Biocolonialismo

La innovación tecnológica no siempre crea de riqueza, también puede ser un medio para la apropiación de riqueza ajena, si llega acompañada del régimen jurídico indicado. El complejo régimen de propiedad intelectual hoy vigente –resultado de la intersección entre el derecho interno de países clave, como Estados Unidos, y los acuerdos internacionales sobre los derechos de propiedad intelectual (en específico, el Acuerdo de la Organización Mundial del Comercio sobre los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio, en adelante AADPIC)–, produce un marco regulatorio en el que las economías desarrolladas gozan de la posibilidad de apropiarse legalmente de los recursos naturales de países biodiversos y culturalmente diversos, pero tecnológicamente pobres. El régimen jurídico de la propiedad intelectual regula la tecnología partiendo de prejuicios profundamente arraigados: el conocimiento tradicional y la innovación low-tech (como el desarrollo de nuevas variedades de comida o la identificación de nuevas fuentes de medicamento a través de la medicina tradicional o de crianza selectiva) son invisibilizados, mientras que las aplicaciones high-tech que no necesariamente crean o innovan son sobrevaloradas. Aplicado a la biodiversidad y biotecnología, especialmente al área de la genética, este régimen entorpece la innovación –o, al menos, le hace la vida más difícil a algunos de los “innovadores” más importantes. Esto se contrapone con la justificación tradicional de la existencia los derechos de propiedad intelectual: que fomentan la innovación

E-cadherin expression is associated with somatostatin analogue response in acromegaly

Acromegaly is a rare disease resulting from hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) and insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1) typically caused by pituitary adenomas, which is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Somatostatin analogues (SSAs) represent the primary medical therapy for acromegaly and are currently used as first‐line treatment or as second‐line therapy after unsuccessful pituitary surgery. However, a considerable proportion of patients do not adequately respond to SSAs treatment, and therefore, there is an urgent need to identify biomarkers predictors of response to SSAs. The aim of this study was to examine E‐cadherin expression by immunohistochemistry in fifty‐five GH‐producing pituitary tumours and determine the potential association with response to SSAs as well as other clinical and histopathological features. Acromegaly patients with tumours expressing low E‐cadherin levels exhibit a worse response to SSAs. E‐cadherin levels are associated with GH‐producing tumour histological subtypes. Our results indicate that the immunohistochemical detection of E‐cadherin might be useful in categorizing acromegaly patients based on the response to SSAs.ISCIII‐Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación PI13/02043 PI16/00175FEDER PI13/02043 PI16/00175Junta de Andalucía A‐0023‐2015 A‐0003‐2016 CTS‐1406 BIO‐0139Andalusian Ministry of Health C‐0015‐2014CIBERobn PI13/ 02043 PI16/0017

METODOLOGÍA PARA EVALUAR CADENAS DE VALOR, CASO DE ESTUDIO ANTIBIÓTICOS BETALACTÁMICOS

The idea of value chain is a systemic approach that has evolved upward, its application in the highly globalized Pharmaceutical Industry has allowed its reorganization at the international level. The target of the paper was to apply a methodology that would allow evaluating the value chain of beta-lactam antibiotics. For its development, different methodologies used in various sectors were analyzed, and its state of the art in the generic drugs sector was evaluated. When carrying out the analysis of the value chain of this family of antibiotics, its disarticulation was identified as not all the actors in the links of the chain were involved; the need to innovate differently was demonstrated through developing organizational and process innovations while still taking into account the latent risk of antimicrobial resistance.El concepto de cadena de valor es un enfoque sistémico que ha evolucionado de manera ascendente y su aplicación en la Industria Farmacéutica altamente globalizada ha permitido su reorganización a nivel internacional. El artículo tuvo como objetivo aplicar una metodología que permitiera evaluar la cadena de valor de los antibióticos betalactámicos. Para el desarrollo del mismo fueron analizadas diferentes metodologías de varios sectores y fue evaluado su estado del arte en el sector de los medicamentos genéricos. Al efectuar el análisis de la cadena de valor de esta familia de antibióticos, se identificó su desarticulación al no estar involucrados todos los actores en los eslabones de la cadena; se demostró la necesidad de innovar de manera diferente a través de desarrollar innovaciones organizacionales y de proceso sin dejar de tener en cuenta el riesgo latente de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos

PROPUESTA DE UN PLAN ESTRATÉGICO PARA ARTICULAR LA CADENA DE VALOR DE LOS MEDICAMENTOS ANTIBIÓTICOS

Strategic foresight is a discipline that allows us to explore the evolutions of organizations, sectors, through visualizing the future. In the current context, in which the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the economy of countries rethink all the processes would be a strategy to follow, because the high degree of uncertainty in which the world finds itself does not allow another way forward, so prospective plays a leading role in this reality. The objective of the work was to design a sustainable strategy projected from a prospective approach to the value chain of antibiotic drugs, supported by scientific and economic arguments. When applying the prospective, the key variables were identified, an analysis of the role of each of the actors involved in the chain was carried out and the different scenarios were built, based on an active participation method.La prospectiva estratégica es una disciplina que permite explorar las evoluciones de organismos, sectores, a través de visualizar el futuro. En el contexto actual en el que la pandemia COVID-19 ha impactado significativamente en la economía de todos los países, repensar todos los procesos sería una estrategia a seguir, debido a que el alto grado de incertidumbre en el que se encuentra el mundo no permite otra opción a seguir, por lo que la prospectiva juega un rol protagónico ante esta realidad. El trabajo tuvo como objetivo el diseño de una estrategia sostenible proyectada desde un enfoque prospectivo, de la cadena de valor de los medicamentos antibióticos, sustentada en argumentos científicos y económicos. Al aplicar la prospectiva se identificaron las variables claves, se efectúo un análisis del rol de cada uno de los actores que intervienen en la cadena y fueron construidos los diferentes escenarios a partir de un método de participación activa

Search for new particles in events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A search is presented for new particles produced at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV, using events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 101 fb(-1), collected in 2017-2018 with the CMS detector. Machine learning techniques are used to define separate categories for events with narrow jets from initial-state radiation and events with large-radius jets consistent with a hadronic decay of a W or Z boson. A statistical combination is made with an earlier search based on a data sample of 36 fb(-1), collected in 2016. No significant excess of events is observed with respect to the standard model background expectation determined from control samples in data. The results are interpreted in terms of limits on the branching fraction of an invisible decay of the Higgs boson, as well as constraints on simplified models of dark matter, on first-generation scalar leptoquarks decaying to quarks and neutrinos, and on models with large extra dimensions. Several of the new limits, specifically for spin-1 dark matter mediators, pseudoscalar mediators, colored mediators, and leptoquarks, are the most restrictive to date.Peer reviewe

Combined searches for the production of supersymmetric top quark partners in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A combination of searches for top squark pair production using proton-proton collision data at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the CERN LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb(-1) collected by the CMS experiment, is presented. Signatures with at least 2 jets and large missing transverse momentum are categorized into events with 0, 1, or 2 leptons. New results for regions of parameter space where the kinematical properties of top squark pair production and top quark pair production are very similar are presented. Depending on themodel, the combined result excludes a top squarkmass up to 1325 GeV for amassless neutralino, and a neutralinomass up to 700 GeV for a top squarkmass of 1150 GeV. Top squarks with masses from 145 to 295 GeV, for neutralino masses from 0 to 100 GeV, with a mass difference between the top squark and the neutralino in a window of 30 GeV around the mass of the top quark, are excluded for the first time with CMS data. The results of theses searches are also interpreted in an alternative signal model of dark matter production via a spin-0 mediator in association with a top quark pair. Upper limits are set on the cross section for mediator particle masses of up to 420 GeV