241 research outputs found
LâautodĂ©termination dans la mise en place de projet: regards croisĂ©s des animateurs socioculturels et des Ă©ducateurs sociaux sur leur partique auprĂšs des personnes souffrant de troubles psychiques
Cette recherche exploratoire porte sur le thĂšme de lâautodĂ©termination dans la mise en place de projet avec des personnes qui souffrent de troubles psychiques. Nous avons axĂ© notre dĂ©marche sous lâangle du travailleur social et plus particuliĂšrement des animateurs socioculturels et des Ă©ducateurs sociaux. Le but de notre recherche est de mettre en lumiĂšre la maniĂšre dont les professionnels citĂ©s ci-dessus estiment favoriser lâautodĂ©termination des personnes souffrant de troubles psychiques dans la mise en place de projet. La partie thĂ©orique prĂ©sente tout dâabord des notions liĂ©es Ă la personne accompagnĂ©e telles que le concept de maladie psychique et dâautodĂ©termination. Elle traite aussi de thĂ©matiques liĂ©es aux animateurs socioculturels et aux Ă©ducateurs sociaux telles que le concept de pratique professionnelle, de projet (outil commun aux deux professions) et dâinstitution. Des notions juridiques qui concernent lâautodĂ©termination sont Ă©galement abordĂ©es. Il sâagit de la capacitĂ© de discernement ainsi que des mesures du nouveau droit de lâadulte. La partie pratique de ce travail est basĂ©e sur une approche qualitative. Quatre entretiens dâanimateurs socioculturels et quatre entretiens dâĂ©ducateurs sociaux travaillant dans des institutions qui accueillent des personnes ayant des troubles psychiques ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s. Ces derniers ont ensuite Ă©tĂ© croisĂ©s dans la partie analytique. Les rĂ©sultats mettent en Ă©vidence la maniĂšre dont les professionnels estiment favoriser lâautodĂ©termination des personnes Ă travers le projet. Ils exposent leurs limites et difficultĂ©s dans cette dĂ©marche qui sont liĂ©es Ă la personne accompagnĂ©e ainsi quâĂ son environnement. Il en ressort que les animateurs socioculturels et les Ă©ducateurs sociaux ont des pratiques diffĂ©rentes et complĂ©mentaires pour favoriser lâautodĂ©termination Ă travers un projet. Le cadre institutionnel peut reprĂ©senter un facilitateur ou un frein dans la favorisation de lâautodĂ©termination des personnes ayant des troubles psychiques. Lâissue de ce travail met en lumiĂšre diverses pistes dâaction qui constituent, selon nous, des outils pour les professionnels et leur pratique. Nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© une perspective liĂ©e Ă la culture institutionnelle, une seconde en lien avec les pratiques du professionnel et une derniĂšre en lien avec la personne et son environnement
Scrutinizing XAI using linear ground-truth data with suppressor variables
Machine learning (ML) is increasingly often used to inform high-stakes
decisions. As complex ML models (e.g., deep neural networks) are often
considered black boxes, a wealth of procedures has been developed to shed light
on their inner workings and the ways in which their predictions come about,
defining the field of 'explainable AI' (XAI). Saliency methods rank input
features according to some measure of 'importance'. Such methods are difficult
to validate since a formal definition of feature importance is, thus far,
lacking. It has been demonstrated that some saliency methods can highlight
features that have no statistical association with the prediction target
(suppressor variables). To avoid misinterpretations due to such behavior, we
propose the actual presence of such an association as a necessary condition and
objective preliminary definition for feature importance. We carefully crafted a
ground-truth dataset in which all statistical dependencies are well-defined and
linear, serving as a benchmark to study the problem of suppressor variables. We
evaluate common explanation methods including LRP, DTD, PatternNet,
PatternAttribution, LIME, Anchors, SHAP, and permutation-based methods with
respect to our objective definition. We show that most of these methods are
unable to distinguish important features from suppressors in this setting.Comment: Corrected typo
Nachhaltig gestĂ€rkt â Resilienzförderung im Ergotherapiestudium : welche Möglichkeiten gibt es im Curriculum?
Einleitung: Die Ergotherapie ist ein anspruchsvolles Berufsfeld, welches BerufsanfÀnger:innen an ihre Grenzen bringen kann. WÀhrend des Studiums begegnen Ergotherapiestudierende vielen Herausforderungen und Stress. Zur BewÀltigung von solchen Belastungen und dem Erhalt der mentalen Gesundheit ist die Förderung der Resilienz sinnvoll.
Fragestellung: Wie kann im Ergotherapiestudium Resilienz gefördert werden?
