The automated translation of integrated formal specifications into concurrent programs

The PROB model checker [LB03] provides tool support for an integrated formal specification approach, which combines the state-based B specification language [Abr96] with the event-based process algebra CSP [Hoa78]. The JCSP package [WM00b] presents a concurrent Java implementation for CSP/occam. In this thesis, we present a developing strategy for implementing such a combined specification as a concurrent Java program. The combined semantics in PROB is flexible and ideal for model checking, but is too abstract to be implemented in programming languages. Also, although the JCSP package gave us significant inspiration for implementing formal specifications in Java, we argue that it is not suitable for directly implementing the combined semantics in PROB. Therefore, we started with defining a restricted semantics from the original one in PROB. Then we developed a new Java package, JCSProB, for implementing the restricted semantics in Java. The JCSProB package implements multi-way synchronization with choice for the combined B and CSP event, as well as a new multi-threading mechanism at process level. Also, a GUI sub-package is designed for constructing GUI programs for JCSProB to allow user interaction and runtime assertion checking. A set of translation rules relates the integrated formal models to Java and JCSProB, and we also implement these rules in an automated translation tool for automatically generating Java programs from these models. To demonstrate and exercise the tool, several B/CSP models, varying both in syntactic structure and behavioural properties, are translated by the tool. The models manifest the presence and absence of various safety, deadlock, and fairness properties; the generated Java code is shown to faithfully reproduce them. Run-time safety and fairness assertion checking is also demonstrated. We also experimented with composition and decomposition on several combined models, as well as the Java programs generated from them. Composition techniques can help the user to develop large distributed systems, and can significantly improve the scalability of the development of the combined models of PROB.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

PMT-IQA: Progressive Multi-task Learning for Blind Image Quality Assessment

Blind image quality assessment (BIQA) remains challenging due to the diversity of distortion and image content variation, which complicate the distortion patterns crossing different scales and aggravate the difficulty of the regression problem for BIQA. However, existing BIQA methods often fail to consider multi-scale distortion patterns and image content, and little research has been done on learning strategies to make the regression model produce better performance. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective Progressive Multi-Task Image Quality Assessment (PMT-IQA) model, which contains a multi-scale feature extraction module (MS) and a progressive multi-task learning module (PMT), to help the model learn complex distortion patterns and better optimize the regression issue to align with the law of human learning process from easy to hard. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed PMT-IQA model, we conduct experiments on four widely used public datasets, and the experimental results indicate that the performance of PMT-IQA is superior to the comparison approaches, and both MS and PMT modules improve the model's performance

Lagu'Bangun Pemudi Pemuda" Karya Alfred Simanjuntak Sebagai Media Pendidikan Karaker Nasionalisme

Penelitian ini, mengkaji dan menerapkan aspek ekspresi musikal lagu “Bangun Pemudi Pemuda” karya Alfred Simanjuntak, yang dipadukan dengan nilai-nilai karakter nasionalisme yang terkandung dalam kelima butir Pancasila. Hal tersebut sebagai media pendidikan karakter nasionalisme bagi siswa SMP Karitas Ngaglik. Ekspresi musikal adalah istilah musik yang bersifat multi dimensi, yang dikonstruksi melalui unsur-unsur: ritme, melodi, harmoni, timbre, dinamik, dan lirik. Tujuannya untuk mengetahui proses dan hasil yang dicapai melalui penerapan konstruksi ekspresi musikal lagu tersebut dalam pola pembelajaran paduan suara. Proses dan hasil menjadi capaian dari persoalan yang diteliti. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif melalui teknik pengambilan data observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Pendekatan pembelajaran dilaksanakan melalui metode ceramah, demonstrasi, imitasi dan drill dalam elaborasi dengan contextual teaching and learning bermuatan karakter. Secara umum kerangka proses penelitian melewati beberapa tahap yakni: analisis, interpretasi, dan pengolahan lagu, dilanjutkan penerapan lagu dalam pembelajaran paduan suara. Hasil yang dicapai dari keseluruhan proses tersebut adalah penerapan konstruksi ekspresi musikal lagu “Bangun Pemudi Pemuda” yang dipadukan dengan nilai-nilai karakter nasionalisme yang terkandung dalam kelima butir Pancasila dapat membentuk karakter nasionalisme bagi peserta paduan suara SMP Karitas Ngaglik. Hal tersebut terwujud dalam perilakunya, yaitu: religiusitas, jujur dan ikhlas, tanggung jawab, kerja keras, kerja sama, setia, disiplin, rasa persaudaraan, rasa persatuan, sopan santun, menghargai orang lain, demokrasi, bersikap adil, semangat cinta pada tanah air, dan percaya diri. Kata Kunci: “Bangun Pemudi Pemuda”, ekspresi musikal, nasionalisme

