76 research outputs found
Perceived Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown on the Family Context of Foster and Non-Foster Families
The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting lockdown have had a far-reaching impact across all levels of society. In Spain,severe restrictions were placed on people’s mobility, and leaving the home was only possible under special circumstances.This study analyzes the impact of lockdown on the family context of foster and non-foster families, focusing particularly ontheir levels of cohesion, adaptability, and perceived stress. It also examines a series of variables that may have influencedfoster families’ perceptions of their family context during lockdown. Data were gathered through an online survey that wascompleted by 347 individuals corresponding to 100 foster families and 247 non-foster families from different regions ofSpain. Analyses were descriptive and exploratory in nature. The results appear to suggest that lockdown has had a greaterimpact on the family context of non-foster families. With respect to foster families’ experiences of lockdown, variables suchas loss of employment and having a child with special educational needs would seem to be important. For both types offamilies, lockdown has provided an opportunity to improve certain aspects of their family context. Given that furtherlockdowns of some degree may be necessary in the future, it is important to ensure that families have access to thepsychoeducational resources they need to maintain, as far as possible, a positive family context
Abandono y prevalencia del tabaquismo: sexo, clase social y atención primaria de salud
ObjetivoValorar el papel conjunto de la clase social y la fuente de atención primaria de salud sobre la cesación.DiseñoEstudio transversal.EmplazamientoBarcelona (Cataluña, España), 2000-2001.ParticipantesMuestra de población residente no institucionalizada, con restricción a personas de 15-50 años que identifican una fuente habitual de atención primaria (n=4.178).Mediciones principalesObtenidas en la Encuesta de Salud. Las variables independientes son el sexo, la clase social y la fuente habitual de atención primaria de salud. Las variables dependientes son haber sido alguna vez fumador, haber dejado de fumar y fumar actualmente. Se estiman proporciones e intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95% ajustando por edad.ResultadosPor clase social se ve que más trabajadores manuales han sido fumadores. Por sexo se aprecia que más varones han fumado. La cesación general es similar en ambos sexos. El abandono muestra un gradiente social en varones. Por fuente de atención, la cesación parece mayor en usuarios de consultas privadas, pero los IC se solapan. Estratificando la fuente de atención primaria por clase social, aparece un efecto en varones pero los IC se solapan. La prevalencia en el momento de la encuesta es mayor para varones; parece emerger un gradiente por clase en varones, menor para mujeres donde los IC se solapan.ConclusionesLa clase social es un poderoso determinante del tabaquismo. Los varones de categoría ocupacional baja tienen mayor riesgo de empezar a fumar, menos probabilidades de dejarlo, y una mayor prevalencia. La proporción de cesaciones parece menor en usuarios de la red pública. La intervención sanitaria es eficaz, pero en términos poblacionales otros factores parecen tener mayor influencia.ObjectiveTo analyse the joint role of social class and primary health care in giving up smoking.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingBarcelona (Catalonia, Spain), 2000-2001.ParticipantsA sample of the resident non-institutionalized population, restricted to people aged 15-50 who have a habitual primary care source (n=4178).Main measurementsThese were obtained from the Barcelona Health Interview Survey. Independent variables include sex, social class and usual source of primary health care. Dependent variables are having ever been a smoker, having quit, and being a current smoker. Age-adjusted proportions were calculated (95% CI).ResultsSocial class shows that more manual workers have been smokers. Men smoked more than women. Overall quitting is similar in both sexes.Quitting showed a social gradient in men. Measurement of source of care showed quitting was higher among users of private clinics, but CI overlapped. On stratifying the source of Primary Care by social class, an effect seemed to emerge for men, but the CI overlapped. Prevalence at the time of the survey was higher for men; a class gradient in current prevalence emerged for men, but was less visible for women, where CI overlapped.ConclusionsSocial class is a powerful determinant of smoking. Men in low-classed jobs are at greater risk of starting to smoke, are less likely to give up, and smoke more. The proportion of quitting seems lower in of public clinics service users. Health advice is efficacious, but in population terms other factors seem to have greater influence
