226 research outputs found
Compact Claude cycle refrigerator for laboratory use
A Claude cycle refrigerator with a three stage reciprocating expansion engine is described. Instead of a cam mechanism, valves are driven directly by magnetic solenoids operated by means of a micro processor control system. A swash plate mechanism is used to convert reciprocating motion of the expander pistons to rotary motion. A refrigeration capacity of 8 watts was achieved at 4.5 K with the operating pressure of 1.1 MPa and flow rate of 2.4 g/sec.. An effect of overintake operation was studied. Experimental results show that the efficiency of the expander has a peak point in the region of overintake operation with constant cycle speed, which agrees with theoretical results. The electrically controlled valve system is useful to vary the valve timing to achieve an optimum condition of operation
Ultrahigh field electron cyclotron resonance absorption in InMnAs films
We have carried out an ultrahigh field cyclotron resonance study of -type
InMnAs films, with Mn composition ranging from 0 to 12%, grown
on GaAs by low temperature molecular beam epitaxy. We observe that the electron
cyclotron resonance peak shifts to lower field with increasing . A detailed
comparison of experimental results with calculations based on a modified
Pidgeon-Brown model allows us to estimate the {\em s-d} and {\em p-d} exchange
coupling constants, and , for this important III-V dilute
magnetic semiconductor system.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Effect of the partial NaCl substitution by other chloride salts on the volatile profile during the ripening of dry-cured lacón
The influence of three salting treatments (treatment II: 50% NaCl-50% KCl; III: 45% NaCl-25% KCl-20% CaCl2-10% MgCl2; IV: 30% NaCl-50% KCl-15% CaCl2-5% MgCl2) on the formation of volatile compounds throughout the process was studied and compared to those of a control "lacón" (treatment I: 100% NaCl). There was an intense formation of volatile compounds throughout the processing, particularly during the dry-ripening stage. The most abundant chemical family in all the formulations, in the final product was hydrocarbons followed by aldehydes. The total volatile compound release was more intense in the control "lacóns" (1164 AU_106·g-1dry matter) than in "lacóns" from formulations II, III and IV (817-891 AUx106·g-1dry matter). The "lacóns" from formulation I showed the highest amounts of aldehydes. The "lacóns" from formulations I and II presented the highest amounts of hydrocarbons. The main conclusion is that the replacement of NaCl produces changes in the volatile profile and could be affect the aroma of "lacón".Se estudió la influencia de tres tratamientos de salado (tratamiento II: 50 % NaCl-50 % KCl; III: 45 % NaCl-25 % KCl-20 % CaCl2-10 % MgCl2; IV: 30 % NaCl-50 % KCl-15 % CaCl2-5 % MgCl2) en la formación de compuestos volátiles durante la elaboración de lacón, en comparación con un control (tratamiento I: 100 % NaCl). Hubo una intensa formación de compuestos volátiles durante el procesado, principalmente durante la fase de secado-maduración. La familia química más abundante en el producto final fueron los hidrocarbonos, seguidos por los aldehídos. La liberación de volátiles fue más intensa en los lacones control (1164 AU_106·g-1 materia seca) que en los otros lacones (817-891 AUx106· g-1 materia seca). Los lacones de la formulación I mostraron las mayores cantidades de aldehídos, y los lacones de las formulaciones I y II presentaron los mayores contenidos de hidrocarburos. La principal conclusión es que el reemplazo de NaCl produce cambios en los compuestos volátiles y por lo tanto podrían afectar al aroma del lacón
Theory of Magnetic Anisotropy in III_{1-x}Mn_{x}V Ferromagnets
We present a theory of magnetic anisotropy in diluted magnetic semiconductors with carrier-induced
ferromagnetism. The theory is based on four and six band envelope functions
models for the valence band holes and a mean-field treatment of their exchange
interactions with ions. We find that easy-axis reorientations
can occur as a function of temperature, carrier density , and strain. The
magnetic anisotropy in strain-free samples is predicted to have a
hole-density dependence at small , a dependence at large , and
remarkably large values at intermediate densities. An explicit expression,
valid at small , is given for the uniaxial contribution to the magnetic
anisotropy due to unrelaxed epitaxial growth lattice-matching strains. Results
of our numerical simulations are in agreement with magnetic anisotropy
measurements on samples with both compressive and tensile strains. We predict
that decreasing the hole density in current samples will lower the
ferromagnetic transition temperature, but will increase the magnetic anisotropy
energy and the coercivity.Comment: 15 pages, 15 figure
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Encapsulation of Bioactive Phytochemicals in Plant-Based Matrices and Application as Additives in Meat and Meat Products
The development of plant-based functional food ingredients has become a major focus of the modern food industry as a response to changes in consumer attitudes. In particular, many consumers are switching to a plant-based diet because of their concerns about animal-derived foods on the environment, human health, and animal welfare. There has therefore been great interest in identifying, isolating, and characterizing functional ingredients from botanical sources, especially waste streams from food and agricultural production. However, many of these functional ingredients cannot simply be incorporated into foods because of their poor solubility, stability, or activity characteristics. In this article, we begin by reviewing conventional and emerging methods of extracting plant-based bioactive agents from natural resources including ultrasound-, microwave-, pulsed electric field- and supercritical fluid-based methods. We then provide a brief overview of different methods to characterize these plant-derived ingredients, including conventional, chromatographic, spectroscopic, and mass spectrometry methods. Finally, we discuss the design of plant-based delivery systems to encapsulate, protect, and deliver these functional ingredients, including micelles, liposomes, emulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, and microgels. The potential benefits of these plant-based delivery systems are highlighted by discussing their use for incorporating functional ingredients into traditional meat products. However, the same technologies could also be employed to introduce functional ingredients into plant-based meat analogs
