DETERMINATION OF SENSITIVE SITES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS DURING LONGTERM PLANT DEHYDRATION

Cieľom práce bolo počas narastajúceho vodného deficitu rastlín meraniami čistej asimilácie CO2, uvoľňovania O2, aktivity Rubisco, obsahu 13C, aktuálnej fotochemickej efektívnosti PSII, vodivosti prieduchov, osmotického a vodného potenciálu, relatívneho obsahu vody v listoch. determinovať zraniteľnosť jednotlivých článkov komplexného procesu akou fotosyntéza je. Merania umožnili charakterizovať stomatické a nestomatické efekty dehydratácie, ako aj rezistenciu mechanizmu fotosyntézy na postupne narastajúce sucho. Citlivosť prieduchov, osmoprotekcia a izotopická diskriminácia 13C sa zdajú byť najpozoruhodnejšie parametre, ktoré pri aklimatácii na sucho učinkujú dynamicky. Ich využiteľnosť vidíme pri tvorbe genotypov lepšie hospodáriacich s vodou a uhlíkom, ako aj pri kvantifikácii prahu škodlivosti prostredia na fotosyntézu.The aim of this work was to measure the net CO2 assimilation, O2 evolution, Rubisco activity, 13C content, actual photochemical PSII efficiency, stomatal conductance, water and osmotic potentials as well as relative water content during increasing plant dehydration. The measurements allowed to determine vulnerability of individual segments of complex process of photosynthesis and characterise the stomatal and non-stomatal responses to dehydration and resistance of mechanisms of photosynthesis to gradual water stress. The sensitiveness of stomata, osmoprotection and isotopic 13C discrimination seem to be the most interesting parameters which act dynamically in plant acclimation to drought. They may be successfully used in screening new genotypes with efficient water and carbon use and in quantification of threshold of deleterious environmental effect to photosynthesis

FUNCTION OF HYDRAULIC AND CHEMICAL WATER STRESS SIGNALIZATION IN EVALUATION OF DROUGHT RESISTANCE OF JUVENILE PLANTS

V laboratórnych hydroponických experimentoch s genotypmi jarného jačmeňa boli testované mladé rastliny s 5 pravými listami na fyziologické reakcie na osmotický stres vyvolaný blokovaním príjmu vody v koreňoch polyetylénglykolom (PEG-6000) a na exogénnu kyselinu abscisovú (ABA) aplikovanú do živného roztoku, ktorá inhibuje otvorenosť prieduchov. Výsledky z meraní difúznej rezistencie listov, relatívneho obsahu vody, rýchlosti transpirácie a predlžovania listov potvrdzujú dominantnú úlohu chemickej signalizácie sucha a prieduchov v regulácii straty vody ako aj citlivosti predlžovacieho rastu na zníženú prístupnosť vody. Udržanie vody v pletivách a turgoru je výsledkom morfologických a fyziologických mechanizmov rezistencie a tolerancie k suchu odlišných od mechanizmov realizovaných u dospelých rastlín, ktoré môžu byť efektívne využité v skríningu genotypov s rôznym stupňom tolerancie k suchu.In laboratory hydroponic experiments with spring barley genotypes the juvenile plants with 5 leaves were tested for their physiological responses to osmotic stress evoked by blocking the water uptake in roots by polyethylenglycol (PEG-6000) and to exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) applied in the nutrient solution which inhibits the stomata opening. Results from the measurements of leaf diffusion resistance, relative water content, transpiration and leaf elongation rates show dominant role of chemical signalization drought from root environment and of stomata in the regulation of water loss as well as sensitiveness of leaf elongation to lowered water availability. Maintenance of water content and turgor in the leaf tissues resulted from expression of morphological and physiological mechanisms of resistance and tolerance to drought different from that in mature plants which might be useful in the screening genotypes with different level of drought tolerance

Application of impedance spectroscopy and conductometry for assessment of varietal differences in wheat

The potentials of an electrochemical and a physical technique for detection of physiological differences in three wheat cultivars under optimal growth conditions were outlined in the study. Electrolyte leakage kinetics was established by continuous measurements of conductivity of solutions in which leaf pieces were incubated for 24 hours. Impedance spectra were obtained from intact leaves at frequency range from 7 to 2010 Hz and 250 mV measuring voltage applied between two gold plated silicon substrates serving as electrodes. The obtained spectra were approximated by a model employing two ARC elements connected in series. Parameters of the previously described diffusion model based on time course conductivity measurements were inversely correlated with electrical impedance spectroscopy data, thus the genotype with highest ion leakage (cultivar Prelom) exhibited lowest impedance magnitude. It was concluded that the two methods were able not merely to distinguish the three studied cultivars but also to rank them in the same order based on their electrical properties

Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel

[EN] Using chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence many aspects of the photosynthetic apparatus can be studied, both in vitro and, noninvasively, in vivo. Complementary techniques can help to interpret changes in the Chl a fluorescence kinetics. Kalaji et al. (Photosynth Res 122: 121-158, 2014a) addressed several questions about instruments, methods and applications based on Chl a fluorescence. Here, additionalChl a fluorescence-related topics are discussed again in a question and answer format. Examples are the effect of connectivity on photochemical quenching, the correction of F-V/F-M values for PSI fluorescence, the energy partitioning concept, the interpretation of the complementary area, probing the donor side of PSII, the assignment of bands of 77 K fluorescence emission spectra to fluorescence emitters, the relationship between prompt and delayed fluorescence, potential problems when sampling tree canopies, the use of fluorescence parameters in QTL studies, the use of Chl a fluorescence in biosensor applications and the application of neural network approaches for the analysis of fluorescence measurements. The answers draw on knowledge fromdifferent Chl a fluorescence analysis domains, yielding in several cases new insights.Kalaji, H.; Schansker, G.; Brestic, M.; Bussotti, F.; Calatayud, A.; Ferroni, L.; Goltsev, V.... (2017). Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel. 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Crop improvement and abiotic stress tolerance promoted by moringa leaf extract

Moringa leaf extract (MLE) has been shown to promote beneficial outcomes in animals and plants. It is rich in amino acids, antioxidants, phytohormones, minerals, and many other bioactive compounds with nutritional and growth-promoting potential. Recent reports indicated that MLE improved abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Our understanding of the mechanisms underlying MLE-mediated abiotic stress tolerance remains limited. This review summarizes the existing literature on the role of MLE in promoting plant abiotic stress acclimation processes. MLE is applied to plants in a variety of ways, including foliar spray, rooting media, and seed priming. Exogenous application of MLE promoted crop plant growth, photosynthesis, and yield under both nonstress and abiotic stress conditions. MLE treatment reduced the severity of osmotic and oxidative stress in plants by regulating osmolyte accumulation, antioxidant synthesis, and secondary metabolites. MLE also improves mineral homeostasis in the presence of abiotic stress. Overall, this review describes the potential mechanisms underpinning MLE-mediated stress tolerance