Single-Molecule Plasmonic Optical Trapping

人们对于在常温常压条件下尤其是溶液环境中俘获或者操控微观粒子的追求从未停止，以期不断减少可操控的微观粒子的尺寸，最终实现单分子操控的目标。化学化工学院田中群教授和洪文晶教授团队合作，利用等离激元光学纳米间隙实现单分子的直接捕获与释放。该工作由化学化工学院田中群教授、洪文晶教授以及萨本栋微米纳米科学技术研究院杨扬副教授共同指导，由化学化工学院已毕业博士生战超提出思路并设计实验、与萨本栋微米纳米研究院已毕业硕士生王干共同完成主要实验工作，已毕业博士生易骏完成理论模拟工作。魏珺颖硕士、博士生李之豪、陈招斌高工和师佳副教授参与了部分研究和课题讨论。【Abstract】The volume of the object that can be manipulated in solution is continuously decreasing toward an ultimate goal of a single molecule. However, Brownian motions suppress the molecular trapping. To date, free-molecule trapping in solution has not been accomplished. Here, we develop a strategy to directly trap, investigate, and release single molecules (∼2 nm) in solution by using an adjustable plasmonic optical nanogap, which has been further applied for selective single-molecule trapping. Comprehensive experiments and theoretical simulations demonstrated that the trapping force originated from plasmonic nanomaterials. This technique opens an avenue to manipulate single molecules and other objects in the size range of primary interest for physics, chemistry, and life and material sciences without the limitations of strong bonding group, ultra-high vacuum, and ultra-low temperature, and makes possible controllable single-molecule manipulation and investigation as well as bottom-up construction of nanodevices and molecular machines.This work is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21533006, 21621091, 21673195, 21973079, and 21722305), and the National Key R&D Program (2017YFA0204902, 2015CB932300). 该工作得到国家自然科学基金、国家重点研发计划课题的资助，以及固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室、能源材料化学协同创新中心的支持

Using the Method of Weighted K-NN to Recognize Isolated Word for Speaker-Dependent System