Evaluación de la reforma de la atención primaria de salud: prácticas preventivas y desigualdades
ObjetivoEvaluar la reforma de la atención primaria (RAP) en Barcelona durante el año 2000 mediante 3 prácticas preventivas: el consejo antitabaco, la toma de la presión arterial y la vacunación antigripal. Además, se quiere evaluar las desigualdades de sexo, edad o clase social en la recepción de estas prácticas.DiseñoEstudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal.EmplazamientoEncuesta de Salud de Barcelona del año 2000, atención primaria de salud.ParticipantesPersonas mayores de 15 años no institucionalizadas residentes en la ciudad de Barcelona el año 2000 (n = 10.000 personas).Mediciones principalesLos indicadores utilizados fueron las prevalencias de recepción de las 3 prácticas preventivas. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y de regression logística multivariante.ResultadosLa recepción de las practices preventivas estudiadas es mayor en las areas con mayor tiempo de instauración de la RAP respecto a los centros no reformados (el 63,7 frente al 53,2%, respectivamente). El consejo antitabaco, en el caso de las mujeres, es menos frecuente en las clases sociales más desfavorecidas (odds ratio [OR] = 0,72; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95 %,0,55-1).ConclusionesLa RAP es un factor asociado con la realización de las practices preventivas. No se han encontrado desigualdades significativas de clase social o sexo en la recepción de las 3 prácticas preventivas.ObjectiveTo evaluate primary care reform (PCR) in Barcelona during the year 2000 using 3 preventive practices: anti-smoking advice, blood pressure measurement, and flu vaccination. Any inequalities of gender, age, or social class in receiving these practices are also assessed.DesignCross-sectional, descriptive, observational study.SettingBarcelona Health Survey, primary health care, Spain, year 2000.ParticipantsNon-institutionalised residents of the city of Barcelona over 15 years old in the year 2000 (N=10 000 people).Main measurementsThe indicators used were the prevalences of receiving the 3 practices. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.ResultsReceiving the preventive practices studied is greater in areas where PCR was established longer, compared to the centres that had not begun the reforms (63.7% as opposed to 53.2%, respectively).Anti-smoking advice, for women, is less frequent in the more disadvantaged classes (odds ratio [OR] = 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55-1).ConclusionsPCR is a factor associated with carrying out preventive practices. No significant disparities between social class or gender were found for those who received the preventive practices
The use of evidence-based programmes in family support across europe: a comparative survey study
Tackling health inequalities in a public health organization : the case of the Barcelona Public Health Agency
Background: Municipalities are important actors in the implementation of policies to tackle health inequalities, which requires political will, the availability of financial support, and technical and human resources. With the aim of aligning with local government political priorities, in 2017 the Barcelona Public Health Agency (Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, henceforth ASPB), which is responsible for the public health functions of the city, launched a strategy to improve the approach to tackling health inequalities in all its services. The objectives of this study were to show how social health inequalities were addressed in the ASPB from 2017 to 19 and to describe which actions were proposed after a participatory process aiming to create a plan to systematically incorporate health inequalities in ASPB actions. Methods: The ASPB has 304 workers, 8 directors and 20 services or departments. Participatory methodologies were carried out: 1) semi-structured interviews with department heads (N = 12, 60%); 2) world cafe workshops open to a group of workers (N = 63, 37%); 3) a Quick and Colorful voting session open to a group of workers (N = 108, 63%); and 4) Hanlon matrix with 19 actions to be prioritized (N = 12 services, 60%). Results: Semi-structured interviews and world cafe workshops provided 40 potential actions. After a step by step process of participatory prioritization, seven lines of action emerged: 1) to make progress in collaborative networking; 2) to promote policy evaluation; 3) to increase the ability of the ASPB to evaluate policies to reduce health inequalities; 4) to incorporate the axes of inequalities in all ASPB products; 5) to improve information on vulnerable groups; 6) to incorporate the gender perspective; and 7) to participate in an internal training plan to address health inequalities. Conclusions: The participation of ASPB public health professionals and staff allowed the organization to design a shared plan of actions to address health inequalities. This experience could be useful for other municipalities whose political agendas include tackling inequalities in health
Adaptación transcultural colaborativa de cuestionarios PCAT para Colombia
Objetivo: obtener versiones de los cuestionarios Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT) para Colombia (CO-PCAT), dirigidos a profesionales (PCAT-PE), gestores y directivos de atención primaria (PCAT-FE) a través de un proceso colaborativo internacional. Metodos: proceso de adaptación transcultural modifi cado a partir de las versiones adaptadas y validadas en español, en consenso con la Colaboración Iberoamericana IA-PCAT. El método busca conseguir la equivalencia de la versión CO-PCAT de los cuestionarios con la versión original de Estados Unidos de América.Se desarrollaron tres fases de trabajo: I) valoración de la adecuación de versiones iberoamericanas en lengua española y adaptación al contexto colombiano, II) revisión internacional realizada por investigadores de la Colaboración Iberoamericana PCAT y III) pruebas preliminares de los cuestionarios. Consideraciones éticas: es una investigación sin riesgos para los seres humanos conforme a la Resolución 08430 de 1993 de Colombia y la Declaración de Helsinki. Resultados: del PCAT-PE se incluyeron en la versión colombiana 182 ítems. En cuanto al PCAT-FE se trabajó con 197 ítems en total. Conclusión: se obtuvieron versiones adaptadas al sistema de salud colombiano. La metodología empleada puede contribuir al logro de mayor equivalencia entre instrumentos de diferentes países.Fil: Osorio Giraldo, Angelica Maria. Universidad de Caldas; ColombiaFil: Velez Álvarez, Consuelo. Universidad de Caldas; ColombiaFil: Pasarín, M. Isabel. Agencia de Salut Publica de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Ponzo, Jacqueline. Universidad de la República de Uruguay; UruguayFil: Berra, Silvina del Valle. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad; Argentin
Evaluación de la atención primaria: Aproximación mediante el primary care assessment Tools (PCAT)
La Atención Primaria (AP) es un nivel clave en un sistema sanitario y la evaluación es una de las principales herramientas básicas para mejorar los servicios. Según el modelo de AP definido por B Starfield y de amplio consenso internacional, ésta debe: a) ser accesible y ser utilizada como el primer contacto con el sistema de salud; b) ofrecer una atención continuada y global, y c) estar coordinada con los otros niveles del sistema sanitario, además de tener un enfoque familiar y comunitario, y competencia cultural. Así, B Starfield definió las cuatro dimensiones esenciales de la atención primaria como: primer contacto, longitudinalidad, integralidad y coordinación; y las dimensiones relacionadas: enfoque familiar, orientación comunitaria y competencia cultural. En Estados Unidos, Starfield y Shy diseñaron un conjunto de instrumentos para valorar las dimensiones de la AP, Primary Care Assessment Tools (PCAT). El objetivo general de esta tesis fue obtener instrumentos de evaluación del modelo teórico de la Atención Primaria (AP) que permitan su utilización en Catalunya y en el contexto español, y a partir de ellos hacer una primera evaluación en Catalunya bajo la perspectiva de desigualdades sociales. Para ello se realizaron dos procesos independientes de adaptación del cuestionario Primary Care Assessment Tools (PCAT), uno para poder utilizarlo en una encuesta de salud y otro para obtener medidas de los Equipos de Atención Primaria (EAP). La metodología ha sido en gran parte la misma, en base a las recomendaciones de adaptación transcultural, siguiendo los siguientes pasos: traducción, retrotraducción, comité de expertos, prueba pretest y medición de propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario obtenido. Para la valoración de la AP en Catalunya se incluyó en el cuestionario de la encuesta de Salud de Catalunya del año 2006 el conjunto de ítems seleccionados en uno de los trabajos que se presentan en esta tesis doctoral. Se aplicó a una muestra representativa de la población mayor de 15 años (N=13.292). Se ajustaron modelos multivariados de regresión negativa para la obtención de las razones de prevalencia y sus intervalos de confianza del 95%. Como resultados de esta tesis doctoral, se han obtenido dos instrumentos independientes, ambos en catalán y en castellano: a) un conjunto de ítems para poder incluir en la encuesta de salud, un PCAT abreviado de 10 ítems para adultos, y 2) el PCAT-Equipo de Atención Primaria versión extensa que permitirá el análisis de todas las dimensiones de la AP definidas por B Starfield (primer contacto, longitudinalidad, integralidad, coordinación, enfoque familiar, orientación comunitaria y competencia cultural). El PCAT-10 incluido en la Encuesta de Salud de Catalunya del año 2006 permitió conocer que la valoración de la AP obtenía una puntación de 7 sobre 10, y sin presentar un patrón de desigualdad, ya que no se mostraron diferencias en las puntuaciones según clase social. En conclusión, a partir del trabajo realizado se encuentran ya disponibles unos instrumentos en catalán y castellano que amplían el marco de evaluación de la AP en el contexto del sistema sanitario en España y Catalunya. Además permiten utilizar el enfoque de evaluación desde la población potencialmente usuaria así como de los equipos encargados de realizar la atención, los Equipos de Atención Primaria. Desde la perspectiva de la población, el PCAT-10 ha presentado buenas propiedades métricas, proporciona un índice para la evaluación de la AP y permitirá la monitorizado en el tiempo y el análisis en subgrupos y en el total de la población. A partir de la valoración de los directores/as de EAP se podrá evaluar el modelo teórico completo de la AP definido por B. Starfield.Primary Care is a key level in the health system, and evaluation is one of the main instruments to improve services. According to the model defined by B Starfield, one with broad international consensus, PC has to be: a) accessible and used as the first contact with the health system; b) it must offer longitudinal and comprehensiveness attention, and c) it must be coordinated with the other levels of the health care system, be focused on family, with community orientation, and demonstrate cultural competence. B. Starfield defines the four essential dimensions of PC: first contact, longitudinality, comprehensiveness and coordination; and as related dimensions: family focus, community orientation and cultural competence. In the United States, Starfield and Shy designed a group of instruments to evaluate the PC dimensions, the Primary care Assessment Tools (PCAT). The main objective of this thesis is to obtain instruments for the evaluation of the theoretical model of Primary Care (PC) for use in Catalonia, and in the Spanish context in general, and from them to make a first evaluation in Catalonia from the perspective of social inequalities. To this end, two independent processes of adapting the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT) questionnaire have been made, one to use in a health survey and the other to obtain measurements of the PC facilities. To a great extent, the methodology has been the same for both, based of the recommendations for transcultural adaptation: translation, retro translation, committee of experts, pretest and measurement of psychometric properties of the obtained questionnaire. For the assessment of PC in Catalonia, the set of items selected in one of the works presented in this doctoral thesis was included in the questionnaire of 2006 - the Catalan Health Survey. It was conducted on a representative sample of the population over 15 years (N=13.292). It has been adjusted with multivariate negative binomial regression models to obtain prevalence ratios and their 95% confidence intervals. Two independent instruments have been obtained, in Catalan and Spanish: a) a set of items to be included in the health survey, a brief PCAT of 10 items for adults and b) PCAT- PC team, extended version, which will allow the analysis of all the dimensions of the PC defined by B Starfield (first contact, longitudinality, comprehensiveness, coordination, family centeredness, community orientation and cultural competence). The PCAT-10 included in the Health Survey of Catalonia in 2006 revealed that the evaluation of the AP resulted in a mark of 7 over 10, showing no pattern of inequality, since differences in the scores were not according to social class. In conclusion, there are already available instruments in Catalan and Spanish that extend the frame of evaluation of the PC in the context of the health system in Spain and Catalonia. From the perspective of the population, the abbreviated PCAT-10 has presented good metric properties and provides an index for the evaluation of the PC that will allow monitoring over time and analysis in sub-groups, as well as in the total population. Through the evaluation of directors of PC teams, the complete theoretical model of the AP defined by B Starfield will be able to be evaluated
Properties of a short questionnaire for assessing Primary Care experiences for children in a population survey
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT) is an interesting set of tools for primary care research. A very short version could inform policy makers about consumer experiences with primary care (PC) through health surveys. This work aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of a selection of items from the child short edition (CS) of the PCAT.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A 24 item questionnaire permitted the identification of a regular source of care and the assessment of the key attributes of first contact, ongoing care over time, coordination, services available and services received (comprehensiveness), and cultural competence. Structural validity, reliability, and construct validity were assessed using responses from 2,200 parents of a representative sample of the population aged 0 to 14 years in Catalonia (Spain) who participated in the 2006 Health Survey. Structural validity was analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Construct validity was assessed using linear regression analysis between PC experience scores and a measure of overall user satisfaction with healthcare services.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 2,095 (95.2%) parents provided useable responses on PC. After Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the best fitting model was a 5-factor model in which the original dimensions of first contact and ongoing care were collapsed into one. The CFA also showed a second order factor onto which all domains except services available loaded (root mean square error of approximation = 0.000; comparative fit index = 1.00). Cronbach's alpha values for one of the original scales (first-contact) was poor (alpha < 0.50), but improved using the modified factor structure (alpha > 0.70). Scores on the scales were correlated with satisfaction with healthcare services (p < 0.01), thereby providing some preliminary evidence of construct validity.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This very short questionnaire obtained from the PCAT-CE yields information about five attributes of PC and a summary score. It has shown evidence of validity and reliability for judgments about experiences with primary care overall. If space on surveys is at a premium, the instrument could be useful as a measure of PC experiences.</p
Cancer mortality inequalities in urban areas: a Bayesian small area analysis in Spanish cities
Background: Intra-urban inequalities in mortality have been infrequently analysed in European contexts. The aim of the present study was to analyse patterns of cancer mortality and their relationship with socioeconomic deprivation in small areas in 11 Spanish cities. Methods: It is a cross-sectional ecological design using mortality data (years 1996-2003). Units of analysis were the census tracts. A deprivation index was calculated for each census tract. In order to control the variability in estimating the risk of dying we used Bayesian models. We present the RR of the census tract with the highest deprivation vs. the census tract with the lowest deprivation. Results: In the case of men, socioeconomic inequalities are observed in total cancer mortality in all cities, except in Castellon, Cordoba and Vigo, while Barcelona (RR = 1.53 95%CI 1.42-1.67), Madrid (RR = 1.57 95%CI 1.49-1.65) and Seville (RR = 1.53 95%CI 1.36-1.74) present the greatest inequalities. In general Barcelona and Madrid, present inequalities for most types of cancer. Among women for total cancer mortality, inequalities have only been found in Barcelona and Zaragoza. The excess number of cancer deaths due to socioeconomic deprivation was 16,413 for men and 1,142 for women. Conclusion: This study has analysed inequalities in cancer mortality in small areas of cities in Spain, not only relating this mortality with socioeconomic deprivation, but also calculating the excess mortality which may be attributed to such deprivation. This knowledge is particularly useful to determine which geographical areas in each city need intersectorial policies in order to promote a healthy environment.This article was partially supported by Fondo de Investigaciones Ssanitarias (FIS) projects numbers PI042013, PI040041, PI040170, PI040069, PI042602 PI040388, PI040489, PI042098 , PI041260, PI040399, PI081488 and by the CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain and by the program of “Intensificación de la Actividad Investigadora (Carme Borrell)” funded by the “Instituto de Salud Carlos III” and “Departament de Salut. Generalitat de Catalunya”
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