Isospin transport in 84Kr + 112,124Sn collisions at Fermi energies

Isotopically resolved fragments with Z<=20 have been studied with high resolution telescopes in a test run for the FAZIA collaboration. The fragments were produced by the collision of a 84Kr beam at 35 MeV/nucleon with a n-rich (124Sn) and a n-poor (112Sn) target. The fragments, detected close to the grazing angle, are mainly emitted from the phase-space region of the projectile. The fragment isotopic content clearly depends on the n-richness of the target and it is a direct evidence of isospin diffusion between projectile and target. The observed enhanced neutron richness of light fragments emitted from the phase-space region close to the center of mass of the system can be interpreted as an effect of isospin drift in the diluted neck region.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figure

Multifragmentation of a very heavy nuclear system (I): Selection of single-source events

A sample of `single-source' events, compatible with the multifragmentation of very heavy fused systems, are isolated among well-measured 155Gd+natU 36AMeV reactions by examining the evolution of the kinematics of fragments with Z>=5 as a function of the dissipated energy and loss of memory of the entrance channel. Single-source events are found to be the result of very central collisions. Such central collisions may also lead to multiple fragment emission due to the decay of excited projectile- and target-like nuclei and so-called `neck' emission, and for this reason the isolation of single-source events is very difficult. Event-selection criteria based on centrality of collisions, or on the isotropy of the emitted fragments in each event, are found to be inefficient to separate the two mechanisms, unless they take into account the redistribution of fragments' kinetic energies into directions perpendicular to the beam axis. The selected events are good candidates to look for bulk effects in the multifragmentation process.Comment: 39 pages including 15 figures; submitted to Nucl. Phys.

ASPEK SOSIAL BUDAYA DALAM NOVEL MENAK JINGGO SEKAR KEDATON KARYA LANGIT KRESNA HARIADI (Kajian Sosiologi Sastra, Nilai Pendidikan Karakter, dan Relevansinya dengan Pembelajaran Sastra di SMA)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mendeskripsikan dan menjelaskan aspek sosial budaya masyarakat Kerajaan Majapahit yang terungkap dalam novel Menak Jinggo Sekar Kedaton karya LKH., (2) mendeskripsikan dan menjelaskan tanggapan pembaca di daerah Banyuwangi dan Surakarta terhadap novel Menak Jinggo Sekar Kedaton Karya LKH, (3) mendeskripsikan dan menjelaskan nilai-nilai pendidikan karakter yang terdapat dalam novel Menak Jinggo Sekar Kedaton Karya LKH, dan (4) mendeskripsikan dan menjelaskan relevansi novel Menak Jinggo Sekar Kedaton Karya LKH dengan Pembelajaran Sastra di SMA. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan metode content analysis (analisis isi). Kegiatan yang dilakukan adalah membaca, mencermati, menafsirkan, dan menganalisis novel Menak Jinggo Sekar Kedaton karya LKH. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah: (1) teks, novel Menak Jinggo Sekar Kedaton karya LKH; (2) catatan lapangan hasil wawancara yang terdiri atas dua bagian, yaitu bagian deskripsi dan bagian refleksi; (3) tanggapan pembaca terhadap novel Menak Jinggo Sekar Kedaton karya LKH dan (4) buku-buku literatur yang relevan. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan analisis dokumen dan wawancara secara mendalam. Trianggulasi dilakukan dengan trianggulasi sumber, metode, dan teori dengan pengecekan data dokumen dan hasil wawancara untuk mendapatkan simpulan yang sama. Data tersebut diperoleh dengan mengkaji novel Menak Jinggo Sekar Kedaton karya LKH melalui analisis isi, yaitu melakukan penafsiran terhadap teks untuk dipahami isinya. Teknik cuplikan yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling, sampel mewakili informasinya. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis model interaktif yang meliputi tiga komponen yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data, dan simpulan. Hasil penelitan dapat disimpulkan bahwa (1) aspek sosial budaya masyarakat Majapahit yang terungkap dalam novel meliputi: a) sistem religi, yakni kepercayaan agama Hindu dan Budha. Sistem nilai dan pandangan hidup, yakni berani mengucap sumpah, Hamukti Palapa. Upacara keagamaan yang terungkap yaitu Abiseka, Srada, Upacara Pitra Yadnya (Ngaben), Upacara keagamaan Pahargyan; b) sistem kemasyarakatan, terdiri dari sistem kekerabatan, assosiasi dan pekumpulan masyarakat, dan sistem kenegaraan; c) sistem pengetahuan terdiri dari pengetahuan musim, flora dan fauna, waktu, ruang, dan bilangan, dan perilaku antar sesama manusia; d) sistem bahasa, yaitu bahasa lisan dan bahasa tulisan Jawa Kuno; e) sistem kesenian yaitu lukis dan gambar, tata rias, bagunan, seni musik, dan kesusastraan; f) sistem mata pencaharian meliputi: bercocok tanam atau bertani, pegawai atau petugas pemerintah, nelayan atau perikanan; g) sistem peralatan hidup meliputi: alat transportasi, peralatan komunikasi, bentuk peralatan konsumsi dalam bentuk wadah, pakaian dan perhiasan, tempat berlindung dan perumahan, dan senjata; (2) tanggapan pembaca di daerah Banyuwangi dan Surakarta memberikan kontribusi yang positif dan menambah wawasan; (3) nilai pendidikan karakter yang terungkap yaitu 11 nilai; dan (4) memiliki relevansi terhadap pembelajaran sastra di SM

Malignant islet-cell tumors of the pancreas

Although malignant islet-cell tumors are uncommon, they are an important group of pancreatic neoplasms because appropriate treatment can often result in effective palliation even though cure is infrequent. In general, these tumors are relatively slow growing so that a combination of surgical and chemotherapeutic measures may prove very beneficial. In some patients with tumors hypersecreting insulin, gastrin, glucagon, or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), the hormonal effects of the neoplasm can be life-threatening. Surgical treatment must, therefore, consider both the functional and malignant characteristics of the individual tumor. In many patients with functional tumors, surgical debulking of the primary tumor may be indicated even when a curative resection cannot be accomplished. Some malignancies may be cured by an appropriate pancreatic resection even when peripancreatic lymph nodes are already involved. Although a Whipple procedure is not indicated when hepatic metastases are present, this procedure may cure tumors localized to the pancreatic head and/or peripancreatic lymph nodes. Because hepatic metastases are usually multiple and involve both lobes, liver resections, other than wedge excisions of peripherally located functional metastases, are not indicated. Malignant nonfunctioning islet-cell tumors are probably best treated with systemic or regional chemotherapy when metastatic. Surgical resections or bypass procedures may be infrequently useful in those cases in which the primary tumor causes either duodenal or bile duct obstruction. The most effective methods used to control hepatic metastases are systemic and hepatic arterial chemotherapy. An alternative is selective hepatic artery embolization. Recently, an implantable hepatic arterial infusion pump has been used with encouraging results in this group of patients. The chemotherapeutic agents that have been most effective in the treatment of hepatic metastases include streptozotocin, DTIC, and fluorouracil . Les tumeurs insulaires malignes sont rares mais elles présentent un grand intérêt car si le traitement entraîne exceptionnellement leur guérison il assure une survie des malades qui en sont porteurs. Ce sont en effet des tumeurs malignes à développement lent, sensibles à l'action de l'association de la chimiothérapie et de la chirurgie. Chez certains sujets les tumeurs secrétant de l'insuline, de la gastrine, du glucagon, du V.I.P. peuvent mettre en jeu la vie du malade sous l'effet de l'hypersecrétion hormonale. Le traitement chirurgical dépend de ce fait, des caractères fonctionnels et du degré de malignité de chaque type de tumeur. En présence de lésions hypersecrétantes l'exérèse de la tumeur primitive doit être envisagée alors même que la possibilité d'obtenir une guérison définitive ne peut être escomptée. Il est aussi à noter que certaines lésions malignes ont été traitées avec succès alors que les ganglions lymphatiques correspondants étaient déjà envahis. Si l'opération est contre-indiquée en présence de métastases hépatiques la duodénopancréatectomie céphalique s'applique aux tumeurs insulaires céphaliques qu'elles s'accompagnent ou non d'un envahissement des ganglions juxta-pancréatiques. Du fait que les métastases hépatiques sont souvent multiples et qu'elles intéressent les deux lobes l'action sur le foie se limite à l'éxérèse des métastases accessibles à la résection hépatique segmentaire. Les tumeurs insulaires malignes qui ne sont pas hypersecrétantes relèvent de la chimiothérapie par voie générale ou de la chimiothérapie régionale dès lors qu'elles s'accompagnent de métastases. C'est seulement lorsque ces lésions entraînent une obstruction de la voie biliaire principale ou du duodénum que la résection ou les anastomoses de dérivation sont indiquées. La chimiothérapie par voie générale ou par la voie de l'artère hépatique ou encore l'embolisation de cette dernière représentent les meilleures méthodes de traitement des métastases hépatiques. L'emploi récent de pompes à infusion de l'artère hépatique a donné des résultats intéressants chez ces malades. Les agents chimiques les plus efficaces sont la streptozotocine, le DTIC et le Fluorouracil. Aunque los tumores malignos de células insulares del páncreas son raros, éstos constituyen un grupo importante entre las neoplasias pancreáticas por cuanto el tratamiento apropiado con frecuencia resulta en una paliación efectiva a pesar de que la curación sea poco frecuente. En general estos tumores son de crecimiento lento y la combinación de la cirugía con quimioterapia puede llegar a ser beneficiosa. En algunos pacientes con tumores que hipersecretan insulina, gastrina, glucagón o VIP (polipéptido vasoactivo intestinal), los efectos hormonales del neoplasma pueden poner en peligro la vida. Por ello el tratamiento quirúrgico debe considerar tanto las caracteristicas funcionales como las de malignidad de cada tumor en particular. En muchos pacientes con neoplasmas funcionantes, el debultamiento quirúrgico del tumor primario puede estar indicado cuando la resección curativa no es realizable. Algunas neoplasias malignas pueden ser curadas mediante una resección pancreática adecuada a pesar de que los ganglios linfáticos peripancreáticos ya se hallen afectados. Aún cuando el procedimiento de Whipple no esta indicado en presencia de metástasis hepáticas, esta operación puede curar tumores localizados en la cabeza del páncreas y/o en los ganglios linfáticos peripancreáticos. Debido a que las metástasis hepáticas generalmente son múlitples y afectan a ambos lóbulos, las resecciones hepáticas, diferentes de las resecciones en cuña para lesiones funcionantes localizadas en la periferie del higado no están indicadas. Los tumores malignos no funcionantes de células insulares probablemente deben ser tratadas con quimioterapia sistémica o regional cuando se encuentren en fase metastásica. Las resecciones quirúrgicas o los procedimientos derivativos infrecuentemente son de utilidad en aquellos casos en los cuales el tumor primario causa obstrucción duodenal o del conducto biliar. Los métodos de mayor efectividad en el control de las metéstasis hepáticas son los de quimioterapia sistémica y arterial hepática. Una alternativa es la embolización selectiva de la arteria hepática. Recientemente ha venido a ser utilizada una bomba implantable de infusión arterial heptica con resultados halagadores en este grupo de pacientes. Los agentes quimioterapéuticos que han probado ser de mayor efectividad en el tratamiento de las metástasis hepáticas incluyen la estreptozotocina, la dimetiltrizenoimidazol carboxamida (DTIC) y el Fluorouracilo.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/41316/1/268_2005_Article_BF01656036.pd

Effects of irradiation of energetic heavy ions on digital pulse shape analysis with silicon detectors

International audienceDetected energy, charge rise-time and pulse shape identfication capabilities of nTD silicon detectors under prolonged irradiation by energetic heavy ions have been studied. Sizeable effects on the amplitude and the risetime of the charge signal have been found for detectors irradiated with large fluences of stopped heavy ions, while much weaker effects were observed for punchingthrough ions. The robustness of ion identification based on digital pulse shape techniques has been evaluated

Isospin transport and reaction mechanism in nuclear reactions in the range 20–40 MeV/n

International audienceIn recent years, many efforts have been devoted to the investigation of the isospin degree of freedom in nuclear reactions. Comparing systems involving partners with different N/Z, it has been possible to investigate the isospin transport process and its influence on the final products population. This can be then related to the symmetry energy term of the nuclear EOS. From the experimental point of view, this task requires detectors able to measure both charge and mass of the emitted products, in the widest possible range of energy and size of the fragments. With this objective, the FAZIA and GARFIELD+RCo apparatus have been used with success in some recent experiments

Effects of irradiation of energetic heavy ions on digital pulse shape analysis with silicon detectors

International audienceDetected energy, charge rise-time and pulse shape identfication capabilities of nTD silicon detectors under prolonged irradiation by energetic heavy ions have been studied. Sizeable effects on the amplitude and the risetime of the charge signal have been found for detectors irradiated with large fluences of stopped heavy ions, while much weaker effects were observed for punchingthrough ions. The robustness of ion identification based on digital pulse shape techniques has been evaluated

Isospin transport in 84Kr + 112;124 Sn collisions at Fermi energies with the FAZIA detector

International audienceIsotopically resolved fragments up to Z 20 have been studied in a test experiment by the FAZIA Collaboration with a three-stage telescope. The reactions 84Kr+112Sn (n-poor) and 84Kr+124Sn (n-rich) at 35 MeV/nucleon were measured. The telescope was located near the grazing angle, so the detected fragments are mainly emitted from the phase-space region of the projectile. In the following, evidences for isospin diffusion and drift will be discussed