Modélisation de l’influence combinée des stratégies d’acteurs collectifs et individuels sur la reconfiguration des mobilités quotidiennes

National audience« People on their feet are more or less equal ». Cette citation d’Ivan Illich (1974) prend tout son sens dans une société où les déplacements piétonniers sont en di¬minution et où l’inégalité face à la mobi¬lité se fait de plus en plus forte. En ef¬fet, le phénomène d’étalement urbain ju¬melé avec la démocratisation de l’automo¬bile' depuis les années 60 est aujourd’hui difficilement contestable. Une transition a donc eu lieu entre une organisation ur¬baine favorisant les espaces de proximités et une organisation plus éclatée des lieux de fréquentations quotidiennes (Korsu, 2010). En détruisant cette organisation de proxi¬mité favorable aux déplacements piéton¬niers, l’automobile s’est instaurée comme l’élément privilégié pour se déplacer

Essai de typologie des espaces résidentiels à partir d'indicateurs désagrégés à l'échelle du bâtiment: Application à Besançon et à Metz

International audienceIn France, knowledge about urban spaces can be assumed by typologies built from statistical information at the scale of municipalities or blocks (provided by the French national institute of statistics for example). Nevertheless, these typologies do not consider cities at the desegregated scale of their buildings and usually do not take into account the diversity of buildings' residential neighborhood. But this diversity explains a part of people and households choices in terms of mobility and lifestyle. The aim of this paper is then to create a classification based on desegregated data, in order to better qualify urban spaces. After a short theoretical review about urban unity or diversity (Part 1), Part 2 presents the 46 selected indicators at the scale of the immediate, nearby or global neighborhood of the buildings. Part 3 presents the results of the classification, based on data analysis (PCA and HAC), which allow statistical and graphical generalization of the two studied areas : Besançon and Metz. These results improve knowledge about the organization and the residential attributes of urban spaces.En France, la connaissance des espaces urbains peut s'appuyer sur une série de typologies construites à partir d'informations statistiques relevées à l'échelle de la commune ou de l'îlot, notamment par l'Insee. Toutefois, ces typologies ne considèrent pas les villes au niveau désagrégé de leurs bâtiments et n'intègrent que rarement la diversité de leur environnement résidentiel. Or, cette diversité explique une partie des choix des ménages en termes de mobilité et de style de vie. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de cet article consiste à construire une classification fondée sur ces données désagrégées, pour mieux qualifier les espaces urbains. Après avoir rappelé les constats et les théories qui posent actuellement la question de la diversification et de l'unité des espaces urbains, nous présentons les 46 indicateurs retenus pour qualifier ces espaces à l'échelle de leur voisinage immédiat, proche et global. Enfin, nous présentons les résultats de la classification, fondée sur une analyse de données (ACP puis CAH), qui permet d'envisager la modélisation statistique et la schématisation des deux terrains d'étude retenus : Besançon et Metz. L'ensemble offre des pistes pour mieux comprendre l'organisation des espaces urbains et leurs attributs résidentiels

APLICAÇÃO DE DANOS MECÂNICOS E SEUS EFEITOS NA QUALIDADE DE PRODUTOS HORTÍCOLAS, SAFRAS 2019/2020

Problemas sérios na fruticultura brasileira resultam em perdas e desperdício significativo napós-colheita, afetando a qualidade dos frutos e rentabilidade do produtor. Entretanto,problemas causados por danos mecânicos têm efeitos significativo na qualidade dos frutos, jáque eles causam sérios distúrbios fisiológicos e desencadeiam vários processos que atuam nometabolismo, como o aumento da taxa respiratória e transpiração, ocasionando uma maiordesidratação e perda de qualidade. Diante destes problemas, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliaro efeito de danos mecânicos sobre a qualidade de pós colheita de tangerinas ‘Ponkan’ epêssegos ‘Aurora’ em diferente período de armazenamento na safra de 2020. O experimentofoi conduzido no Laboratório de Pós-colheita do Instituto Federal Catarinense Campus SantaRosa do sul. Os frutos selecionados foram higienizados, selecionados e colocados embandejas de 15 frutos por tratamento. Cada fruto compôs uma repetição, totalizando 15repetições por tratamento para cada data de avaliação. Os tratamentos foram: testemunha,queda, corte e abrasão. As bergamotas ‘Ponkan’ foram armazenadas em frio a 7 oC por 15,30, 45 e 60 dias e para os pêssegos ‘Aurora a 0 oC por 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias. Avaliações foramrealizadas nas saídas de armazenagem para: perda de massa fresca (%), firmeza de polpa (N),sólidos solúveis (ºBRIX) e conteúdo de suco (%). O delineamento experimental foiinteiramente casualizado com esquema fatorial 4x5, referentes aos 4 tratamentos e 5 datas deavaliação, com 15 repetições determinado o fruto como uma unidade experimental. Os dadosforam submetidos à análise de variância (SISVAR) e para a comparação das médias, foiaplicado o teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. A qualidade dos frutos Ponkan é afetadasignificativamente pelos danos mecânicos corte, queda e abrasão, que tendem a afetar asuculência e a acidez dos frutos, diminuindo o tempo de armazenamento dos frutos ediminuição da qualidade. Nos pêssegos ‘Aurora’ o tratamento queda apresentou maioresvalores de perda de massa fresca, mesmo não havendo diferença estatística entre ostratamentos. A firmeza diminuiu ao longo do armazenamento em todos os tratamentos, e otratamento testemunha apresentou maior firmeza. O conteúdo de suco objetivo diminuiu aolongo do armazenamento em todos os tratamentos, porém sem diferença estatística

The systemic lupus erythematosus IRF5 risk haplotype is associated with systemic sclerosis

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a fibrotic autoimmune disease in which the genetic component plays an important role. One of the strongest SSc association signals outside the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region corresponds to interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 5 (IRF5), a major regulator of the type I IFN pathway. In this study we aimed to evaluate whether three different haplotypic blocks within this locus, which have been shown to alter the protein function influencing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) susceptibility, are involved in SSc susceptibility and clinical phenotypes. For that purpose, we genotyped one representative single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of each block (rs10488631, rs2004640, and rs4728142) in a total of 3,361 SSc patients and 4,012 unaffected controls of Caucasian origin from Spain, Germany, The Netherlands, Italy and United Kingdom. A meta-analysis of the allele frequencies was performed to analyse the overall effect of these IRF5 genetic variants on SSc. Allelic combination and dependency tests were also carried out. The three SNPs showed strong associations with the global disease (rs4728142: P = 1.34×10<sup>−8</sup>, OR = 1.22, CI 95% = 1.14–1.30; rs2004640: P = 4.60×10<sup>−7</sup>, OR = 0.84, CI 95% = 0.78–0.90; rs10488631: P = 7.53×10<sup>−20</sup>, OR = 1.63, CI 95% = 1.47–1.81). However, the association of rs2004640 with SSc was not independent of rs4728142 (conditioned P = 0.598). The haplotype containing the risk alleles (rs4728142*A-rs2004640*T-rs10488631*C: P = 9.04×10<sup>−22</sup>, OR = 1.75, CI 95% = 1.56–1.97) better explained the observed association (likelihood P-value = 1.48×10<sup>−4</sup>), suggesting an additive effect of the three haplotypic blocks. No statistical significance was observed in the comparisons amongst SSc patients with and without the main clinical characteristics. Our data clearly indicate that the SLE risk haplotype also influences SSc predisposition, and that this association is not sub-phenotype-specific

Immunochip analysis identifies multiple susceptibility loci for systemic sclerosis

In this study, 1,833 systemic sclerosis (SSc) cases and 3,466 controls were genotyped with the Immunochip array. Classical alleles, amino acid residues, and SNPs across the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region were imputed and tested. These analyses resulted in a model composed of six polymorphic amino acid positions and seven SNPs that explained the observed significant associations in the region. In addition, a replication step comprising 4,017 SSc cases and 5,935 controls was carried out for several selected non-HLA variants, reaching a total of 5,850 cases and 9,401 controls of European ancestry. Following this strategy, we identified and validated three SSc risk loci, including DNASE1L3 at 3p14, the SCHIP1-IL12A locus at 3q25, and ATG5 at 6q21, as well as a suggested association of the TREH-DDX6 locus at 11q23. The associations of several previously reported SSc risk loci were validated and further refined, and the observed peak of association in PXK was related to DNASE1L3. Our study has increased the number of known genetic associations with SSc, provided further insight into the pleiotropic effects of shared autoimmune risk factors, and highlighted the power of dense mapping for detecting previously overlooked susceptibility loci

A genome-wide association study follow-up suggests a possible role for PPARG in systemic sclerosis susceptibility

Introduction: A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) comprising a French cohort of systemic sclerosis (SSc) reported several non-HLA single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showing a nominal association in the discovery phase. We aimed to identify previously overlooked susceptibility variants by using a follow-up strategy.<p></p> Methods: Sixty-six non-HLA SNPs showing a P value <10-4 in the discovery phase of the French SSc GWAS were analyzed in the first step of this study, performing a meta-analysis that combined data from the two published SSc GWASs. A total of 2,921 SSc patients and 6,963 healthy controls were included in this first phase. Two SNPs, PPARG rs310746 and CHRNA9 rs6832151, were selected for genotyping in the replication cohort (1,068 SSc patients and 6,762 healthy controls) based on the results of the first step. Genotyping was performed by using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. Results: We observed nominal associations for both PPARG rs310746 (PMH = 1.90 × 10-6, OR, 1.28) and CHRNA9 rs6832151 (PMH = 4.30 × 10-6, OR, 1.17) genetic variants with SSc in the first step of our study. In the replication phase, we observed a trend of association for PPARG rs310746 (P value = 0.066; OR, 1.17). The combined overall Mantel-Haenszel meta-analysis of all the cohorts included in the present study revealed that PPARG rs310746 remained associated with SSc with a nominal non-genome-wide significant P value (PMH = 5.00 × 10-7; OR, 1.25). No evidence of association was observed for CHRNA9 rs6832151 either in the replication phase or in the overall pooled analysis.<p></p> Conclusion: Our results suggest a role of PPARG gene in the development of SSc