Characterization of microsatellite loci in Erysimum mediohispanicum (Brassicaceae) and cross-amplification in related species

• Premise of the study : We have developed and optimized microsatellite loci from a genomic library of Erysimum mediohispanicum. Microsatellites were also tested for cross-amplifi cation in 31 other Erysimum species. • Methods and Results : A total of 10 microsatellite loci were successfully amplifi ed. They were polymorphic for 81 E. mediohispanicum individuals from two locations in Sierra Nevada (southeastern Spain), which showed similar patterns of genetic diversity. On average, microsatellites had 8.6 alleles per locus and an expected heterozygosity of 0.69. Only one locus signifi cantly departed from Hardy – Weinberg equilibrium in both locations. Most of the markers successfully amplifi ed in other Erysimum species. • Conclusions : The genetic attributes of microsatellite loci will allow their application to population genetic studies in Erysimum , such as genetic differentiation and structure, gene fl ow, pollinator-mediated speciation, and hybridization studies.&nbsp

Relaciones filogenéticas en Erysimun (Brassicaceae) de las Cordilleras Béticas (SE Península Ibérica)

The Baetic mountains, located in the southern Iberian Peninsula, is a major hotspot of biodiversity in the Mediterranean Basin, constituting one of the most important glacial refugia for vascular plants in Europe. Despite their relatively limited extension, the Baetic Mountains contain almost 50% of the total endemic Erysimum species in the Iberian Peninsula. The broadly distributed Erysimum genus has diversified profusely in the Mediterranean region, with more than a hundred species described in the area, out of a total of c. 200 species included in the genus. We used two plastid DNA regions (ndhF and trnT-L) and one nuclear DNA region (ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2), with 3,556 bp total length, to carry out phylogenetic analysis by Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony, in order to explore the evolutionary relationships between the Erysimum species inhabiting these ranges. Analyses of concatenated sequences from the two genomes identified two main clades with no overlap in species composition so that samples from the same species fell within the same major clade. The phylogenetic relationships depicted by those two clades do not give support to the E. nevadense group, previously proposed on taxonomic grounds. In addition, our results indicated recurrent changes in flower colour in the Baetic Erysimum species although, alternatively, reticulate evolution, which is suggested by incongruent position of taxa in the different trees, may have also affected this trait.Las cordilleras Béticas, localizadas en el sudeste de la Península Ibérica, representan una importante zona para la biodiversidad de la cuenca mediterránea, constituyendo uno de los refugios glaciares más destacados de plantas vasculares en Europa. A pesar de su extensión relativamente limitada, las cordilleras Béticas albergan casi el 50% del total de las especies endémicas de Erysimum de la Península Ibérica. Erysimum es un género ampliamente distribuido, que se ha diversificado profusamente en la región mediterránea, con más de un centenar de especies descritas en dicha área, del total de las alrededor de 200 especies incluidas en el género. Usamos dos regiones de ADN plastidial (ndhF y trnT-L) y una región de ADN nuclear (ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2), con una longitud total de 3.556 pb, para llevar a cabo análisis filogenéticos mediante inferencia bayesiana, máxima verosimilitud y máxima parsimonia, con el fin de explorar las relaciones evolutivas entre las especies de Erysimum que habitan en éstas cordilleras. El análisis de secuencias concatenadas de los dos genomas identifica dos clados principales y las muestras de la misma especie aparecen siempre en un clado o en el otro pero no en ambos. Las relaciones filogenéticas que indican esos dos clados no apoyan la circunscripción del grupo taxonómico E. nevadense, previamente definido en dicho género. Además, los análisis indican cambios recurrentes en el color floral de las especies de Erysimum que habitan los Sistemas Béticos aunque la evolución reticulada, que sugiere la posición de algunos taxones en uno y otro árbol, puede haber también afectado a este rasgo, lo que sería una hipótesis alternativa.This study has been supported by MARM (078/2007), Junta de Andalucía (P07-RNM-02869 and P11-RNM-7676), MONTES Consolider-Ingenio (CSD2008-00040), and Spanish MCyT (CGL2009-07015, and CGL2012-34736) grants. AJMP and MA were supported by Spanish Education and Science grants AP-2006- 00685 and BES-2007-14206, respectively

Using complementary techniques to distinguish cryptic species: A new Erysimum (Brassicaceae) species from North Africa

• Premise of the study : Cryptic species are superfi cially morphologically indistinguishable and therefore erroneously classifi ed under one single name. The identifi cation and delimitation of these species is usually a diffi cult task. The main aim of this study is to provide an inclusive methodology that combines standard and new tools to allow accurate identifi cation of cryptic species. We used Erysimum nervosum s.l. as a model system. • Methods : Four populations belonging to E. nervosum s.l. were sampled at their two distribution ranges in Morocco (the Atlas Mountains and the Rif Mountains). Fifteen individuals per population were collected to assess standard taxonomic traits. Additionally, corolla color and shape were quantifi ed in 30 individuals per population using spectrophotometry and geometric morphometrics, respectively. Finally, we collected tissue samples from each population per species to study the phylogenetic relationships among them. • Key results : Using the standard taxonomic traits, we could not distinguish the four populations. Nonetheless, there were differences in corolla color and shape between plants from the two mountain ranges. The population differentiation based on quantitative morphological differences were confi rmed and supported by the phylogenetic relationships obtained for these populations and the rest of the Moroccan Erysimum species. • Conclusions : The joint use of the results obtained from standard taxonomic traits, quantitative analyses of plant phenotype, and molecular data suggests the occurrence of two species within E. nervosum s.l. in Morocco, one located in the Atlas Mountains ( E. nervosum s.s.) and the other in the Rif Mountains ( E. riphaeanum sp. nov.). Consequently, we suggest that combining quantitative and molecular approaches with standard taxonomy greatly benefi ts the identifi cation of cryptic species

