Construction of chromosome segmen substitution lines in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) using a wild synthetic and QTL mapping for plant morphology.

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A reference microsatellite kit to assess for genetic diversity of Sorghum bicolor (Poaceae)

Premise of the study: Discrepancies in terms of genotyping data are frequently observed when comparing simple sequence repeat (SSR) data sets across genotyping technologies and laboratories. This technical concern introduces biases that hamper any synthetic studies or comparison of genetic diversity between collections. To prevent this for Sorghum bicolor, we developed a control kit of 48 SSR markers. • Methods and Results: One hundred seventeen markers were selected along the genome to provide coverage across the length of all 10 sorghum linkage groups. They were tested for polymorphism and reproducibility across two laboratories (Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement [CIRAD], France, and International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics [ICRISAT], India) using two commonly used genotyping technologies (polyacrylamide gel–based technology with LI-COR sequencing machines and capillary systems with ABI sequencing apparatus) with DNA samples from a diverse set of 48 S. bicolor accessions. • Conclusions: A kit for diversity analysis (http://sat.cirad.fr/sat/sorghum_SSR_kit/) was developed. It contains information on 48 technically robust sorghum microsatellite markers and 10 DNA controls. It can further be used to calibrate sorghum SSR genotyping data acquired with different technologies and compare those to genetic diversity reference

Generation of subnanometric platinum with high stability during transformation of a 2D zeolite into 3D

[EN] Single metal atoms and metal clusters have attracted much attention thanks to their advantageous capabilities as heterogeneous catalysts. However, the generation of stable single atoms and clusters on a solid support is still challenging. Herein, we report a new strategy for the generation of single Pt atoms and Pt clusters with exceptionally high thermal stability, formed within purely siliceous MCM-22 during the growth of a two-dimensional zeolite into three dimensions. These subnanometric Pt species are stabilized by MCM-22, even after treatment in air up to 540 degrees C. Furthermore, these stable Pt species confined within internal framework cavities show size-selective catalysis for the hydrogenation of alkenes. High-temperature oxidation-reduction treatments result in the growth of encapsulated Pt species to small nanoparticles in the approximate size range of 1 to 2 nm. The stability and catalytic activity of encapsulated Pt species is also reflected in the dehydrogenation of propane to propylene.This work was funded by the Spanish Government (Consolider Ingenio 2010-MULTICAT (CSD2009-00050) and MAT2014-52085-C2-1-P) and by the Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeo). The Severo Ochoa Program (SEV-2012-0267) is gratefully acknowledged. L.L. thanks ITQ for a contract. The authors also thank the Microscopy Service of UPV for the TEM and STEM measurements. The HAADF-HRSTEM works were conducted in the Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA) at the Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon (INA)-Universidad de Zaragoza (Spain), a Spanish ICTS National Facility. Some of the research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Program under Grant Agreement 312483-ESTEEM2 (Integrated Infrastructure Initiative-I3). R.A. also acknowledges funding from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (FIS2013-46159-C3-3-P) and the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sldodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 642742.Liu, L.; Díaz Morales, UM.; Arenal, R.; Agostini, G.; Concepción Heydorn, P.; Corma Canós, A. (2017). Generation of subnanometric platinum with high stability during transformation of a 2D zeolite into 3D. Nature Materials. 16(1):132-138. https://doi.org/10.1038/NMAT4757S132138161Boronat, M., Leyva-Perez, A. & Corma, A. Theoretical and experimental insights into the origin of the catalytic activity of subnanometric gold clusters: attempts to predict reactivity with clusters and nanoparticles of gold. Acc. Chem. Res. 47, 834–844 (2014).Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, M. & Gates, B. C. Atomically dispersed supported metal catalysts. Ann. Rev. Chem. Bio. Eng. 3, 545–574 (2012).Gates, B. C. Supported metal clusters: synthesis, structure, and catalysis. Chem. 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Influence of hydroxyls on Pd atom mobility and clustering on rutile TiO2(011)-2 × 1. ACS Nano 8, 6321–6333 (2014).Jung, U. et al. Comparative in operando studies in heterogeneous catalysis: atomic and electronic structural features in the hydrogenation of ethylene over supported Pd and Pt catalysts. ACS Catal. 5, 1539–1551 (2015).Agostini, G. et al. Effect of different face centered cubic nanoparticle distributions on particle size and surface area determination: a theoretical study. J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 4085–4094 (2014).Alexeev, O. & Gates, B. C. EXAFS characterization of supported metal-complex and metal-cluster catalysts made from organometallic precursors. Top. Catal. 10, 273–293 (2000).Chakraborty, I., Bhuin, R. G., Bhat, S. & Pradeep, T. Blue emitting undecaplatinum clusters. Nanoscale 6, 8561–8564 (2014).Zheng, J., Nicovich, P. R. & Dickson, R. M. Highly fluorescent noble-metal quantum dots. Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 58, 409–431 (2007).Okrut, A. et al. Selective molecular recognition by nanoscale environments in a supported iridium cluster catalyst. Nat. Nanotech. 9, 459–465 (2014).Zhou, C. et al. On the sequential hydrogen dissociative chemisorption on small platinum clusters: a density functional theory study. J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 12773–12778 (2007).De La Cruz, C. & Sheppard, N. An exploration of the surfaces of some Pt/SiO2 catalysts using CO as an infrared spectroscopic probe. Spectrochim. Acta A 50, 271–285 (1994).Klünker, C., Balden, M., Lehwald, S. & Daum, W. CO stretching vibrations on Pt(111) and Pt(110) studied by sum frequency generation. Surf. Sci. 360, 104–111 (1996).Stakheev, A. Y., Shpiro, E. S., Jaeger, N. I. & Schulz-Ekloff, G. Electronic state and location of Pt metal clusters in KL zeolite: FTIR study of CO chemisorption. Catal. Lett. 32, 147–158 (1995).Heiz, U., Sanchez, A., Abbet, S. & Schneider, W. D. Catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide on monodispersed platinum clusters: each atom counts. J. Am. Chem. 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Foundation characteristics of edible Musa triploids revealed from allelic distribution of SSR markers