本篇論文主要是探討337個國字語音之特定語者的單音辨識，在從337個國字單音取200個作為辨識，論文中所使用的辨識方法為權重式第k位最接近的鄰居(The Weighted of K-th Nearest Neighbor，The Weighted of K-NN)，實驗開始先錄至語音資料庫，對337個國字單音錄製十次，再隨機挑其中三次的語音資料當作待測語音，其他則為訓練語音。 錄製好語音資料庫後，就針對語音資料庫做語音的前置處理，其前置處理包含標準化(Normalize)、端點測試（Voice/Voiceless）、子母音音框切割（Frame Blocking）、預強調（Pre-emphasis）、視窗化（Windowing），前處理結束後，再經線性預估編碼（Linear Prediction Coding），倒頻譜編碼（Cepstrum Coding），擷取語音的特徵參數，最後為了使辨識系統穩定及迅速，再將每個語音經線性壓縮擴張法使音框數固定。 本實驗結果是使用倒頻譜參數當特徵參數，進行特定語者的語音辨識，而實驗針對200個國字單音最高可得到80.83%的辨識率。最後再針對一些可以改進辨識率的方法提供建議。This paper discuss the speech recognition of 337 isolated mandarin words from the speaker-dependent, and we choose 200 isolated mandarin words to speech recognition. The recognition method we used in this paper is the weighted of k-th nearest neighbor (WK-NN), it’s start from record our speech database with 337 isolated mandarin words ten times, and random select three times as the testing database, others become training database. After record speech database, we focus speech database on the pre-processing, then through the linear prediction coding、the cepstrum coding, and picking up the speech feature. In order to make the speech recognition system become stable and to be rapid, we expand and condense to fixed the frame number for the isolated mandarin words. The experimental result is used to proceed the speaker-dependent recognition system. The rate of recoginition obtains 80.83% under 200 isolated mandarin words. Eventually, some suggestions are given to improve the rate of recognition for the future work.中文摘要....................................................... i 英文摘要....................................................... ii 目錄.......................................................... iii 圖目錄......................................................... v 表目錄........................................................ vi 第一章 緒論................................................... 1 1.1 背景資料.......................................... 1 1.1.1 語音辨識................................... 1 1.1.2 語音辨識的研究範圍......................... 2 1.2 研究動機與目的.................................... 3 1.3 辨識流程概述...................................... 3 1.3.1 語音前處理................................. 4 1.3.2 特徵植的求取............................... 5 1.3.3 壓縮擴張與訓練語音模型..................... 6 1.3.4 辨識比對................................... 6 1.4 論文架構.......................................... 7 第二章 語音訊號的前處理與特徵值的求取......................... 8 2.1 前言.............................................. 8 2.2 語音的前處理過程.................................. 8 2.2.1 數位取樣................................... 8 2.2.2 標準化.................................... 10 2.2.3 語音端點偵測.............................. 11 2.2.4 切割音框.................................. 14 2.2.5 預強調.................................... 15 2.2.6 視窗化.................................... 15 2.3 特徵值的求取..................................... 17 2.3.1 自相關係數................................ 17 2.3.2 線性預估編碼.............................. 17 2.3.3 倒頻譜參數................................ 18 第三章 語音模型的建立與辨識方法.............................. 19 3.1 前言............................................. 19 3.2 音框的壓縮與擴張................................. 19 3.3 最佳音框權重..................................... 21 3.4 辨識方法......................................... 22 3.4.1 The Weighted of K-th Nearest Neighbor..... 22 3.5 辨識流程......................................... 24 3.5.1 待測語音的處理............................ 24 3.5.2 母音規則.................................. 24 3.5.3 找出較好的子音及10 個語音................. 25 第四章 實驗操作流程與實驗結果................................ 27 4.1 操作介面......................................... 27 4.2 實驗初始設定值...................................... 27 4.2.1 語音來源.................................. 27 4.2.2 影響辨識率的可能因子...................... 28 4.3 辨識結果......................................... 28 第五章 結論與建議............................................ 35 參考文獻...................................................... 36 附錄.......................................................... 3

Unsuccessful Tenderers’ Claims for Damages Based on the Procuring Government Agency’s Breach of Law: A Comparative Study on the Judicial Review in Taiwan, the USA, the EU and the UK