COVID-19 outbreaks in a transmission control scenario: challenges posed by social and leisure activities, and for workers in vulnerable conditions, Spain, early summer 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 community-wide transmission declined in Spain by early May 2020, being replaced by outbreaks and sporadic cases. From mid-June to 2 August, excluding single household outbreaks, 673 outbreaks were notified nationally, 551 active (>6,200 cases) at the time. More than half of these outbreaks and cases coincided with: (i) social (family/friends’ gatherings or leisure venues) and (ii) occupational (mainly involving workers in vulnerable conditions) settings. Control measures were accordingly applied

Phylogenetic relationships of "Erysimum" (Brassicaceae) from the Baetic Mountains (SE Iberian Peninsula)

The Baetic mountains, located in the southern Iberian Peninsula, is a major hotspot of biodiversity in the Mediterranean Basin, constituting one of the most important glacial refugia for vascular plants in Europe. Despite their relatively limited extension, the Baetic Mountains contain almost 50% of the total endemic Erysimum species in the Iberian Peninsula. The broadly distributed Erysimum genus has diversified profusely in the Mediterranean region, with more than a hundred species described in the area, out of a total of c. 200 species included in the genus. We used two plastid DNA regions (ndhF and trnT-L) and one nuclear DNA region (ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2), with 3,556 bp total length, to carry out phylogenetic analysis by Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony, in order to explore the evolutionary relationships between the Erysimum species inhabiting these ranges. Analyses of concatenated sequences from the two genomes identified two main clades with no overlap in species composition so that samples from the same species fell within the same major clade. The phylogenetic relationships depicted by those two clades do not give support to the E. nevadense group, previously proposed on taxonomic grounds. In addition, our results indicated recurrent changes in flower colour in the Baetic Erysimum species although, alternatively, reticulate evolution, which is suggested by incongruent position of taxa in the different trees, may have also affected this trait.Las cordilleras Béticas, localizadas en el sudeste de la Península Ibérica, representan una importante zona para la biodiversidad de la cuenca mediterránea, constituyendo uno de los refugios glaciares más destacados de plantas vasculares en Europa. A pesar de su extensión relativamente limitada, las cordilleras Béticas albergan casi el 50% del total de las especies endémicas de Erysimum de la Península Ibérica. Erysimum es un género ampliamente distribuido, que se ha diversificado profusamente en la región mediterránea, con más de un centenar de especies descritas en dicha área, del total de las alrededor de 200 especies incluidas en el género. Usamos dos regiones de ADN plastidial (ndhF y trnT-L) y una región de ADN nuclear (ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2), con una longitud total de 3.556 pb, para llevar a cabo análisis filogenéticos mediante inferencia bayesiana, máxima verosimilitud y máxima parsimonia, con el fin de explorar las relaciones evolutivas entre las especies de Erysimum que habitan en éstas cordilleras. El análisis de secuencias concatenadas de los dos genomas identifica dos clados principales y las muestras de la misma especie aparecen siempre en un clado o en el otro pero no en ambos. Las relaciones filogenéticas que indican esos dos clados no apoyan la circunscripción del grupo taxonómico E. nevadense, previamente definido en dicho género. Además, los análisis indican cambios recurrentes en el color floral de las especies de Erysimum que habitan los Sistemas Béticos aunque la evolución reticulada, que sugiere la posición de algunos taxones en uno y otro árbol, puede haber también afectado a este rasgo, lo que sería una hipótesis alternativa

Interactive effects of climate change and grazing intensity on soil functioning in dehesa ecosystems

Comunicación oral presentada en el 1st Iberian Ecological Society Meeting (SIBECOL 2019) 4th-7th February 2019, Barcelona, SpainDehesas are agroforestry systems that occupy a significant fraction of the land surface in the Iberian Peninsula, being the main agroforestry system in the region. The sustainability of these systems could be threatened by the increases in grazing intensity that they have experienced over the last decades, and by the changes in abiotic conditions predicted by the different climate change projections. In this work we analyzed the impact that both sources of stress (climate change and increasing grazing intensity) have on some variables related to soil microbial activity in dehesa ecosystems. Thirty-six experimental plots were established in three dehesa farms exposed to different grazing intensities. In these plots, air temperature and rainfall inputs were manipulated over two years, simulating climate conditions in Southern Spain predicted for the end of the century. The plots were located in different microhabitats (under tree canopy and in open areas) to evaluate whether tree cover could attenuate the impact of climate change on soil functioning. Habitat type exerted a significant influence on most of the variables related to soil nutrient contents and microbial activity (microbial biomass, carbon and nitrogen mineralization rates, enzyme activities), the greatest values of these variables being found on soils underneath trees. Grazing intensity influenced those variables related to N cycling, while climate change treatments had a very limited impact on soil functioning and nutrient content. In conclusion, habitat type and grazing intensity have larger effects of soil functioning than air warming and drought in these drought-prone ecosystems

