Estudio petrográfico y geoquímico del Complejo Plutónico El Peñuelo (Cinturón de Intrusivos de Concepción del Oro), noreste de México

El presente estudio reporta información petrográfica y geoquímica del Complejo Plutónico El Peñuelo (CPEP), perteneciente al Cinturón de Intrusivos de Concepción del Oro (CICO, noreste de México). El CPEP es una estructura semi-circular, constituida por tres centros de emplazamiento, ubicada en el extremo oriental del CICO y en la extensión norte de la traza del sistema de fallas Taxco-San Miguel de Allende. Sin embargo, el complejo no fue deformado por la actividad de este sistema de fallas. El CPEP está constituido por rocas intrusivas que varían desde cuarzo monzodiorita a cuarzosienita, siendo ésta última la unidad que cubre la mayor parte de la superficie del complejo. El CPEP se emplazó en rocas sedimentarias marinas del Cretácico superior. La cuarzosienita es cortada por diques de cuarzomonzodiorita y mesosienita porfíritica. Además, esta unidad contiene enclaves microgranulares de monzodiorita distribuidos de forma irregular y diques pegmatíticos cortan al resto de las unidades litológicas. La asociación mineralógica en el CPEP presenta cantidades variables de plagioclasa + feldspato alcalino + cuarzo ± anfíbol + biotita ± ortopiroxeno + clinopiroxeno + óxidos de Fe-Ti. Las rocas intrusivas tienen una composición química en SiO2 = 45.7-72.0 %, Mg# = 39.2-60.2 y n-Fe = 0.54-0.73. Presentan patrones de tierras raras, normalizados a condrita, enriquecidos en elementos ligeros [(La/Yb)N = 6-11] sin anomalías de Eu. Los diagramas multielementos, normalizados a manto primordial, muestran patrones de enriquecimiento en elementos LILE en relación a los HFSE. Su geoquímica de elementos traza es similar a la de granitoides de alto Ba-Sr: (a) una alta concentración de Ba (= 594-2302 ppm) y Sr (= 444-2192 ppm); (b) una baja concentración de Y (= 10-46 ppm) y Nb (= 6-17 ppm); y (c) valores altos para las relaciones Sr/Y (= 25-85) y La/Yb (= 8.9-16.5). El origen del CPEP se ha relacionado a la fusión parcial de un manto litosférico enriquecido, en condiciones post-orogénicas, seguida de cristalización fraccionada acoplada con asimilación de material cortical

Biodiversity Assessment and Geographical Affinities of Discards in Clam Fisheries in the Atlantic–Mediterranean Transition (Northern Alboran Sea)

This study focused on the assessment and quantification of discards generated by clam fisheries along the northern Alboran Sea (western Mediterranean). Discard samples (n = 278) were collected throughout one year on board nine commercial vessels. A total of 129 species were identified, mostly represented by molluscs (72 spp.), arthropods (20 spp.) and echinoderms (12 spp.). Molluscs dominated in terms of abundance (67.5%) and biomass (94.2%). The superfamily Paguroidea (i.e. hermit crabs), together with undersized target individuals, were the most abundant taxa. The abundance and biomass of discards displayed significant maximum values in winter, which could be partly related to biotic factors including population dynamics of some dominant species. Multivariate analyses indicated the presence of different assemblages related to the targeted bivalve species, reflecting the transition between a fine surface-sands biocoenosis exposed to wave action and a well-sorted fine sands biocoenosis below 5 m depth. Analysis of biogeographical affinities showed that most discarded species (73.2%) have an extensive Atlantic range, whereas 7.1% have a restricted distribution within the Mediterranean. The presence of subtropical species highlights the uniqueness of this area (the Atlantic–Mediterranean transition) in European seas. The usefulness of discard analysis for biodiversity assessment is discussed.Postprin

Global patient outcomes after elective surgery: prospective cohort study in 27 low-, middle- and high-income countries.