我國政府採購法第85條第3項規定，針對招標申訴審議判斷指明機關違反法令時，廠商得請求償付其準備投標、異議，申訴之必要費用，該請求權係根據「政府採購協定」所定。但由於政府採購法及相關法規均未規定該條項所定之請求權之法律定性為何，以及何謂必要費用等，而本法主管機關亦不做解釋，加上備標費用證明不易，使法院見解只能趨於保守，並產生許多爭議。 目前國內探討本條項規定之文獻數量極少，相關判決亦不多，因此筆者認為，除了從我國學說及實務見解出發之外，本條項既根據政府採購協定而訂定，則其他協定締約國法院對相似案例之見解，應亦可供我國法院參考。因此本文選擇同為政府採購協定締約國，且政府採購金額於世界名列前茅的美國、歐盟，以及英國作為選擇比較研究之對象，並採取實務判決見解分析、文獻研究，以及比較研究之研究方法。 第一章為序論，說明本研究之動機、目的、範圍以及方法。第二、三、四、五章則分別討論我國、美國、歐盟，以及英國之公共採購相關法規，並分析各國司法實務審理參與政府採購之廠商主張採購機關違反採購法規致其未得標，而請求投標、備標及申訴異議等費用，甚至請求其他賠償時，所可能肯認之請求權基礎、應否賠償之判斷標準、應得賠償之範圍，以及得賠償金額之審酌標準，並於各章提出各國較具代表性之具體案例，以了解各判斷標準之實際操作。第六章則參酌各國實務見解及判決，與我國採購法相關法條及實務見解加以分析比較，以提出筆者認為值得參考的審查標準，並提出修法建議，以為本文結論。 筆者於研究後認為，在程序部份，應放寬政府採購法第75條可提起異議申訴之當事人適格認定，並將同法第85條第1項明定為：「審議判斷或法院確定判決指明原採購行為違反法令者，招標機關應另為適法之處置。」而使第3項所稱之「第一項情形」包含司法判決確定時。關於實體部份，筆者認為政府採購法第85條第3項所規定之請求權似乎可定義為行政法上債務關係之締約過失賠償請求權，而建議將此條項修改為：「第一項情形，廠商得向招標機關請求賠償其準備投標、異議及申訴所支出之合理費用。」以釐清此請求權應屬廣義之國家對人民之賠償，並將賠償範圍由「必要」改為「合理」，以免實務見解過度限縮。此外，筆者並認為，此請求權為違反已經存在之債務關係義務而生之責任，與國家賠償法之賠償係不法行為所生之侵權賠償責任性質應屬不同而可能併存。因此，廠商若因機關違法而受有其他損害，並符合國家賠償法所定之要件，似乎亦可循國家賠償法請求賠償。In accordance with Article 85.3 of the Government Procurement Act of Taiwan, an unsuccessful tenderer of public procurement is entitled to recover the “necessary” costs he has incurred in his bid/proposal preparation and protest/complaint process if he has challenged the procuring agency’s relevant decision in time and the decision has been declared to be in breach of statutes and regulations by the review authority, the Public Construction Commission. This article is legislated according to the principle laid down by the Government Procurement Agreement that stipulates challenge procedures reviewing procuring agency’s decision shall provide compensation for the loss or damage suffered by the complaining tenderer. However, there have been a lot of disputes concerning the legal status of the basis of action stipulated in this article and the exact extent of the compensable costs since they have never been defined clearly by any statute or explained by the authority. Along with the difficulties in proving the relevancy and “necessity” of the expenses and costs, these disputes have driven the Administrative Court to take a very restrictive view in deciding the recoverable costs which in many cases may not be appropriate remedies for the complaining tenderers. With very limited literature focusing on the disputes arising from this article and a very small number of judgments of such cases in Taiwan, I attempt to explore the opinions expressed not only by Taiwan’s court and scholars but also by the courts of the other countries that are also parties to the GPA and have similar articles in their statutory law in order to offer a comparative perspective that will help resolving the differences concerning the interpretation of this article. Besides Taiwan, I have chosen to examine the judicial review of such cases in the USA, the UK and the EU since their public procurement budgets are on the top list of the world and they are all members of the GPA. The first chapter states the purpose, the extent and the method of this study. The second, third, fourth and fifth chapters respectively discuss the main public procurement regulations and analyze the judicial review standards concerning the basis of actions, the possible remedies and the extent of damages allowed in Taiwan, the USA, the EU and the UK (including the judicial system of England, Wales and the North Ireland and the judicial system of Scotland). In the final chapter, I try to offer a comparative view and to suggest possible changes to the relevant statues and review standards in Taiwan. After completing the research, I suggest that a prospected bidder should also be recognized as an interested party that has standing in making claims against procuring authority for damages in order to ensure judicial review of important procuring decisions. Besides, Article 85.1 of the Government Procurement Act of Taiwan should be revised as “where a review decision or an unappealable court judgment specifies that the procuring entity is in breach of Acts and Regulations, the procuring entity shall proceed with a lawful alternative,” so that the protesting bidder will have the right for damages endowed by Article 85.3 of the same act if the procuring decision in question has been declared in breach of law only by the court but not by the Public Construction Commission. The right for compensation of tender preparation and protest costs stipulated by article 85.3 of the Government Procurement Act should be defined as a right arising from the procuring authority’s liability based on culpa in contrahendo in administrative law. Therefore, this article should be revised as “where the circumstance set forth in paragraph 1 occurs, the supplier may request the procuring entity to reimburse the reasonable expenses incurred by the supplier for the preparation of tender and the filing of protest and complaint.” Besides, just as the liability based on culpa in contrahendo is different from the liability arising from tort and the former does not substitute for the later, an unsuccessful tenderer’s claim for compensation based on Article 85.3 of the Government Procurement Act should not exclude his right in making other claims for other loss or damage according to the State Compensation Law

