30 Microsatellite Loci to the Linkage Map of Arabidopsis. Genomics, 19(1), 137-144. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1023Swarbreck, D., Wilks, C., Lamesch, P., Berardini, T. Z., Garcia-Hernandez, M., Foerster, H., … Huala, E. (2007). The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR): gene structure and function annotation. Nucleic Acids Research, 36(Database), D1009-D1014. doi:10.1093/nar/gkm965Jürgens G, Mayer U, Torres Ruiz RA, Berleth T, Mísera S (1991) Genetic analysis of pattern formation in the Arabidopsis embryo. Development (Supplement 1) : 27–38.Huang, W. E., Wang, H., Zheng, H., Huang, L., Singer, A. C., Thompson, I., & Whiteley, A. S. (2005). Chromosomally located gene fusions constructed in Acinetobacter sp. ADP1 for the detection of salicylate. Environmental Microbiology, 7(9), 1339-1348. doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00821.xDeFraia, C. T., Schmelz, E. A., & Mou, Z. (2008). A rapid biosensor-based method for quantification of free and glucose-conjugated salicylic acid. Plant Methods, 4(1), 28. doi:10.1186/1746-4811-4-28Chenna, R. (2003). Multiple sequence alignment with the Clustal series of programs. Nucleic Acids Research, 31(13), 3497-3500. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg50

Natural Course and Classification of Idiopathic Scoliosis

Scoliosis is an elusive pathology in which a therapeutic decision must depend on an accurate prognostic stratification. It is defined as a three-dimensional deformity of the vertebral column which manifests itself in different forms, affecting the cervical, dorsal and lumbar regions. In more than 80% of scoliosis cases, a specific cause is actually not known (Idiopathic Scoliosis, IS)