Interactive effects of climate change and grazing intensity on soil functioning in dehesa ecosystems

3 páginas.-- 1 figura.-- Comunicación oral presentada en el VIII Congreso Ibérico de las Ciencias del Suelo. VIII Congresso Ibérico de Ciências do Solo. DONOSTIA-SAN SEBASTIÁN. 20 - 22 junio 2018..-- El documento completo se encuentra para su descarga en http://www.cics2018.com/libro-de-abstracts/[EN]: Dehesas are agroforestry systems that occupy a significant fraction of the land surface in the Iberian Peninsula. The sustanainability of these systems could be threathen by the increases in grazing intensity that these areas have experienced over the last decades, and by the changes in abiotic conditions predicted by the different climate change projections. In this work we analyzed the impact that both sources of stress (climate change and increasing grazing intensity) have on some variables related to soil microbial activity in dehesa ecosystems. Thirty-six experimental plots were established in three different dehesas exposed to different grazing intensities. In these plots, air temperature and rainfall inputs were manipulated, simulating climate change predictions. The plots were located in the most important habitats within the dehesas systems (under tree canopy and in open areas). Habitat type exerted a significant influence on most of the studied variables related to soil nutrient contents and microbial activity (microbial biomass, carbon and nitrogen mineralization rates, enzyme activities), the greatest values of these variables being found on soils underneath trees. Grazing intensity influenced those variables related to N cycling, while climate change treatments had a very limited impact on soil functioning and nutrient content.[ES]: Las dehesas son sistemas agroforestales que ocupan una importante superficie de la Península Ibérica. La sostenibilidad de esos sistemas puede verse comprometida por el aumento de la intensidad del pastoreo registrado en las últimas décadas, y por los cambios abióticos predichos por los diferentes modelos de cambio climático para esta Península. En este trabajo se analiza el impacto que ambas fuentes de estrés (sobrepastoreo y cambio climático) ejercen sobre algunas variables relacionadas con la actividad microbiana del suelo de dehesas. Para ello, se instalaron 36 parcelas experimentales, donde se manipularon las condiciones de temperatura y precipitación, repartidas en tres fincas sometidas a diferente carga ganadera. Dichas parcelas se ubicaron en los dos tipos de hábitats más frecuentes en los sistemas de dehesa (bajo árbol y pastizal). El tipo de hábitat influenció la mayoría de variables microbianas estudiadas (biomasa microbiana, tasas de mineralización de nitrógeno y carbono, actividades enzimáticas), siendo mayores en los suelos bajo árbol que en los de pastizal. La intensidad ganadera influyó principalmente en variables relacionadas con el ciclo del N en el suelo, mientras que los tratamientos climáticos tuvieron muy poco impacto en el funcionamiento del suelo y su contenido en nutrientes.Al Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad por el proyecto DECAFUN (CGL2015-70123-R).N

Impacto de la COVID-19 en el tratamiento del infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST. La experiencia Española

The COVID-19 outbreak has had an unclear impact on the treatment and outcomes of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The aim of this study was to assess changes in STEMI management during the COVID-19 outbreak. Using a multicenter, nationwide, retrospective, observational registry of consecutive patients who were managed in 75 specific STEMI care centers in Spain, we compared patient and procedural characteristics and in-hospital outcomes in 2 different cohorts with 30-day follow-up according to whether the patients had been treated before or after COVID-19. Suspected STEMI patients treated in STEMI networks decreased by 27.6% and patients with confirmed STEMI fell from 1305 to 1009 (22.7%). There were no differences in reperfusion strategy (> 94% treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention in both cohorts). Patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention during the COVID-19 outbreak had a longer ischemic time (233 [150-375] vs 200 [140-332] minutes, P < .001) but showed no differences in the time from first medical contact to reperfusion. In-hospital mortality was higher during COVID-19 (7.5% vs 5.1%; unadjusted OR, 1.50; 95%CI, 1.07-2.11; P < .001); this association remained after adjustment for confounders (risk-adjusted OR, 1.88; 95%CI, 1.12-3.14; P = .017). In the 2020 cohort, there was a 6.3% incidence of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection during hospitalization. The number of STEMI patients treated during the current COVID-19 outbreak fell vs the previous year and there was an increase in the median time from symptom onset to reperfusion and a significant 2-fold increase in the rate of in-hospital mortality. No changes in reperfusion strategy were detected, with primary percutaneous coronary intervention performed for the vast majority of patients. The co-existence of STEMI and SARS-CoV-2 infection was relatively infrequent.S