The nucleon intensity in the atmosphere and the Pt distribution

The diffusion equation for cosmic ray nucleons in the atmosphere has been solved analytically, taking into account the transverse momentum distribution of nucleons produced in nucleon-air nucleus collisions. The effect of the transverse momentum distribution increases the nucleon intensity at large zenith angles and low energies

Culture and foreign policy: An introduction to approaches and theory

Culture is increasingly acknowledged to matter in foreign policy, but is rarely studied or used as an explanatory factor in the field. Frode Liland claims that the reason for this is that culture is seen as a dangerous subject where the researchers easily get lost. To ease the trouble he gives an introduction to relevant literature on the field

Hvordan kan sykepleiere begrense bruken av unødig tvang overfor sykehjemspasienter med demens?

Studentarbeid i sykepleie (bachelorgrad) - Universitetet i Nordland, 201

How is the carbon and oxygen isotope composition of foraminiferal tests influenced by methane seepage?

The focus of this thesis is how methane seepage influences foraminifera l tests. Specifically, How how carbon and oxygen isotopes in planktic foraminifera tests are influenced by methane seepage. The study area is Vestnesa Ridge were four gravity cores were collected during a CAGE cruise in 2013. The cores were taken both from the southern side, where flares has have been recorded, and from the northern side, where there are no active seepage areas. The cores were worked on in the lab, samples were taken and sieved. After this were planktic (Neogloboquadrina pachyderma s/d) and benthic (Cassidulina neoteretis) foraminifera were picked. Isotope analyses were done on From the planktic (Neogloboquadrina pachyderma s/d) foraminifera were an isotope analysis done, providing the carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope measurements. These values were used to identify if methane seepage had affected the cores. Two of the four cores indicted methane seepage (HH-13-197 and HH-13-215) indicated methane seepage. Both the distinctly negative δ13C and the magnetic susceptibility data indicated methane seepage for these two cores. The isotope signals were used to identify past SMTZ, while the present SMTZ were found in core HH-13-197 from pore water data showing sulphate measurements

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Post Disaster Surveys

In the current built environment, structures require regular observation and maintenance. Many of these structures can be quite challenging to evaluate. The required scaffolding, lifts, or similar access facilities can become quite costly to rent and construct, and can be a long term disturbance to those who use and manage the particular structure. Furthermore, there are situations where examination for the purpose of detailed analysis can be quite hazardous, if not entirely unsafe for humans. In a post-disaster environment traditional methods may not be safe or adequate for gaining access to parts of a structure that require observation or analysis. The use of a remotely controlled unmanned vehicle is a reliable, safe and cost effective substitute for assessing structures before and after seismic, terrorist, or other destructive events

I. Low Temperature Deoxygenation Reactions Involving Dihalophosphites. II. The Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution at Phosphorus : Evidence for an SNl(P) Mechanism

Part 1: An intermediate species in the Arbuzov ring opening of bicyclic phosphites was discovered. Addition of chlorine or bromine to l-alkyl-4-phospha-3, 5, 8-trioxabicyclo(2. 2.2) and octane at low temperatures produced a solid P, P-dihalo phosphonium intermediate which ring-opened at room temperature to form the 5-alkyl-5-halomethyl-2-halo-2-oxo-1, 3, 2-dioxaphosphorinan. The intermediate was found to deoxygenate alcohols, ethers, aldehydes and ketones to produce the bicyclic phosphate and the various alkyl halides. The intermediate also cleaved acids and esters to form the acyl halides. The mechanism of the deoxygenation reaction was proposed to involve a type of SNi pathway that included the collapse of a pentacovalent phosphorus intermediate. Part 2: A system which may shed new light on the chemistry of nucleophilic substitution at phosphorus was investigated. Three isomeric 5-methyl-5-chloromethyl-2-oxo-2-alkylamino-1, 3,2 dioxaphosphorinans were synthesized from l-methyl-4-phospha-3, 5,8-trioxabicyclo(2. 2. 2)octane. Methanolysis of the trans-5-methyl-5-chloromethyl-2-oxo-2- chloro-1, 3, 2-dioxaphosphorinan produced two isomeric easters, and is proposed to have proceeded via an SN1(P) mechanism involving a phosphoryl cation intermediate. The kinetics of the methanolysis reaction of the chlorophosphorinan of the methyl ester was found to produce an amine salt of the acid together with the N-methyl amine. The reactions which were investigated should increase our understanding of the chemistry of phosphorus esters and their derivatives. These types of compounds are important in biological systems such as ATP and ADP

Promoting Movement Quality in Hip Osteoarthritis : Evaluation and treatment from the perspective of Basic Body Awareness Therapy

Background Osteoarthritis (OA) may have consequences for individuals’ physical, social and personal functioning. In the physiotherapy modality Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT), movement quality is promoted by movement awareness learning, and biopsychosocial as well as personal aspects of movement and health are implemented to support participants’ insight into how they move and engage in their daily lives. Originating from BBAT theory and practice, the movement quality evaluation tool Body Awareness Rating Scale–Movement Quality and Evaluation (BARS-MQE) quantifies movement quality as observed and analysed by the physiotherapist (part 1), and invites the participant to describe immediate movement experiences (part 2). Aims The objective of the present project was to study the evaluation and promotion of movement quality from the BBAT perspective in persons with hip OA. The project includes four studies regarding I) experiences from participating in patient education (PE) and BBAT groups for persons with hip OA, II) movement experiences in the BARS-MQE evaluation, part 2, described by persons with hip OA, III) associations between movement quality evaluated by the BARS-MQE, and recommended measures of function and health in hip OA, and IV) the effects on pain and functioning from participating in 12 weekly sessions of BBAT when added to PE. Materials and methods Multiple methodological approaches were applied. In connection with a pilot study of effects from PE and BBAT, personal interviews were conducted to explore the participants’ experienced outcome from the interventions (Study I). Seven persons participated in PE, and five of them additionally participated in BBAT groups. The data were analysed qualitatively using Systematic Text Condensation. Based on experiences from the pilot study, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of treatment effects in 101 participants was conducted, using ANCOVA analysis to compare differences in change between the intervention (PE+BBAT) and the comparison (PE only) group (Study IV). Using data from the baseline assessments of the RCT, two studies of movement quality evaluated by the BARS-MQE were conducted. First, movement experiences verbalized by 35 persons as part of the BARS-MQE (part 2) evaluation were analysed using qualitative content analysis (Study II). Secondly, an explorative study of associations between movement quality scores (BARS-MQE, part 1) and measures that are commonly used for persons with hip OA was conducted, using correlation analysis of baseline measures in the 101 study participants (Study III). Results In Study I, the participants described aspects of the content and pedagogy in PE and BBAT that they perceived meaningful for their learning outcome. Central aspects were to receive trustworthy information from professionals and being supported by peers. When experiencing new possibilities for functional movement and becoming more aware of own needs, the informants described to also experience more well-being, functionality and self-management over time. In Study II, participants verbalized their immediate movement experiences as a part of the BARS-MQE evaluation. They provided insight into factors that influenced negatively on the way they moved, such as changed body perception, symptoms and compensational habits, and also described movement aspects that they became aware of in the BARS-MQE and perceived to be meaningful to practice, to obtain more healthy movement. Study III showed that movement quality was somewhat affected in the study sample, as compared to normative values. It was moderately associated with measures of physical capacity (Stairs test and 6MWT) and level of activity (UCLA), and weakly or not reflected in self-reported measures of problems with function and health (HOOS, EQ5D5L, ASES). In the main study, Study IV, we found no evidence that PE+BBAT was more effective than PE only on the primary outcomes; pain during walking (NRS) and function in activities of daily life (HOOS A). Movement quality (BARS-MQE) was, however, significantly more improved in the intervention group, and these participants reported more improvement in pain (p=0.03) and function (p=0.07) by the PGIC, than comparisons. In a per protocol analysis including 30 intervention participants who had attended to 10 or more BBAT sessions, we found differences in change on movement quality (BARS-MQE), self-efficacy (ASES pain), health (EQ5D5L VAS) and function (HHS), in favour of the PE+BBAT group. Conclusions This PhD project has shown that movement quality, evaluated by the BARS-MQE, was affected in many of the participants with hip OA, but with great variations. The movement quality scores were generally not well reflected in commonly used measures of function and health in hip OA, except for movement quality in walking. When focusing on movement experiences in the BARS-MQE, individuals with hip OA provided insight into experiences of movement challenges and resources. By participating in the BBAT and practicing the integration of functional movement aspects into their movement habits, they improved their movement quality significantly. The clinical impact of improved movement quality by the BARS-MQE score is still unclear, as it was not reflected in improvements on the hip-related measures used, including the primary outcomes in our RCT; pain during walking and ADL function. Participants described experiencing PE and BBAT as beneficial for function and self-management on short and long term. However, the RCT did not show evidence that PE and BBAT in groups were more beneficial than PE alone. This may be due to the fact that 1) there was a ceiling effect on the primary outcomes, 2) not all participants demonstrated dysfunctional movement quality, 3) the majority of comparison patients were found to receive other physiotherapy, and 4) poor compliance in some intervention participants. We found that a minimum of 10 BBAT sessions was needed to obtain a satisfactory outcome.Doktorgradsavhandlin

OBSERVATION OF COSMIC GAMMA-RAY BURSTS WITH THE ASIM MISSION ONBOARD THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION

In this master's thesis, I systematically explored cosmic gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) detected by the ASIM instrument for the first time. Between June 1st, 2018 and December 31st, 2021, I identified 12 verified bursts. The case study section highlights two peculiar bursts: GRB 210619B, believed to originate from a distant dwarf galaxy, and GRB 211211A, which is thought to result from the merger of two compact objects. I developed an architecture for extracting ASIM spectra and streamlined the data preparation process using the ASIM Fits program. Additionally, I extracted Fermi spectra for relevant bursts and performed joint spectral analysis of ASIM, KW, and Fermi spectra for a subset of the 12 verified bursts. This thesis presents crucial information about the joint spectral analysis, while Appendix A features the folded and unfolded models for the relevant GRBs. This work expands the scientific impact of ASIM in directions divergent from the primary mission goals, building upon the foundation laid by the magnetar flare paper Castro-Tirado et al. (2021). The current work will be compiled into a paper, submitted to an Astrophysics journal in collaboration with international partners. Regarding future work and outlook, efforts have commenced to examine the mass model and cross-check it with the full CAD model of ASIM in order to enhance response matrices in regions where inconsistencies were detected. The analysis of the identified GRB sample will be expanded to include the calculation of duration (T90, T50) and the distribution of ASIM GRBs with respect to the available GRB catalog. The hypothesis is that ASIM detects a low number of GRBs, but these are typically short, bright, and energetic, making them highly interesting for follow-up analysis. The expertise and code developed will be employed for future GRB analysis from ASIM, particularly as the new LIGO-VIRGO gravitational waves observing run commences in May 2023. A follow-up study of the timing properties of ASIM GRBs will be conducted, leveraging ASIM's excellent timing capabilities. Additionally, the team is studying a follow-up mission of ASIM called TOTEM, which will include a smaller version of MXGS with improved features. The expertise gained now will be utilized to establish a GRB data analysis pipeline for TOTEM.Masteroppgave i fysikkPHYS399MAMN-PHY

Iterative re-weighted multilinear partial least squares modelling for robust predictive modelling

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