[[alternative]]A Comparison of Voice Range Profiles and Aerodynamic Measurements Between Female Speakers from Tonal and Non-tonal Language

[[abstract]]聲調是聲帶振動頻率、振幅、時長於150至300毫秒急遽的變化，是由喉部肌群的伸展及收縮所造成，而喉部肌群的運動可加強肌力、提升系統間的協調，並擴展發聲生理音域。聲調與生理嗓音治療的發聲生理機轉相似，若將華語聲調視為每日喉部音高、音強練習，可能可以擴展說話者的生理音域。能否藉由聲調的特性提升嗓音功能有其臨床意義，探討聲調對生理音域之影響為其重要基礎。本研究的研究目的為（1）探討聲調及非聲調語言女性的最大發聲生理頻率範圍及平均動態音強範圍之差異性（2）探討聲調及非聲調語言女性的口腔內壓及發聲閾值壓力之差異性。本研究招募說聲調語言的女性及說非聲調語言的女性，兩組各12人，年齡介於20-40歲。本研究以音域圖及氣動學測量，分析聲調與非聲調語言族群的發聲生理及生理音域，以探討兩族群的發聲能力差異及聲調對於嗓音功能的影響。研究結果以獨立樣本T檢定及Mann-Whitney U test分析比較兩族群之嗓音參數差異。研究結果顯示，在音域圖音頻參數方面，聲調語言女性之最高音頻顯著較高，最低音頻顯著較低，亦有較寬的最大發聲生理頻率範圍，在音強參數方面則兩組間無顯著差異。在氣動學方面，聲調語言女性之口腔內壓及發聲閾值壓力顯著低於非聲調語言女性。聲調及非聲調語言女性在生理極限表現的差異，顯示較寬的說話音強和音頻範圍可能可以拓寬發聲生理音域，聲調可能有近似於嗓音訓練的成效。本研究之結果可做為未來臨床治療方法之參考。[[abstract]]Tone is the sharp transition of frequency, amplitude, and duration of the vibration of vocal folds within 150 to 300 millisecond. The process is accomplished by stretching and contraction of laryngeal muscles. Exercises on laryngeal muscles enhances its strength and endurance, coordination among respiratory, phonation, and resonance sub-systems, and overall physiological function of voice by expanding one’s speaking physiological frequency range. Tone transition suggests a mechanism similar to that of physiological voice therapy. If tonality in Mandarin is viewed as a daily vocal manipulation in pitch and loudness, it may enhance their physiological frequency range. It is clinically significant to probe into whether the existence of tonality can improve vocal function. Therefore, prior research focusing on tonality and physiological frequency range is needed, as well as discussion on the relationship between various physique and corresponding voice measures. The purposes of this study are (1) to compare the physiological frequency and intensity ranges of tonal and non-tonal language female speakers, and (2) to compare the oral pressure and phonation threshold pressure (PTP) of tonal and non-tonal language female speakers.A total 24 female participants will be recruited in the study (aged 20-40 years). There are 12 female tonal language speakers and 12 non-tonal speakers. The study is set to compare physiological performance between tonal and non-tonal language speakers by analyzing their voice range profile and aerodynamic measures. For data analysis, an independent-samples t-test and Mann-Whitney U test are used to compare vocal measures between two speaking groups. In voice range profile frequency measurements, the results revealed that tonal language female speakers had significantly greater lowest frequency, highest frequency and maximum physiological frequency range of phonation (MPFR) than non-tonal speakers. In voice range profile intensity measurements, the average loud voice, loudest voice, average soft voice, softest voice, maximum dynamic intensity range (MDIR) and average dynamiciiiintensity range (MDIR) for tonal and non-tonal speakers are no significant difference. In aerodynamic measurements, tonal language female speakers had significantly lower oral pressure and phonation threshold pressure (PTP). The identification of differences in the maximum physiological frequency range of phonation, oral pressure and phonation threshold pressure between tonal and non-tonal language speakers allow us to determine the frequency and intensity effects on maximum vocal performances which could be the result of the particular types of vocal exercise associated with tonal language.The tone of tonal language appears to provide good example of a therapeutic strategy to expand the frequency range

Synthesis and characterization of lyotropic liquid crystalline of N-alkyl chitosans

A series of new derivatives of chitosan-N-alkyl (methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl) chitosans were synthesized. The degree of substitutions of one of the derivatives N-ethyl chitosan were obtained by controlled the molar ratio of the reactants. All of the products show lyotropic liquid crystalline properties regardless of the length of the carbon chains and the degree of substitution. Critical concentration ( c*) of the samples were measured by polar optical microscopy (POM). The results showed that the value c* didn't varied evidently with the increase of degree of substitution (DS from 0.16 similar to 0.82) in the case of a fixed carbon chain, but rise constantly as the length of substituent group varied from methyl to butyl. The result was explained as follow: the introduction of alkyl chain not only broke down some of intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bond, but also changed the molecular diameter (d) of chitosan. The former makes the rigidity of molecules weakened, so c* of all the derivatives were bigger than chitosan itself. As to the later, d didn't change with the increase of DS, thus, c* didn't vary with the increase of DS; while, d became bigger as the substituent group varied from methyl to butyl, so c* rise accordingly. This rule is in accordance with Onsager and Flory's theory of the rigid club and was farther confirmed by X-ray diffraction experiments

Research on biomolecule-gate AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor biosensors

<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><font color="#000000">In order to enhance the performance of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) biosensor, millimeter grade AlGaN/GaN HEMT structure have been designed and successfully fabricated. Factors influencing the capability of the AlGaN/GaN HEMT biosensor are analyzed. UV/ozone is used to oxidize GaN surface and then 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APTES) self-assembled monolayer can be bound to the sensing region. This serves as a binding layer in the attachment of prostate specific antibody (anti-PSA) for prostate specific antigen detection. The millimeter grade biomolecule-gated GaN/AlGaN HEMT sensor shows a quick response when the target prostate specific antigen in a buffer solution is added to the antibody-immobilized sensing area. The detection capability of this biomolecule-gate sensor estimated to be below 0.1pg/ml level using a 2 x 1 : 5 mm 2 sensing area, which is the best result of GaN/AlGaN HEMT biosensor for PSA detection till now. The electrical result of the biomolecule-gated GaN/AlGaN HEMT biosensor suggests that this biosensor might be a useful tool for the prostate cancer screening.</font></span

Label free electrical detection of prostate specific antigen with millimeter grade biomolecule-gated AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors

AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) was successfully fabricated by complementary metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor-compatible fabrication method, and the label-free, electrical detection of prostate specific antigen in real time using the biomolecule-gate AlGaN/GaN HEMT sensor was presented. It shows a rapid response when target prostate biomarker in buffer solution was added to the antibody-immobilized sensing area. The linear range for target prostate specific antigen detection has been demonstrated from 0.1 pg/ml to 10.269 ng/ml and a low detection below 0.1 pg/ml level is estimated, which is the best result of AlGaN/GaN HEMT biosensor for prostate specific antigen (PSA) detection till now. The sensitivity of 0.027 % is determined for 0.1 pg/ml prostate specific antigen solution. The electrical result of the biomolecule-gated AlGaN/GaN HEMT biosensor suggested that this biosensor might be a useful tool for the prostate cancer screening