Background and Aims The production of triploid banana and plantain (Musa spp.) cultivars with improved characteristics (e.g. greater disease resistance or higher yield), while still preserving the main features of current popular cultivars (e.g. taste and cooking quality), remains a major challenge for Musa breeders. In this regard, breeders require a sound knowledge of the lineage of the current sterile triploid cultivars, to select diploid parents that are able to transmit desirable traits, together with a breeding strategy ensuring final triploidization and sterility. Highly polymorphic single sequence repeats (SSRs) are valuable markers for investigating phylogenetic relationships. Methods Here, the allelic distribution of each of 22 SSR loci across 561 Musa accessions is analysed. Key Results and ConclusionsWe determine the closest diploid progenitors of the triploid 'Cavendish' and 'Gros Michel' subgroups, valuable information for breeding programmes. Nevertheless, in establishing the likely monoclonal origin of the main edible triploid banana subgroups (i.e. 'Cavendish', 'Plantain' and 'Mutika- Lujugira'), we postulated that the huge phenotypic diversity observed within these subgroups did not result from gamete recombination, but rather from epigenetic regulations. This emphasizes the need to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of genome expression on a unique model in the plant kingdom. We also propose experimental standards to compare additional and independent genotyping data for reference. (Résumé d'auteur

Massive Sorghum Collection Genotyped with SSR Markers to Enhance Use of Global Genetic Resources

Large ex situ collections require approaches for sampling manageable amounts of germplasm for in-depth characterization and use. We present here a large diversity survey in sorghum with 3367 accessions and 41 reference nuclear SSR markers. Of 19 alleles on average per locus, the largest numbers of alleles were concentrated in central and eastern Africa. Cultivated sorghum appeared structured according to geographic regions and race within region. A total of 13 groups of variable size were distinguished. The peripheral groups in western Africa, southern Africa and eastern Asia were the most homogeneous and clearly differentiated. Except for Kafir, there was little correspondence between races and marker-based groups. Bicolor, Caudatum, Durra and Guinea types were each dispersed in three groups or more. Races should therefore better be referred to as morphotypes. Wild and weedy accessions were very diverse and scattered among cultivated samples, reinforcing the idea that large gene-flow exists between the different compartments. Our study provides an entry to global sorghum germplasm collections. Our reference marker kit can serve to aggregate additional studies and enhance international collaboration. We propose a core reference set in order to facilitate integrated phenotyping experiments towards refined functional understanding of sorghum diversity

Biotecnología y selección de la palma de aceite: la Palma Dorada del futuro

Los marcadores de ADN, la secuenciación con sistemas NGS, la manipulación genética y las tecnologías de cultivo in vitro, combinadas con la caracterización fenotípica de alta tecnología, ponen al alcance de los cultivadores las variedades que desearían cultivar sin que hubieran podido imaginar siquiera que fuese posible sembrarlas. Se espera que las variedades de palma de aceite sufran muchos cambios desde el día de hoy hasta el año 2050, por medio de una selección biotecnológica de las especies E. guineensis y E. oleifera. La productividad de la palma de aceite está ligada estrechamente a su potencial fisiológico. El determinismo genético completamente dilucidado de la morfología de la fertilidad del fruto permite que existan nuevas variedades que solo contengan pulpa, tales como las pisifera fértiles y tenera partenocárpicos. El bajo crecimiento del tallo y la voluminosidad reducida logran que las palmas se cultiven en menos hectáreas de tierra, lo cual genera una cosecha menos costosa. La reducción de la frecuencia de cosecha (tan baja como una vez al mes) será posible gracias al no desprendimiento de frutos. La baja actividad de lipasa en la pulpa de los frutos maduros garantizará la producción de un aceite de palma sin ácidos libres significativos en los racimos entregados a las plantas extractoras, lo cual asegurará la producción en campo sin incurrir en pérdidas económicas. Las variedades con hasta 90 % de ácido oleico entrarán al mercado y este novedoso aceite de palma “aceitunado” se venderá a precios marcadamente más competitivos para la mesa de la mayoría de las personas del mundo, destronando así al mercado privilegiado del aceite de oliva mediterráneo, de mayor costo. El imperio del cultivo de palma de aceite ha expandido sus territorios a lo largo de América del Sur gracias a las variedades interespecíficas resistentes a la enfermedad de la Pudrición del cogollo, a la vez que se preservan considerablemente la mayoría de los bosques naturales al convertir los grandes pastizales en palmares

Genetic Structure, Linkage Disequilibrium and Signature of Selection in Sorghum: Lessons from Physically Anchored DArT Markers

Population structure, extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) as well as signatures of selection were investigated in sorghum using a core sample representative of worldwide diversity. A total of 177 accessions were genotyped with 1122 informative physically anchored DArT markers. The properties of DArTs to describe sorghum genetic structure were compared to those of SSRs and of previously published RFLP markers. Model-based (STRUCTURE software) and Neighbor-Joining diversity analyses led to the identification of 6 groups and confirmed previous evolutionary hypotheses. Results were globally consistent between the different marker systems. However, DArTs appeared more robust in terms of data resolution and bayesian group assignment. Whole genome linkage disequilibrium as measured by mean r2 decreased from 0.18 (between 0 to 10 kb) to 0.03 (between 100 kb to 1 Mb), stabilizing at 0.03 after 1 Mb. Effects on LD estimations of sample size and genetic structure were tested using i. random sampling, ii. the Maximum Length SubTree algorithm (MLST), and iii. structure groups. Optimizing population composition by the MLST reduced the biases in small samples and seemed to be an efficient way of selecting samples to make the best use of LD as a genome mapping approach in structured populations. These results also suggested that more than 100,000 markers may be required to perform genome-wide association studies in collections covering worldwide sorghum diversity. Analysis of DArT markers differentiation between the identified genetic groups pointed out outlier loci potentially linked to genes controlling traits of interest, including disease resistance genes for which evidence of selection had already been reported. In addition, evidence of selection near a homologous locus of FAR1 concurred with sorghum phenotypic diversity for sensitivity to photoperiod

