A note on strongly δθ-I-continuous functions

The concept of an ideal on a topological space (nowadays called a topological ideal) has played a fundamental role in several of the advances in general topology. In the last century, a large number of works have arisen that have enriched the literature related to the concept of topological ideal. Very recently, topological ideals have again received special attention for their versatility in tackling topology problems and in studying rough set models, as we can see in the references [19], [7], [3], [12], [16], [5], [9], [10]. In 2014, Hatir and Al-Omari [8] introduced the concept of []-local function and studied some of its most relevant properties. The study carried out in [8] served as motivation to define the class of the [][]-I -open sets in [11], which was later used in [14] to introduce new variants of continuous functions, called [][]-I-continuous, weakly []-J -continuous and strongly [][]-I-continuous functions. In this article, we study and characterize the strongly [][]-I-continuous functions, we investigate their relationship with other types of functions, and also, we explore the behavior of some topological notions under these classes of functions.Campus San Juan de Luriganch

Estadística utilizada en tesis doctorales de ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte

Objetivo: Determinar qué pruebas y técnicas estadísticas son aplicadas en las tesis doctorales en ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte. Método: Se examinaron 44 trabajos de los repositorios públicos de tres universidades de habla hispana. Resultados: se observa un equilibrio en el uso de pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas (38,6% y 40,9% respectivamente), el 20,5% restante aplicaron ambos tipos de pruebas. Para las pruebas paramétricas la t student (23,3%), ANOVA (23,3%) y la R de Pearson (12,3%) destacan como las de mayor uso. Las técnicas de las pruebas no paramétricas más aplicadas la U de Mann Whitney (18,6%), Wilcoxon (16,3%), Chi cuadrado (15,1%) y Alpha de Cronbach (10,5%). Conclusiones: Se observó que las técnicas estadísticas usadas se inclinan a la comparación de medidas y a establecer asociación o correlaciones. Estos hallazgos sugieren el estudio en profundidad de dichas técnicas estadísticas.Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the statistical tests and techniques applied to doctoral theses in Physical Activity and Sport Sciences. Methodology: 44 papers were examined from the public repositories of three Spanish-speaking universities. Results: a balance was observed in the use of parametric and nonparametric tests (38.6% and 40.9% respectively), the remaining 20.5% applied both types of tests. For parametric tests, Student’s t-test (23.3%), ANOVA (23.3%) and Pearson’s R (12.3%) stand out as the most commonly used. The most applied nonparametric test techniques the Mann Whitney U (18.6%), Wilcoxon (16.3%), Chi-square (15.1%) and Cronbach’s Alpha (10.5%). Conclusions: It was observed that the statistical techniques used are inclined to compare measures and establish association or correlations. These findings suggest the in-depth study of these statistical techniques

Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests.

Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such "monodominant" forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors

Laboratorio de marcha: trabajo multidisciplinario de 3 UIDETs de la Facultad de Ingeniería para un desarrollo extensionista

Se presenta una experiencia de trabajo conjunto y multidisciplinario ejecutada en el marco de un Proyecto de Extensión Universitaria denominado Laboratorio de Marcha y Análisis del Movimiento APRILP. Para su concreción se han reunido profesionales y alumnos de años superiores de diferentes disciplinas bajo la coordinación y dirección de la UIDET UNITEC. Intervienen otras dos UIDETs de la Facultad de Ingeniería en aspectos relacionados con cuestiones electrónicas específicas (UIDET CeTAD) y para lograr el financiamiento necesario para la implementación del sistema completo (UIDET "Formulación y Evaluación de Proyectos").Publicado en Terceras Jornadas de Investigación, Transferencia y Extensión. La Plata : Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 2015.Facultad de Ingenierí

Laboratorio de marcha: trabajo multidisciplinario de 3 UIDETs de la Facultad de Ingeniería para un desarrollo extensionista

Se presenta una experiencia de trabajo conjunto y multidisciplinario ejecutada en el marco de un Proyecto de Extensión Universitaria denominado Laboratorio de Marcha y Análisis del Movimiento APRILP. Para su concreción se han reunido profesionales y alumnos de años superiores de diferentes disciplinas bajo la coordinación y dirección de la UIDET UNITEC. Intervienen otras dos UIDETs de la Facultad de Ingeniería en aspectos relacionados con cuestiones electrónicas específicas (UIDET CeTAD) y para lograr el financiamiento necesario para la implementación del sistema completo (UIDET "Formulación y Evaluación de Proyectos").Publicado en Terceras Jornadas de Investigación, Transferencia y Extensión. La Plata : Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 2015.Facultad de Ingenierí

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe