Avaliação de amidos modificados empregados na mineração para aplicação em fluidos de perfuração de poços de petróleo

Amidos e seus derivados são utilizados em praticamente todos os setores industriais. Na indústria petrolíferapodem ser empregados como aditivos controladores de filtrado, os quais controlam eficazmente a perda defluido para a formação rochosa adjacente. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o uso de amidos, demandioca e de milho, utilizados na mineração, como redutor de filtrado em fluidos de perfuração poliméricospara poços de petróleo e gás. O estudo foi realizado em três etapas: na primeira etapa, cinco diferentes tiposde amidos modificados foram caracterizados por meio dos ensaios de viscosidade e índice de solubilidade emágua; na segunda, as amostras de amido foram avaliadas de acordo com a norma da Petrobras (PE-2POC-00727-0) e, na terceira e última etapa, as amostras que, atenderam as especificações da norma, foram avaliadasnas concentrações de 0 a 9g/350mL de água, em uma formulação típica de fluido polimérico visandoavaliar as propriedades reológicas e de filtração. Os dados obtidos foram comparados com um fluido poliméricoaditivado com amido comercial. Os resultados demonstraram que dentre as cinco amostras estudadas,apenas a denominada de CMAN-AV foi considerada aprovada na norma e, quando adicionada ao fluidopolimérico conferiu propriedades reológicas e de filtração semelhantes ao fluido aditivado com o amidocomercial. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a amostra CMAN-AV pode ser utilizada como redutor de filtrado emfluido de perfuração polimérico.Palavras-chave: amidos, redutor de filtrado, fluido polimérico

Formação docente e prática de ensino: narrativas de professoras de Geografia

Teaching training and practice of teaching: narrative teaching of geography’s teachersResumo O presente artigo contempla uma discussão sobre a trajetória de formação das professoras de Geografia graduadas na Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), que atuam na educação básica, nas redes pública e privada de Vitória da Conquista - BA. As narrativas foram adotadas como metodologia da pesquisa e as professoras participantes puderam expor suas experiências desde os momentos em que eram estudantes da educação básica até o presente. As discussões foram conduzidas por meio da inserção de temas relacionados com a formação docente e a prática de ensino de Geografia. Foi possível perceber as concepções de educação e de ciência geográfica construídas pelas docentes ao longo de suas trajetórias e a ressignificação de suas vivências, além de uma reflexão das posturas pedagógicas apresentadas.Palavras-chave: Formação Docente. Narrativas. Práticas de Ensino de Geografia AbstractThe present article contemplates a discussion of the geography teacher’s trajectory of formation. These teachers are graduated at Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB) and they work in the basic education, at public and private schools in Vitória da Conquista- BA. It was taken as methodology of the research, the narratives, and the participating teachers expose their experiences moments from their time as basic education students until the present time. The discussion were conducted through the insertion of themes related to the academic education of teachers and the practice of Geography teaching. It was possible to perceive the conceptions of education and geography science built by the teachers during their trajectories and was perceived that the act of narrating the experiences provided a reframing of their livings and a reflection of the presented pedagogic attitudes.Keywords: Teaching training. Narratives. Geography Teaching Practice 