Methode: Mittels systematischer Literaturrecherche und Handsuche wurden fĂŒnf Studien aus-gewĂ€hlt, die mit dem Modell der sieben ResilienzsĂ€ulen (Rampe, 2010) und dem KohĂ€renzmodell (Antonovsky & Franke, 1997) in Bezug gesetzt wurden. Zudem wurde eine exemplarische Umfrage unter Ergotherapiestudierenden durchgefĂŒhrt.
Ergebnisse: Die Förderung der Resilienz wĂ€hrend des Ergotherapiestudiums ist relevant, um die FĂ€higkeit zum Ăberwinden von Hindernissen zu erlernen. Resilienz ist erlernbar, unter anderem durch SelbstfĂŒrsorge, Achtsamkeit und Selbstreflexion. Auch durch unterstĂŒtzende Praxisanleitende wĂ€hrend des Praktikums kann die Resilienz der Studierenden gefördert werden. Alle Hauptstudien* wiesen signifikante Ergebnisse auf. Zudem sahen fast alle Teilnehmenden unserer Umfrage Bedarf fĂŒr mehr Unterricht zum Thema Resilienz.
Schlussfolgerungen: Die Einbettung von Resilienzförderprogrammen in die LehrplĂ€ne des Ergotherapiestudiums ist empfohlen. Auch Praxisanleitende sollten sich ihres Einflusses auf die Studierenden bewusst sein und eine wertschĂ€tzende und motivierende AtmosphĂ€re schaffen. Es ist Bedarf fĂŒr weitere Forschung in diesem Themengebiet vorhanden
Controverses du changement climatique : la reprĂ©sentation des paroles dâautrui dans les pages de discussion sur WikipĂ©dia francophone et norvĂ©gien
This article explores the collaborative encyclopedia Wikipedia through the lens of two aspects that have particularly interested Kjersti FlĂžttum throughout her work:
(i) the climate crisis, which will be examined through the analysis of a corpus of Wikipedia pages related to climate change as well as the relevant discussion pages. The corpus contains both French and Norwegian versions of the relevant pages; in this sense, it is a comparable corpus that allows us to shed light on differences both in the treatment and textualization of the contents, and in the nature of the discussions carried out;
(ii) the plurality of voices, more specifically from the perspective developed by J. Authier-Revuz (2020) (la reprĂ©sentation du discours autre - RDA), which allows us to analyze the representation of the speech of others, and linguistic polyphony (Ducrot 1984, NĂžlke 2017), with a focus on polemic negation in contexts of RDA, which allows us to analyze the expression of controversy.Le prĂ©sent article se propose dâexplorer lâencyclopĂ©die collaborative WikipĂ©dia au prisme de deux aspects ayant particuliĂšrement intĂ©ressĂ© Kjersti FlĂžttum au fil de ses travaux : (i) la crise climatique, qui sera abordĂ©e Ă travers le choix dâun corpus Ă©chantillonnĂ© comprenant des articles encyclopĂ©diques et leurs pages de discussion associĂ©es. Notre corpus de travail contient les deux versions francophone et norvĂ©gienne des pages choisies ; en ce sens, il sâagit dâun corpus comparable qui nous permettra de mettre au jour des diffĂ©rences significatives tant dans le traitement et la mise en texte des contenus, que dans la nature des discussions menĂ©es; (ii) la pluralitĂ© de voix, plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment sous lâoptique de la reprĂ©sentation du discours autre (RDA) dĂ©veloppĂ©e par J. Authier-Revuz (2020), qui nous permettra dâanalyser la reprĂ©sentation de la parole dâautrui et la polyphonie (Ducrot 1984, NĂžlke 2017), abordĂ©e dans le cadre de lâanalyse de la nĂ©gation polĂ©mique dans les contextes de RDA, ce qui nous permettra dâanalyser lâexpression de la controverse.publishedVersio
Raman Investigations to Identify Corallium rubrum in Iron Age Jewelry and Ornaments