Red Beetroot. A Potential Source of Natural Additives for the Meat Industry
Currently, the food industry is looking for alternatives to synthetic additives in processed
food products, so research investigating new sources of compounds with high biological activity
is worthwhile and becoming more common. There are many dierent types of vegetables that
contain bioactive compounds, and additional features of some vegetables include uses as natural
colorants and antioxidants. In this sense, and due to the special composition of beetroot, the use of
this vegetable allows for the extraction of a large number of compounds with special interest to the
meat industry. This includes colorants (betalains), antioxidants (betalains and phenolic compounds),
and preservatives (nitrates), which can be applied for the reformulation of meat products, thus limiting
the number and quantity of synthetic additives added to these foods and, at the same time, increase
their shelf-life. Despite all these benefits, the application of beetroot or its products (extracts, juice,
powder, etc.) in the meat industry is very limited, and the body of available research on beetroot as
an ingredient is scarce. Therefore, in this review, the main biologically active compounds present
in beetroot, the implications and benefits that their consumption has for human health, as well as
studies investigating the use beetroot in the reformulation of meat and meat products are presented
in a comprehensible manner
External control of the direction of magnetization in ferromagnetic InMnAs/GaSb heterostructures
In this paper, we demonstrate external control over the magnetization
direction in ferromagnetic (FM) In_{1-x}Mn_{x}As/GaSb heterostructures. FM
ordering with T_C as high as 50 K is confirmed by SQUID magnetization,
anomalous Hall effect (AHE), and magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE)
measurements. Even though tensile strain is known to favor an easy axis normal
to the layer plane, at low temperatures we observe that the magnetization
direction in several samples is intermediate between the normal and in-plane
axes. As the temperature increases, however, the easy axis rotates to the
direction normal to the plane. We further demonstrate that the easy
magnetization axis can be controlled by incident light through a bolometric
effect, which induces a pronounced increase in the amplitude of the AHE. A
mean-field-theory model for the carrier-mediated ferromagnetism reproduces the
tendency for dramatic reorientations of the magnetization axis, but not the
specific sensitivity to small temperature variations.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, submitted to NGS-1
Microencapsulated healthy oil mixtures to enhance the quality of foal pâtés
This study aimed to evaluate the use of microencapsulated oil mixtures as partial animal
fat replacers and their effects on the physicochemical, nutritional and sensory qualities of foal
pâtés. Three different batches were manufactured: a control (CON) formulation, with foal dorsal
subcutaneous fat (30 g/100 g), and treatments 1 and 2 (T1 and T2), with 50% of the animal fat
replaced by microcapsules containing algal oil mixed with walnut oil (T1) or pistachio oil (T2). The
reformulated samples presented significant (p < 0.001) diminutions of fat contents, which achieved
reductions of 34.22% (“reduced fat content”) and 28.17% in the T1 and T2 samples, respectively,
and the lipid reformulation did not affect (p > 0.05) the texture or lipid oxidation of the samples.
Furthermore, both microencapsulated oil mixtures significantly (p < 0.001) reduced (11–15%) saturated
fatty acid (SFA) concentrations and increased (p < 0.001) mono- (T2) and polyunsaturated (T1) fatty
acid contents (8% and 68%, respectively), contributing to the obtainment of nutritional indices in
line with health recommendations. Additionally, consumer acceptability did not display significant
(p > 0.05) differences among samples. Hence, the outcomes indicated that the incorporation of these
microencapsulated oil mixtures as partial animal fat replacers, especially the T1 mixture, represents a
promising strategy to obtain healthier foal pâtés, without compromising consumer approval.This research was funded by Interreg V SUDOE, through the OPEN2PRESERVE project, grant no. SOE2/P5/E0804.Acknowledgements to the Universidad Pública de Navarra for granting Aurora Cittadini with a predoctoral scholarship (Resolution 787/2019). Thanks to GAIN (Axencia Galega de Innovación) for supporting this study (grant no. IN607A2019/01). P.E.S., M.P., R.D. and J.M.L. are members of the HealthyMeat network, funded by CYTED (ref. 119RT0568). The authors wish to thank to the technical staff of the Institute for Agri-food and Technology and Infrastructures of Navarre (INTIASA) for the management of the animals and for the foal samples supplied for this research. Paulo E.S. Munekata acknowledges postdoctoral fellowship support from the Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN, Spain) “Juan de la Cierva” program (IJC2020-043358-I)
Ferromagnetic GaMnAs/GaAs superlattices - MBE growth and magnetic properties
We have studied the magnetic properties of (GaMnAs)m/(GaAs)n superlattices
with magnetic GaMnAs layers of thickness between 8 and 16 molecular layers (ML)
(23-45 \AA), and with nonmagnetic GaAs spacers from 4 ML to 10 ML (11-28 \AA).
While previous reports state that GaMnAs layers thinner than 50 \AA are
paramagnetic in the whole Mn composition range achievable using MBE growth (up
to 8% Mn), we have found that short period superlattices exhibit a
paramagnetic-to-ferromagnetic phase transition with a transition temperature
which depends on both the thickness of the magnetic GaMnAs layer and the
nonmagnetic GaAs spacer. The neutron scattering experiments have shown that the
magnetic layers in superlattices are ferromagnetically coupled for both thin
(below 50 \AA) and thick (above 50 \AA) GaMnAs layers.Comment: Proceedings of 4th International Workshop on Molecular Beam Epitaxy
and Vapour Phase Epitaxy Growth Physics and Technology, September 23 - 28
(2001), Warszawa, Poland, to appear in Thin Solid Films. 24 pages, 8 figure
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