Anasarca associated with restrictive cardiomyopathy in cats

Background: Cardiomyopathies are a primary heart disorder and are one of the most causes of heart failure and sudden death in cats. Restrictive cardiomyopathy is a diastolic dysfunction resulting from endomyocardial fibrosis, with filling restriction and ventricular distention. In these cases, a poor outcome is expected. Anasarca in animals is often associated with dystocia secondary to congenital changes. In adults, this is a rare condition, since subcutaneous edema in animals with congestive heart failure is an uncommon finding. Therefore, this report describes clinical and pathological findings in an unusual presentation of anasarca in two adult cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy. Cases: A 12-year-old female mixed breed cat (case 1) and a 6-year-old male mixed-breed cat (case 2) were present on an emergent basis at the veterinary hospital with a history of respiratory distress. Case 1 showed on physical examination intense restrictive mixed dyspnea and lethargy, with muffled heart sounds and respiratory noises in cardiorespiratory auscultation. The cat exhibited abdominal distension resulting from ascites. Generalized subcutaneous edema was evident mainly in the abdominal and submandibular areas and the thoracic and pelvic limbs. In these regions, a positive Godet signal was observed. Thoracic radiography revealed pleural effusion, and the cat underwent fluid drainage on both sides of the thoracic cavity. Drainage material was sent to the laboratory for clinical analysis, which indicated that it was a modified transudate. The clinical signs worsened, and the cat was euthanized. In case 2, physical examination showed severe restrictive mixed dyspnea, lethargy, and low body temperature (< 32°C). Abdominal distension resulting from ascites and generalized edema in the subcutaneous tissue with a positive Godet sign was observed. On cardiorespiratory auscultation, cardiac sounds and breathing noises were muffled. Thoracic radiography revealed pleural effusion. The cat was immediately placed in an incubator for clinical stabilization with oxygen therapy and warm-up. After 2 h of hospitalization, thoracentesis and drainage of cavity fluids were performed, which were classified as modified transudate. The patient remained in critical condition during hospitalization, evolving to death. The two cats were referred for a complete post mortem examination. Grossly, both cats showed distension of the abdomen and marked edema of subcutaneous tissue, mainly in the abdominal, ventral cervical, and thoracic and pelvic members. In the abdominal and thoracic cavities, a moderate amount of serous-free liquid, slightly reddish was observed. The heart of both cats was enlarged, with a globose appearance and a slightly whitish epicardium. The left ventricular endocardium was mild and diffusely thick and whitish, in addition to moderate dilation of the left atrium. Histological analyses of the heart showed in both cats moderate and diffuse proliferation of fibrous connective tissue in the endocardial region. Discussion: Restrictive cardiomyopathy has major importance in feline medicine due to its severity and poor outcome. Pleural effusion, pulmonary edema, and ascites are common findings in cats with congestive heart failure; however, generalized subcutaneous edema is uncommon. To the author’s knowledge, there are no published cases in the literature of anasarca in adult cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy. In human cardiology, this presentation is commonly related to congestive heart failure, and it is reported under several conditions, such as restrictive cardiomyopathy and constrictive pericarditis. The present study suggests that anasarca should be included in the list of associated clinical signs suggestive of severe congestive heart failure, mainly related to restrictive cardiomyopathy