Increased Aerosols Can Reverse Twomey Effect in Water Clouds Through Radiative Pathway

Aerosols play important roles in modulations of cloud properties and hydrological cycle by decreasing the size of cloud droplets with the increase of aerosols under the condition of fixed liquid water path, which is known as the first aerosol indirect effect or Twomey-effect or microphysical effect. Using high-quality aerosol data from surface observations and statistically decoupling the influence of meteorological factors, we show that highly loaded aerosols can counter this microphysical effect through the radiative effect to result both the decrease and increase of cloud droplet size depending on liquid water path in water clouds. The radiative effect due to increased aerosols reduces the moisture content, but increases the atmospheric stability at higher altitudes, generating conditions favorable for cloud top entrainment and cloud droplet coalescence. Such radiatively driven cloud droplet coalescence process is relatively stronger in thicker clouds to counter relatively weaker microphysical effect, resulting the increase of cloud droplet size with the increase of aerosol loading; and vice-versa in thinner clouds. Overall, the study suggests the prevalence of both negative and positive relationships between cloud droplet size and aerosol loading in highly polluted regions

The applicability of physical optics in the millimetre and sub-millimetre spectral region. Part II: Application to a three-component model of ice cloud and its evaluation against the bulk single-scattering properties of various other aggregate models

The bulk single-scattering properties of various randomly oriented aggregate ice crystal models are com- pared and contrasted at a number of frequencies between 89 and 874 GHz. The model ice particles consist of the ten-branched plate aggregate, five-branched plate aggregate, eight-branched hexagonal aggregate, Voronoi ice aggregate, six-branched hollow bullet rosette, hexagonal column of aspect ratio unity, and the ten-branched hexagonal aggregate. The bulk single-scattering properties of the latter two ice particle models have been calculated using the light scattering methods described in Part I, which represent the two most extreme members of an ensemble model of cirrus ice crystals. In Part I, it was shown that the method of physical optics could be combined with the T-matrix at a size parameter of about 18 to compute the bulk integral ice optical properties and the phase function in the microwave to sufficient ac- curacy to be of practical value. Here, the bulk single-scattering properties predicted by the two ensemble model members and the Voronoi model are shown to generally bound those of all other models at fre- quencies between 89 and 874 GHz, thus representing a three-component model of ice cloud that can be generally applied to the microwave, rather than using many differing ice particle models. Moreover, the Voronoi model and hollow bullet rosette scatter similarly to each other in the microwave. Furthermore, from the various comparisons, the importance of assumed shapes of the particle size distribution as well as cm-sized ice aggregates is demonstrated.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

Recovering land surface temperature under cloudy skies considering the solar‐cloud‐satellite geometry: application to MODIS and Landsat‐8 data

Clouds play a significant role in the derivation of land surface temperature (LST) from optical remote sensing. The estimation of LST under cloudy sky conditions has been a great challenge for the community for a long time. In this study, a scheme for recovering the LST under cloudy skies is proposed by accounting for the solar‐cloud‐satellite geometry effect, through which the LSTs of shadowed and illuminated pixels covered by clouds in the image are estimated. The validation shows that the new scheme can work well and has reasonable LST accuracy with a root mean square error < 4.9 K and bias < 3.5 K. The application of the new method to the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Landsat‐8 data reveals that the LSTs under cloud layers can be reasonably recovered and that the fraction of valid LSTs in an image can be correspondingly improved. The method is not data specific; instead, it can be used in any optical remote sensing images as long as the proper input variables are provided. As an alternative approach to derive cloudy sky LSTs based only on optical remote sensing data, it gives some new ideas to the remote sensing community, especially in the fields of surface energy balance

Butyrate limits the replication of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in intestine epithelial cells by enhancing GPR43-mediated IFN-III production

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a threat to the health of newborn piglets and has a significant impact on the swine industry. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are gut microbial metabolites that regulate intestinal function through different mechanisms to enhance the intestinal barrier and immune function. In this study, we aimed to determine whether butyrate displayed a better effect than other SCFAs on limiting PEDV replication in porcine intestinal epithelial cells. Mechanistically, butyrate treatment activated the interferon (IFN) response and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. Further experiments showed that inhibition of GPR43 (free fatty acid receptor 2) in intestinal epithelial cells increased virus infection and reduced antiviral effects through IFN λ response. Our findings revealed that butyrate exerts its antiviral effects by inducing GPR43-mediated IFN production in intestinal epithelial cells