BACKGROUND: As global initiatives increase patient access to surgical treatments, there remains a need to understand the adverse effects of surgery and define appropriate levels of perioperative care. METHODS: We designed a prospective international 7-day cohort study of outcomes following elective adult inpatient surgery in 27 countries. The primary outcome was in-hospital complications. Secondary outcomes were death following a complication (failure to rescue) and death in hospital. Process measures were admission to critical care immediately after surgery or to treat a complication and duration of hospital stay. A single definition of critical care was used for all countries. RESULTS: A total of 474 hospitals in 19 high-, 7 middle- and 1 low-income country were included in the primary analysis. Data included 44 814 patients with a median hospital stay of 4 (range 2-7) days. A total of 7508 patients (16.8%) developed one or more postoperative complication and 207 died (0.5%). The overall mortality among patients who developed complications was 2.8%. Mortality following complications ranged from 2.4% for pulmonary embolism to 43.9% for cardiac arrest. A total of 4360 (9.7%) patients were admitted to a critical care unit as routine immediately after surgery, of whom 2198 (50.4%) developed a complication, with 105 (2.4%) deaths. A total of 1233 patients (16.4%) were admitted to a critical care unit to treat complications, with 119 (9.7%) deaths. Despite lower baseline risk, outcomes were similar in low- and middle-income compared with high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Poor patient outcomes are common after inpatient surgery. Global initiatives to increase access to surgical treatments should also address the need for safe perioperative care. STUDY REGISTRATION: ISRCTN5181700

All-cause mortality in the cohorts of the Spanish AIDS Research Network (RIS) compared with the general population: 1997Ł2010

Abstract Background: Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has produced significant changes in mortality of HIVinfected persons. Our objective was to estimate mortality rates, standardized mortality ratios and excess mortality rates of cohorts of the AIDS Research Network (RIS) (CoRIS-MD and CoRIS) compared to the general population. Methods: We analysed data of CoRIS-MD and CoRIS cohorts from 1997 to 2010. We calculated: (i) all-cause mortality rates, (ii) standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and (iii) excess mortality rates for both cohort for 100 personyears (py) of follow-up, comparing all-cause mortality with that of the general population of similar age and gender. Results: Between 1997 and 2010, 8,214 HIV positive subjects were included, 2,453 (29.9%) in CoRIS-MD and 5,761 (70.1%) in CoRIS and 294 deaths were registered. All-cause mortality rate was 1.02 (95% CI 0.91-1.15) per 100 py, SMR was 6.8 (95% CI 5.9-7.9) and excess mortality rate was 0.8 (95% CI 0.7-0.9) per 100 py. Mortality was higher in patients with AIDS, hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection, and those from CoRIS-MD cohort (1997. Conclusion: Mortality among HIV-positive persons remains higher than that of the general population of similar age and sex, with significant differences depending on the history of AIDS or HCV coinfection

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Tuning Eu3+ emission in europium sesquioxide films by changing the crystalline phase

6 págs.; 6 figs.We report the growth of europium sesquioxide (EuO) thin films by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) in vacuum at room temperature from a pure EuO ceramic bulk target. The films were deposited in different configurations formed by adding capping and/or buffer layers of amorphous aluminum oxide (a-AlO). The optical properties, refractive index and extinction coefficient of the as deposited EuO layers were obtained. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were done to assess its chemical composition. Post-deposition annealing was performed at 500 °C and 850 °C in air in order to achieve the formation of crystalline films and to accomplish photoluminescence emission. According to the analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra, cubic and monoclinic phases were formed. It is found that the relative amount of the phases is related to the different film configurations, showing that the control over the crystallization phase can be realized by adequately designing the structures. All the films showed photoluminescence emission peaks (under excitation at 355 nm) that are attributed to the intra 4f-transitions of Eu ions. The emission spectral shape depends on the crystalline phase of the EuO layer. Specifically, changes in the hypersensitive D → F emission confirm the strong influence of the crystal field effect on the Eu energy levels.© 2015 Elsevier B.VSpanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the projectsTEC2012-38901-C02-01, MAT2013-47878-C2-1-R and MAT2013-48009-C4-1-P co-funded with FEDER funds. A.M. acknowledges thefinancial support through BES-2013-062593. I.C. acknowledges thefinancial support through JAE-Pre-2011 00578.Peer Reviewe

Pulsed Laser Deposition of EuO films from the reduction of a Eu2O3 ceramic target

Lille (France) from May 2 to 6, 2016 ; http://www.european-mrs.com/meetings/2016-spring-meetingPeer Reviewe

Análisis del Descarte de las Pesquerías de Moluscos Bivalvos con Dragas Mecanizadas en el Litoral Mediterráneo de Andalucía

Análisis del descarte de las pesquerías de moluscos bivalvos con dragas mecanizadas en el litoral mediterráneo de Andalucía T. García1, H. Gallardo2, E. León Duarte2, A. Rojas García2, B. Orúe Montaner2, J. Urra1, M. Lozano1, J.M. Serna, A. Garrido3, A.J. Ibañez Yuste3, A. Terrón Sigler3, J. Baro1, J.L. Rueda1 1. Centro Andaluz Superior de Estudios Marinos, Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Río San Pedro 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, España 2. Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Puerto Pesquero s/n, 29640 Fuengirola, España 3. Agencia de Gestión Agraria y Pesquera de Andalucía, Edificio Administrativo Servicios Centrales, Avda. de Grecia s/n, 41012 Sevilla, España Debido a la ausencia de información para el Mar de Alborán, se ha estudiado la composición y estructura del descarte asociado a la pesquería de Donax trunculus (coquina), Chamelea gallina (chirla) y Callista chione (concha fina) en los caladeros habituales donde opera la flota artesanal con dragas mecanizadas de los puertos de Caleta de Vélez, Fuengirola y La Línea de la Concepción. Se han analizado un total de 143 lances realizados en 45 mareas comerciales durante el periodo comprendido entre febrero y julio de 2013, obteniéndose información referente a la abundancia y la distribución de talla de las especies objetivo y la composición del descarte. Para el análisis del descarte se obtuvo una muestra de cada uno de los lances realizados, clasificando cuantitativa (abundancia, biomasa) y cualitativamente tanto los organismos como el material inerte (bioclastos, guijarros, restos de vegetales y basura) presentes en dicha muestra. Los datos se han tratado de forma univariante para el cálculo de índices ecológicos, y de forma multivariante para conocer las diferencias en los descartes entre especies objetivo y estaciones del año. Tras el análisis de las muestras, se observó que el número medio de especies en los descartes de los embarques dirigidos a la captura de coquina fue mayor (14,8 spp lance-1) que el de chirla (12,4 spp lance-1) o concha fina (7,2 spp lance-1), pero obteniéndose una tasa de descarte mayor para la chirla (23,1%) que para la coquina (10,7%) o la concha fina (14,5%). La fracción descartada está constituida por especies no comerciales y ejemplares de menor talla a la legal de captura. En una pequeña proporción se descartan ejemplares de mayor tamaño debido a daños producidos en el ejercicio de la maniobra de pesca. La fracción de material inerte fue mayor para la coquina (62,9%) que para la chirla (49,9%) o la concha fina (57,1%). El descarte está compuesto por un total de 104 especies, siendo los moluscos el grupo dominante tanto en riqueza específica (51,9%), como en abundancia (70,6%) y en biomasa (68,5%), seguido de los crustáceos decápodos y los equinodermos. Otros grupos que se hallaron en los descartes fueron los peces, los cnidarios, los anélidos, los poliquetos, los nemertinos y los sipuncúlidos, aunque generalmente con valores que no superaron el 1% de la abundancia y la biomasa total. Entre las especies dominantes, en relación a la abundancia, destacan ejemplares por debajo de la talla comercial de coquina y chirla o bivalvos como Mactra stultorum, Glycymeris nummaria, Acanthocardia tuberculata y Tellina spp., equinodermos como Echinocardium cf. mediterraneum, Astropecten irregularis, Ophiura ophiura y Holothuria spp., y decápodos como Liocarcinus vernalis, Atelecyclus undecimdentatus y diferentes especies de pagúridos. El análisis de similitud (ANOSIM) usando datos de abundancia (N) y biomasa (B) mostró que las muestras de descartes presentaban diferencias significativas en relación a la especie objetivo (N: RANOSIM=0,683; B: RANOSIM=0,664; p<0,001) y la estación del año (N: RANOSIM=0,119; p<0,001; B: RANOSIM=0,098; p<0,01), siendo en ambos casos las diferencias más acusadas entre los descartes de coquina y concha fina, y entre las muestras de verano e invierno