A GEOGRAFIA DO COTIDIANO E A APRENDIZAGEM SIGNIFICATIVA NOS ANOS INICIAIS

O artigo tem como objetivo compreender como acontece a aprendizagem significativa dos alunos dos anos iniciais a partir do Ensino de Geografia, tendo como suporte a categoria “lugar”. Sendo assim contribui para pensar o aprendizado da Geografia nos anos iniciais e a valorização do cotidiano dos alunos. A aprendizagem significativa é um processo inerente ao ser humano que deve assumir a função de questionar, dialogar e aprendere quando relacionada com outros conceitos e suposições relevantes, disponíveis na mente do estudante, serve de suporte para que sejam introduzidas novas aprendizagens. Foram utilizadas como referências principais Straforini (2002), Ponthuscka, et al (2007), Freire (1996) e Ausubel (1982). Esta pesquisa tem uma abordagem qualitativa e para atender aos objetivos propostos foram selecionadas duas turmas de 4º ano, de uma escola pública e outra particular. Os sujeitos desse estudo são os estudantes das turmas selecionadas e suas respectivas docentes. A pesquisa questiona de que forma os professores pedagogos dos anos iniciais desenvolviam o trabalho com essa categoria de análise, tendo como preocupação a aprendizagem significativa dos estudantes. A ciência geográfica, como disciplina escolar contribui para que alunos e professores enriqueçam suas representações sociais e seu conhecimento sobre as múltiplas dimensões da realidade social, natural e histórica. O ensino de Geografia contribui de forma significativa para o aprendizado do aluno através da leitura de mundo e do reconhecimento do lugar como seu espaço vivido.THE GEOGRAPHY OF EVERYDAY  AND THE MEANINGFUL LEARNING IN THE EARLY YEARSAbstract The article aims to understand how the meaningful learning of the students of the early years from the Teaching of Geography happens, having as support the "place" category. In this sense, it contributes to think the learning of Geography on its early years and the appreciation of the daily life of the students. The meaningful learning is an inherent process for the human being, assuming the function of questioning, dialoguing and learning and, when related to other relevant concepts and assumptions in the student's mind, stand as support to the introduction of new learning. The main references for this study were Straforini (2001), Ponthuscka (2007), Freire (1996) and Ausubel (1982). This research has a qualitative approach and, to reach the proposed objectives, two classes of the 4th year of Brazil’s elementary school from public and private institutions were selected. The subjects of this study are the students of the selected classes and their respective teachers. The research argues how the pedagogical teachers of the initial years developed the work with this category of analysis, having as a concern the meaningful learning of the students. Geography, as school subject, contributes to students and teachers improve their social representations and their knowledge about the multiple dimensions of social, natural and historical reality. Geography teaching contributes significantly to student learning through world perspective and the recognition of the place as their living space.Keywords: Meaningful Learning. Geography teaching. The Geography of the Everyday.LA GEOGRAFÍA DEL COTIDIANO Y EL APRENDIZAJE SIGNIFICATIVO EN LOS AÑOS INICIALESResumenEl artículo pretende comprender cómo ocurre el aprendizaje significativo de los estudiantes de los primeros años de la Enseñanza de Geografía, teniendo como soporte la categoría de "lugar". De esta forma, contribuye a reflexionar sobre el aprendizaje de la Geografía en los primeros años y la valoración de la vida cotidiana de los alumnos. El aprendizaje significativo es un proceso inherente para el ser humano que debe asumir el rol de cuestionar, dialogar y aprender   y cuando se relacionada con otros conceptos y suposiciones relevantes disponibles en la mente del estudiante, sirven de suporte para que sean introducidos nuevos aprendizajes. Las principales referencias utilizadas fueron Straforini (2002), Ponthuscka, et al (2007), Freire (1996) y Ausubel (1982). Esta investigación tiene un enfoque cualitativo y, para cumplir con los objetivos propuestos, fueran selecionados dos clases de cuarto grado de una escuela pública y una escuela privada. Los sujetos de este estudio son los alumnos de las clases seleccionadas y sus respectivos maestros. El trabajo cuestiona cómo los docentes pedagógicos de los primeros años desarrollaron sus actividades con esta categoría de análisis, teniendo en cuenta el aprendizaje significativo de los alumnos. Las ciencias geográficas como una disciplina escolar contribuyen a que los estudiantes y maestros enriquezcan sus representaciones sociales y su conocimiento sobre las múltiples dimensiones de la realidad social, natural e histórica. La enseñanza de la Geografía contribuye de manera significativa al aprendizaje de los estudiantes a través de la lectura del mundo y el reconocimiento del lugar como su espacio vivido.Palabras clave: Aprendizaje significativo. Enseñanza de Geografía. Geografía del cotidiano

Mathematical Modeling of the Differential Sticking Coefficient of Clay Drilling Fluids

The main objective of this work is to propose a mathematical model for the differential sticking coefficient of clayey drilling fluids with a lubricant as an additive and evaluate the influence of differential pressure and lubricant content on filter cake thickness and permeability. Tests were carried out on fluids composed of water and 4.86% of active bentonite clay prepared in Hamilton Beach agitators at a high rotation speed (17000 rpm) for 20 minutes. After a 24-hour time-out in a closed container, lubricants were added to the fluids at different levels. To obtain the differential sticking coefficient (DSC), and the filter cake, a differential sticking tester by Fann with a spherical torque plate was used, and the filter cake thickness was determined in an extensometer. The setting time, differential pressure, and lubricant content were defined as the input variables (independent variables) to the DSC mathematical model. The differential pressure and lubricant rate were the independent variables to the mathematical model of filter cake thickness (FCT) and permeability (K), which varied according to a factorial planning, was known as a second order model. The experimental data regression was performed utilizing Statistic software, version 7.0. The results clearly showed that it was possible to obtain a statistically meaningful and predictive mathematical model for DSC. It was also observed that the increase in the lubricant content was responsible for a DSC value reduction due to the fact that the lubricant was a dispersing agent reducing the filtrate volume and the filter cake thickness, and thereby decreasing the sticking risk due to differential pressure. Finally, from the analysis of point values and response surfaces for FCT and K, it was possible to observe tendencies that made clear that the differential pressure and lubricant content influenced filter cake properties

Behavioral alterations and Fos protein immunoreactivity in brain regions of bile duct-ligated cirrhotic rats

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) encompasses a variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including anxiety and psychomotor dysfunction. Although HE is a frequent complication of liver cirrhosis, the neurobiological substrates responsible for its clinical manifestations are largely unclear. In the present study, male Wistar rats were bile duct-ligated (BDL), a procedure which induces liver cirrhosis, and on the 21st day after surgery tested in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and in an open field for anxiety and locomotor activity measurements. Analysis of Fos protein immunoreactivity (Fos-ir) was used to better understand the neurobiological alterations present in BDL animals. Plasma levels of ammonia were quantified and histopathological analysis of the livers was performed. BDL rats showed a significant decrease in the percentage of entries and time spent in the open arms of the EPM, an anxiogenic effect. These animals also presented significant decreases in Fos-ir in the lateral septal nucleus and medial amygdalar nucleus. Their ammonia plasma levels were significantly higher when compared to the sham group and the diagnosis of cirrhosis was confirmed by histopathological analysis. These results indicate that the BDL model induces anxiogenic results, possibly related to changes in the activation of anxiety-mediating circuitries and to increases in ammonia plasma levels.A Encefalopatia hepática (HE) engloba uma variedade de sintomas neuropsiquiátricos, incluindo ansiedade e disfunção psicomotora. Embora seja uma complicação frequente da cirrose hepática, os substratos neurobiológicos responsáveis por suas manifestações clínicas são em grande parte desconhecidos. No presente estudo, ratos Wistar machos foram submetidos ao procedimento cirúrgico de ligação e secção do ducto biliar (BDL; bile-duct ligation), para indução da cirrose hepática e, no 21º dia após a cirurgia, submetidos aos testes comportamentais no labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE) e campo aberto para avaliação da ansiedade e atividade locomotora. A análise da imunorreatividade à proteína Fos (Fos-ir) foi utilizada para melhor compreender as alterações neurobiológicas presentes nos animais do grupo BDL. Foi realizada a quantificação da concentração de amônia plasmática e análise histopatológica dos fígados. Os ratos do grupo BDL mostraram diminuição significativa na porcentagem de entradas e tempo gasto nos braços abertos do LCE, caracterizando efeito ansiogênico. Estes animais também apresentaram redução significativa na Fos-ir no núcleo septal lateral e núcleo medial da amígdala. A concentração plasmática de amônia foi significativamente mais elevada que a do grupo sham e o diagnóstico de cirrose foi confirmado por análise histopatológica. Estes resultados indicam que o modelo de HE induzido por BDL induz efeito ansiogênico possivelmente relacionado à ativação de circuitos mediadores da ansiedade e à hiperamonemia.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de BiociênciasUniversidade de São Paulo Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Departamento de AnatomiaUNIFESP, Depto. de BiociênciasSciEL

Manual de boas práticas e sustentabilidade no turismo

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A list of land plants of Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Brazil, highlights the presence of sampling gaps within this protected area

Brazilian protected areas are essential for plant conservation in the Atlantic Forest domain, one of the 36 global biodiversity hotspots. A major challenge for improving conservation actions is to know the plant richness, protected by these areas. Online databases offer an accessible way to build plant species lists and to provide relevant information about biodiversity. A list of land plants of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó” (PNC) was previously built using online databases and published on the website "Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil." Here, we provide and discuss additional information about plant species richness, endemism and conservation in the PNC that could not be included in the List. We documented 1,791 species of land plants as occurring in PNC, of which 63 are cited as threatened (CR, EN or VU) by the Brazilian National Red List, seven as data deficient (DD) and five as priorities for conservation. Fifity-one species were possible new ocurrences for ES and MG states

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio