91 research outputs found
Conception de machines à aimants permanents à haute densité de couple pour les éoliennes de forte puissance
Given the European guidelines, which consist into producing 20% of the energy from renewable sources, the governments are obliged to invest in new types of production systems. An energy market survey will show the part of renewable energy in the energy consumption. After the hydroelectric systems, the wind turbines are the most common systems using renewable sources. The current objectives have led to consider the installation of offshore wind turbine. The specific limitations led the market players to develop new systems with adapted generators: direct drive permanent magnet generator. Model of the permanent magnet machines is described. First a conventional machine topology is presented, then other solutions will be studied with the objective of increasing the torque density. One of them is the concentrated winding machines where the end winding overlapping is avoided. On the other hand, use multiphase system becomes very interesting in order to increase system reliability and work in fault tolerant modes. The strategy that was adopted for the design of the generator to fit the best the specification is also discussed as well as the results of the tests. At the end, the wind turbine equipped with this alternator, has a power density at least 15% higher than the 2013âs available solutions.Les directives europĂ©ennes visant Ă produire 20% de lâĂ©nergie Ă base de sources renouvelables imposent aux gouvernements dâinvestir dans de nouveaux moyens de production. Un bilan du marchĂ© de lâĂ©nergie sera rĂ©alisĂ© et permettra de montrer la part des Ă©nergies renouvelables dans la consommation dâĂ©nergie. AprĂšs les moyens de conversion de lâĂ©nergie hydraulique, les Ă©oliennes sont les systĂšmes, utilisant une source renouvelable, les plus rencontrĂ©es. Les objectifs fixĂ©s ont conduit Ă sâintĂ©resser Ă lâinstallation dâĂ©oliennes en mer. Les contraintes spĂ©cifiques rencontrĂ©es ont poussĂ© les acteurs du marchĂ© Ă dĂ©velopper de nouveaux systĂšmes et donc des alternateurs adaptĂ©s : utilisation des aimants permanents et de lâattaque directe. La modĂ©lisation des machines Ă aimants permanents est dĂ©crite. Une topologie classique est dâabord prĂ©sentĂ©e. Dâautres solutions seront ensuite Ă©tudiĂ©es dans le but dâaugmenter les densitĂ©s de couple. Lâune dâelles est la machine Ă bobinage Ă pas fractionnaire qui permet dâĂ©viter les enchevĂȘtrements des tĂȘtes de bobines. Dâautre part, lâutilisation de systĂšmes polyphasĂ©s, permettant dâaugmenter la disponibilitĂ© des systĂšmes en autorisant des fonctionnements en modes dĂ©gradĂ©s, est un moyen intĂ©ressant afin dâĂȘtre en prĂ©sence de systĂšmes plus fiables. La dĂ©marche, qui a permis dâeffectuer le choix du dimensionnement de la gĂ©nĂ©ratrice pour rĂ©pondre au mieux Ă lâappel dâoffre dâun client, est prĂ©sentĂ©e ainsi que les rĂ©sultats des essais rĂ©alisĂ©s sur les prototypes. Au final, lâĂ©olienne qui est Ă©quipĂ©e de cet alternateur a une puissance massique qui est au moins 15% plus importante que les solutions disponibles en 2013 sur le marchĂ©
The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D.
The historical sources of large and moderate earthquakes, earthquake catalogues and monographs exist in many
depositories in Syria and European centers. They have been studied, and the detailed review and analysis resulted
in a catalogue with 181 historical earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D. Numerous original documents
in Arabic, Latin, Byzantine and Assyrian allowed us to identify seismic events not mentioned in previous works.
In particular, detailed descriptions of damage in Arabic sources provided quantitative information necessary to
re-evaluate past seismic events. These large earthquakes (I0>VIII) caused considerable damage in cities, towns
and villages located along the northern section of the Dead Sea fault system. Fewer large events also occurred
along the Palmyra, Ar-Rassafeh and the Euphrates faults in Eastern Syria. Descriptions in original sources document
foreshocks, aftershocks, fault ruptures, liquefaction, landslides, tsunamis, fires and other damages. We
present here an updated historical catalogue of 181 historical earthquakes distributed in 4 categories regarding
the originality and other considerations, we also present a table of the parametric catalogue of 36 historical earthquakes
(table I) and a table of the complete list of all historical earthquakes (181 events) with the affected locality
names and parameters of information quality and completeness (table II) using methods already applied
in other regions (Italy, England, Iran, Russia) with a completeness test using EMS-92. This test suggests that the
catalogue is relatively complete for magnitudes >6.5. This catalogue may contribute to a comprehensive and
unified parametric earthquake catalogue and to a realistic assessment of seismic hazards in Syria and surrounding
regions
Tectonic events, continental intraplate volcanism, and mantle plume activity in northern Arabia: constraints form geochemistry and Ar-Ar dating of Syrian lavas
New (40)Ar/(39)Ar ages combined with chemical and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope data for volcanic rocks from Syria along with published data of Syrian and Arabian lavas constrain the spatiotemporal evolution of volcanism, melting regime, and magmatic sources contributing to the volcanic activity in northern Arabia. Several volcanic phases occurred in different parts of Syria in the last 20 Ma that partly correlate with different tectonic events like displacements along the Dead Sea Fault system or slab break-off beneath the Bitlis suture zone, although the large volume of magmas and their composition suggest that hot mantle material caused volcanism. Low Ce/Pb (<20), Nb/Th (<10), and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope variations of Syrian lavas indicate the role of crustal contamination in magma genesis, and contamination of magmas with up to 30% of continental crustal material can explain their (87)Sr/(86)Sr. Fractionation-corrected major element compositions and REE ratios of uncontaminated lavas suggest a pressure-controlled melting regime in western Arabia that varies from shallow and high-degree melt formation in the south to increasingly deeper regions and lower extents of the beginning melting process northward. Temperature estimates of calculated primary, crustally uncontaminated Arabian lavas indicate their formation at elevated mantle temperatures (T(excess) similar to 100-200 degrees C) being characteristic for their generation in a plume mantle region. The Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope systematic of crustally uncontaminated Syrian lavas reveal a sublithospheric and a mantle plume source involvement in their formation, whereas a (hydrous) lithospheric origin of lavas can be excluded on the basis of negative correlations between Ba/La and K/La. The characteristically high (206)Pb/(204)Pb (similar to 19.5) of the mantle plume source can be explained by material entrainment associated with the Afar mantle plume. The Syrian volcanic rocks are generally younger than lavas from the southern Afro-Arabian region, indicating a northward progression of the commencing volcanism since the arrival of the Afar mantle plume beneath Ethiopia/Djibouti some 30 Ma ago. The distribution of crustally uncontaminated high (206)Pb/(204)Pb lavas in Arabia indicates a spatial influence of the Afar plume of similar to 2600 km in northward direction with an estimated flow velocity of plume material on the order of 22 cm/a
Design of high torque density permanent magnet machine for high power wind turbine
Les directives europĂ©ennes visant Ă produire 20% de lâĂ©nergie Ă base de sources renouvelables imposent aux gouvernements dâinvestir dans de nouveaux moyens de production. Un bilan du marchĂ© de lâĂ©nergie sera rĂ©alisĂ© et permettra de montrer la part des Ă©nergies renouvelables dans la consommation dâĂ©nergie. AprĂšs les moyens de conversion de lâĂ©nergie hydraulique, les Ă©oliennes sont les systĂšmes, utilisant une source renouvelable, les plus rencontrĂ©es. Les objectifs fixĂ©s ont conduit Ă sâintĂ©resser Ă lâinstallation dâĂ©oliennes en mer. Les contraintes spĂ©cifiques rencontrĂ©es ont poussĂ© les acteurs du marchĂ© Ă dĂ©velopper de nouveaux systĂšmes et donc des alternateurs adaptĂ©s : utilisation des aimants permanents et de lâattaque directe. La modĂ©lisation des machines Ă aimants permanents est dĂ©crite. Une topologie classique est dâabord prĂ©sentĂ©e. Dâautres solutions seront ensuite Ă©tudiĂ©es dans le but dâaugmenter les densitĂ©s de couple. Lâune dâelles est la machine Ă bobinage Ă pas fractionnaire qui permet dâĂ©viter les enchevĂȘtrements des tĂȘtes de bobines. Dâautre part, lâutilisation de systĂšmes polyphasĂ©s, permettant dâaugmenter la disponibilitĂ© des systĂšmes en autorisant des fonctionnements en modes dĂ©gradĂ©s, est un moyen intĂ©ressant afin dâĂȘtre en prĂ©sence de systĂšmes plus fiables. La dĂ©marche, qui a permis dâeffectuer le choix du dimensionnement de la gĂ©nĂ©ratrice pour rĂ©pondre au mieux Ă lâappel dâoffre dâun client, est prĂ©sentĂ©e ainsi que les rĂ©sultats des essais rĂ©alisĂ©s sur les prototypes. Au final, lâĂ©olienne qui est Ă©quipĂ©e de cet alternateur a une puissance massique qui est au moins 15% plus importante que les solutions disponibles en 2013 sur le marchĂ©.Given the European guidelines, which consist into producing 20% of the energy from renewable sources, the governments are obliged to invest in new types of production systems. An energy market survey will show the part of renewable energy in the energy consumption. After the hydroelectric systems, the wind turbines are the most common systems using renewable sources. The current objectives have led to consider the installation of offshore wind turbine. The specific limitations led the market players to develop new systems with adapted generators: direct drive permanent magnet generator. Model of the permanent magnet machines is described. First a conventional machine topology is presented, then other solutions will be studied with the objective of increasing the torque density. One of them is the concentrated winding machines where the end winding overlapping is avoided. On the other hand, use multiphase system becomes very interesting in order to increase system reliability and work in fault tolerant modes. The strategy that was adopted for the design of the generator to fit the best the specification is also discussed as well as the results of the tests. At the end, the wind turbine equipped with this alternator, has a power density at least 15% higher than the 2013âs available solutions
La limite BĂ©rriasien-Valanginien sur la plate-forme jurassienne
Mouty Mikhail. La limite Bérriasien-Valanginien sur la plate-forme jurassienne. In: Documents des Laboratoires de Géologie, Lyon, n°156, 2002. STRATI 2002. 3Úme congrÚs français de stratigraphie. Lyon, 8-10 juillet 2002. p. 173
Le Trias de Syrie. Corrélations avec les pays avoisinants
Mouty Mikhail. Le Trias de Syrie. Corrélations avec les pays avoisinants. In: Documents des Laboratoires de Géologie, Lyon, n°156, 2002. STRATI 2002. 3Úme congrÚs français de stratigraphie. Lyon, 8-10 juillet 2002. p. 174
Archiacia ramitaensis nov. sp., un nouvel Ă©chinide Archiaciidae du CĂ©nomanien de Syrie
International audienceA new species of Archiaciidae, A. ramitaensis nov. sp., has been discovered in the late Cenomanian deposits of Syria. The species is described and compared to other Archiacia species previously known. The palaeobiogeographical distribution of archiaciids and their palaeoecological affinities are discussed.Une nouvelle espĂšce dâArchiaciidae, A. ramitaensis nov. sp., a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©couverte dans le CĂ©nomanien supĂ©rieur de Syrie. Elle est dĂ©crite et comparĂ©e aux autres espĂšces dâArchiacia dĂ©jĂ connues. La distribution palĂ©obiogĂ©ographique des Archiaciidae et leurs affinitĂ©s palĂ©oĂ©cologiques sont discutĂ©es
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