International audienceDuring the Central European Iron Age, more specifically between 600 and 100 BC, red precious corals (Corallium rubrum) became very popular in many regions, often associated with the so-called (early) Celts. Red corals are ideally suited to investigate several key questions of Iron Age research, like trade patterns or social and economic structures. While it is fairly easy to distinguish modern C. rubrum from bone, ivory or shells, archaeologists are confronted with ancient, hence altered, artifacts. Due to ageing processes, archaeological corals lose their intensive red color and shiny surface and can easily be confused with these other light colored materials. We propose a non-destructive multi-stage approach to identify archaeological corals amongst other biominerals used as ornament during the central European Iron Age with emphasis on optical examination and mobile Raman spectroscopy. Our investigations suggest that the noticeably high amount of misidentifications or at least uncertain material declarations existing in museums or even in the literature (around 15%) could be overcome by the proposed approach. Furthermore, the range of different materials is higher than previously expected in archaeological research. This finding has implications for contemporary concepts of social structures and distribution networks during the Iron Age
Recirculation of Canada Basin Deep Water in the Amundsen Basin, Arctic
It is evident from hydrographic profiles in the Arctic Ocean that relatively warm and salty Canada Basin Deep Water (CBDW) flows over the Lomonosov Ridge into the Amundsen Basin, in the Eurasian Arctic. However, oceanographic data in the deep Arctic Ocean are scarce, making it difficult to analyze the spatial extent or the dynamics of this inflow. Here we present new hydrographic data from two recent expeditions as well as historical data from previous expeditions in the central Arctic. We use an end-member analysis to quantify the presence of CBDW in the Amundsen and Nansen Basins and infer new circulation pathways. We find that the inflow of CBDW is intermittent, and that it recirculates in the Amundsen Basin along the Gakkel Ridge. Although the forcing mechanisms for the inflow of CBDW into the Amundsen Basin remain unclear owing to the lack of continuous observations, we demonstrate that density-driven overflows, even intermittent, and the pressure gradient across the Lomonosov Ridge are unlikely drivers. We also find multiple deep eddies with a CBDW content of up to 600 g kg-1 and a vertical extent of up to 1200 m in the Amundsen Basin. The high CBDW content of these eddies suggests that they can efficiently trap CBDW and transport its heat and salt over long distances
Sozio-emotionale Resilienzentwicklung im Jugendalter trotz Miterleben verbaler elterlicher Paargewalt. Ein transitionsanalytischer Zugang ĂŒber zwei Wellen
In der vorliegenden Studie wurde anhand einer Stichprobe von 933 (Welle 1; 7. Klasse) und 776 (Welle 2; 8. Klasse) SekundarschĂŒler:innen in der Nordwestschweiz untersucht, inwiefern sich das Miterleben verbaler elterlicher Paargewalt in unterschiedlichen Mustern sozial-emotionaler Entwicklung ausdrĂŒckt. Aus resilienztheoretischer Perspektive wurde die Resilienzentwicklung von Jugendlichen domĂ€nen-, entwicklungsphasen- und widrigkeitsspezifisch operationalisiert und als sozio-emotionale Gewaltresilienz umgesetzt. Mithilfe einer latenten Transitionsanalyse ĂŒber zwei Wellen konnten die Jugendlichen in vier verschiedene sozio-emotionale Entwicklungsmuster eingeteilt werden: resilient, antisozial-internalisierend, prosozial-internalisierend und antisozial-externalisierend. Regressionsanalysen ergaben, dass sich mĂ€nnliches Geschlecht und prosoziales Verhalten auf Klassenebene als protektive Faktoren und Dissoziation sowie Migrationshintergrund als Risikofaktoren fĂŒr sozio-emotionale Resilienz erwiesen. Dass prosoziales Verhalten auf Klassenebene die Zugehörigkeit zur resilienten Gruppe charakterisiert, ist besonders fĂŒr Fragen der PrĂ€vention ein wichtiges Ergebnis, da sich dieser Faktor in der Schule beeinflussen lĂ€sst. Die erfolgte Identifikation vulnerabler Subgruppen kann zur Entwicklung massgeschneiderter Interventionen und Programme fĂŒr Jugendliche und das gesamte System Schule beitragen. (DIPF/Orig.
Cellular Effects of Bacterial N-3-Oxo-Dodecanoyl-L-Homoserine Lactone on the Sponge Suberites domuncula (Olivi, 1792): Insights into an Intimate Inter-Kingdom Dialogue.
International audienceSponges and bacteria have lived together in complex consortia for 700 million years. As filter feeders, sponges prey on bacteria. Nevertheless, some bacteria are associated with sponges in symbiotic relationships. To enable this association, sponges and bacteria are likely to have developed molecular communication systems. These may include molecules such as N-acyl-L-homoserine lactones, produced by Gram-negative bacteria also within sponges. In this study, we examined the role of N-3-oxododecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C12-HSL) on the expression of immune and apoptotic genes of the host sponge Suberites domuncula. This molecule seemed to inhibit the sponge innate immune system through a decrease of the expression of genes coding for proteins sensing the bacterial membrane: a Toll-Like Receptor and a Toll-like Receptor Associated Factor 6 and for an anti-bacterial perforin-like molecule. The expression of the pro-apoptotic caspase-like 3/7 gene decreased as well, whereas the level of mRNA of anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-2 Homolog Proteins did not change. Then, we demonstrated the differential expression of proteins in presence of this 3-oxo-C12-HSL using 3D sponge cell cultures. Proteins involved in the first steps of the endocytosis process were highlighted using the 2D electrophoresis protein separation and the MALDI-TOF/TOF protein characterization: α and ÎČ subunits of the lysosomal ATPase, a cognin, cofilins-related proteins and cytoskeleton proteins actin, α tubulin and α actinin. The genetic expression of some of these proteins was subsequently followed. We propose that the 3-oxo-C12-HSL may participate in the tolerance of the sponge apoptotic and immune systems towards the presence of bacteria. Besides, the sponge may sense the 3-oxo-C12-HSL as a molecular evidence of the bacterial presence and/or density in order to regulate the populations of symbiotic bacteria in the sponge. This study is the first report of a bacterial secreted molecule acting on sponge cells and regulating the symbiotic relationship
Swiss Marketing Leadership Studie 2015 : Status Quo und Trends in Schweizer Unternehmen
Marketing Ă€ndert sich fundamental und sollte in modernen Unternehmen eine steuernde Funktion in Richtung Kunden- und Marktorientierung einnehmen. Vor diesem Hintergrund entschied sich das Institut fĂŒr Marketing Management der ZHAW School of Management and Law zu einer Fusion der beiden bewĂ€hrten Studienformate «Swiss CRM» und «Swiss Product Management» und veröffentlicht erstmalig die «Swiss Marketing Leadership Studie»
Application des micro-spectromĂ©tries infrarouge et Raman Ă lâĂ©tude des processus diagĂ©nĂ©tiques altĂ©rant les ossements palĂ©olithiques
DiffĂ©rents processus post-mortem peuvent altĂ©rer les ossements et limiter lâutilisation de leur composition Ă©lĂ©mentaire et isotopique comme marqueurs palĂ©o-environnementaux/climatiques, palĂ©o-alimentaires ou encore gĂ©ochronologiques. De part leur structure complexe et hiĂ©rarchisĂ©e, les ossements in vivo sont des tissus hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes. La prise en compte de cette hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ©, renforcĂ©e au cours de la fossilisation, nĂ©cessite lâutilisation de techniques dâanalyses adaptĂ©es permettant lâĂ©tude des variations de structure et de compositions Ă micro-Ă©chelle. De prĂ©cĂ©dents travaux ont montrĂ© que des techniques de micro-spectromĂ©trie vibrationnelle telle que la micro-spectromĂ©trie infrarouge pouvait permettre de caractĂ©riser les modifications induites par les processus diagĂ©nĂ©tiques et de dĂ©terminer les Ă©tats de prĂ©servation des Ă©chantillons fossiles. Dans cette Ă©tude, des indices permettant de dĂ©terminer la composition dâossements fossiles ont Ă©tĂ© acquis en spectromĂ©trie infrarouge et Raman, ceci dans le but de comparer les informations fournies par ces deux techniques. Les micro-spectromĂ©tries IR et Raman ont ensuite Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©es Ă des Ă©chantillons fossiles prĂ©parĂ©s sous forme de coupes minces ou de lames Ă©paisses. Ces premiers rĂ©sultats de cartographie obtenus par micro-spectromĂ©trie Raman permettent de mettre en Ă©vidence lâapport de cette technique Ă la comprĂ©hension des processus diagĂ©nĂ©tiques en permettant de dĂ©terminer la rĂ©partition des principaux composĂ©s des ossements fossiles (teneur en collagĂšne, en carbonates, cristallinitĂ© de la phase minĂ©rale, etc.).Various post-mortem processes can alter bone materials and then limit the use of their elemental or isotopic composition as markers for palaeo-environmental/climatic, paleodiet, or geochronological studies. Due to their complex and hierarchical structure, in vivo bones correspond to a highly heterogeneous tissue. The study of this heterogeneity, reinforced during fossilization processes, requires the use of adapted analytical techniques to investigate the variation of composition at microscale. Previous works have demonstrated that vibrational spectroscopic techniques like infrared micro-spectroscopy can be used to characterize the modification of composition induced by diagenetic processes and to determine the preservation state of the fossil samples. In this study, some spectral parameters, used to determine the composition of fossil bones, were measured by both infrared and Raman spectroscopy in order to compare the information supplied by these two techniques. Infrared and Raman micro-spectroscopy were then applied to fossil samples prepared as thin sections or polished thick sections. These first results of chemical mapping obtained on fossil bones by Raman micro-spectroscopy are in good agreement with the data obtained by FTIR micro-spectroscopy. These results demonstrated the capacity of this method for the understanding of diagenetic processes by monitoring the main components of fossil bone tissues (carbonates and collagen content, mineral crystallinity, etc.)
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