Do synthetic Fe-zeolites mimic biological Fe-porphyrins in reactions with nitric oxide?

Iron containing ZSM-5 zeolites is extremely active in nitrous oxide decomposition. This reaction involves atomic oxygen species known as "alpha oxygen" on iron sites. Despite the multiple techniques devoted to its characterization, the active sites' structure remains nevertheless unknown. Herein, these centers are quantified via surface titration by nitrous oxide followed by temperature programmed desorption and characterized via nitric oxide probe molecule followed by infrared spectroscopy. In this latter case, two mono-nitrosyl species differing in the bonds' geometry are observed on the iron centers. Moreover, upon NO evacuation, the two corresponding IR bands suddenly transit to lower wavenumbers. A mirror trend is also reported in biology when NO interacts with iron porphyrins and explained in terms of linear to bent Fe-N-O modification. This structural change is reversible upon addition/evacuation of NO. In the present report, the same reversible nitrosyl transition is observed for Fe-ZSM-5. Based on the close analogies found, the active site's structure in Fe-ZSM-5 is built-up from the porphyrinatoiron(II) model. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Adsorption and reactivity of nitrogen oxides (NO2, NO, N2O) on Fe-zeolites

International audienceNitrous oxide decomposition and temperature programmed desorption tests on Fe-ZSM-5 and Fe-silicalite show that the catalytic conversion mechanism of N2O into N-2 and O-2 over Fe-zeolites is more complex than expected. Nitrogen oxides are formed as byproducts of the catalytic process with the major part consisting in NO2 species adsorbed on the iron sites. FTIR spectroscopy of adsorbed N2O, NO, and NO2 has been used to investigate the structure and environment of the iron active species of the Fe-MFI catalysts before and after atomic oxygen deposition. The interactions of NO and N2O probes on activated Fe-ZSM-5 have evidenced two families of mononuclear Fe(II) centers (FeA and FeB) differing in the coordination state of Fe. N2O also interacts with Bronsted sites of Fe-ZSM-5 via hydrogen bonding. This type of interaction is nearly absent in Fe-silicalite. Polynuclear species (clusters) and iron oxide particles, whose concentrations are strongly influenced by the iron content and by the preparation methods are also present. When oxidized samples (by N2O) are considered, the ability of FeA and FeB centers to adsorb N2O and NO is strongly depressed. On the contrary, the surface chemistry of iron particles is not appreciably influenced. These results represent an indirect proof of the preferential presence of adsorbed oxygen on isolated Fe centers. NO titration of oxidized Fe-ZSM-5 results in the formation of a complex network of interplaying neutral (NO, NO2, N2O4) and ionic species (NO+, NO2-, NO3-). The cooperation of sites between Bronsted and iron active sites is demonstrated. The last observation is fully confirmed by the experiments performed using NO2 probe that titrates both Bronsted and iron sites. On the basis of the comparison of catalytic results of N2O decomposition and of spectroscopic results concerning the titration of surface sites with N2O, NO, and NO2 obtained on the same samples (which form the main scope of the paper), it clearly emerges that mononuclear sites characterized by lowest coordination are the most active in N2O decomposition. Under the adopted conditions, low or negligible activity is shown by FexOy clusters and Fe2O3 particles