1-(2,4,6-Trioxo-1,3-diazinan-5-yl­idene)thio­semicarbazide

The title mol­ecule, C5H5N5O3S, is approximately planar, with a maximum deviation from the mean plane through the non-H atoms of 0.182 (3) Å for the amine N atom. In the crystal, mol­ecules are connected via N—H⋯O and N—H⋯S inter­actions, building a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network. Additionally, a weak intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond is observed

FERTILIZATION RESPONSE AND NITROGEN NUTRITION DIAGNOSIS OF A NATURAL GRASSLAND IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL

Natural grasslands found in Campos Biome in Southern Brazil are the main forage source for production approximately 13 million cattle and 5 million sheep. The forage yield is often limited by the soil fertility, which is naturally low. This study aimed to test the response of natural grassland to fertilization and to assess the level of N nutrition index (NNI) achieved with fertilization by using a dilution curve model. The experimental design was a factorial arrangement in sub-divided plots, where the landscape was considered the main plot and fertilization the subplots, with three replicates. In the fertilized treatment were applied 310 kg ha–1 of N, 160 kg ha–1 of P2O5, 160 kg ha–1 of K2O, and 3 Mg ha–1 of dolomitic lime. No fertilization was applied in the non-fertilized treatment (natural soil fertility). Herbage mass was evaluated over 224 days of growth by harvesting all the aboveground plant biomass in a 0.25 m2 quadrat. Herbage mass was higher in the fertilized treatment from 180 to 224 days of growth. At 180 days of growth, herbage mass was 7.8 Mg ha–1 in the fertilized treatment and 3.0 Mg ha–1 in the non-fertilized treatment. Generally, herbage mass accumulation from 83 to 180 days of growth was 3.2 times as high in the fertilized (62 kg ha–1 day–1) than in the non-fertilized treatment (20 kg ha–1 day–1). The N dilution curve model was successfully tested under high and low soil fertility conditions. At 83, 109, and 136 days of growth in the fertilized treatment, the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) was 95, 103 and 92, respectively; while in the non-fertilized treatment, the NNI was always lower than 52. Therefore, the level of nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) estimated by the N dilution curve model was a good indicator of N availability to the natural grassland, and can be used for assessing the N nutrition status during the growth of natural grassland in Southern Brazil.

Composição de plantas invasoras em diferentes sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária

Globally, the potenti al of integrated systems is recognized as a sustainable way to feed nine billion people in 2050. These systems can increase environmental resilience by increasing biological diversity and by the effective and efficient cycling of nutrients, which entails improving soil quality, in addition to providing ecosystem services and contributi ng to climate change adaptation and mitigation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the occurrence and species composition of weed in the corn crop in the Integrated Crop-Livestock System (ICLS). The experimental design was randomized blocks, with 4 treatments and 3 repetitions. The variety of “BRS Sol da Manhã” corn was cultivated in four systems: crop (C), integrated with crop-livestock (CP), crops-forest (CF) and crops-livestock-forest (CLF), all without the use of herbicide. The occurrence and composition of weeds in the different production systems was evaluated through a survey of the botanical composition in dry matter (kg ha-1). There was a large contribution of Megathyrsus maximus cv. Áries in all systems, mainly in the CLF, as well as a predominance of Urochloa brizantha in the CL, in addition to the of very high contribution Hemarthria altíssima in the CF system. The ICLS produced 5.8t ha-1 corn without the use of herbicides.No âmbito global se reconhece o potencial dos sistemas integrados como uma via sustentável para alimentar nove bilhões de pessoas em 2050. Esses sistemas são capazes de incrementar a resiliência ambiental pelo aumento da diversidade biológica e pela efetiva e eficiente ciclagem de nutrientes, o que acarreta a melhoria da qualidade do solo, além de prover serviços ecossistêmicos e contribuir para a mitigação das mudanças climáticas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a ocorrência e a composição da comunidade de plantas daninhas na cultura do milho em Sistemas Integrados de Produção Agropecuária (SIPAs). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados (DBC), com 4 tratamentos e 3 repetições. A variedade de milho BRS Sol da Manhã foi cultivada em quatro sistemas: lavoura (L), integrado com lavoura-pecuária (LP), lavoura-floresta (LF) e lavoura-pecuária-floresta (LPF), todos sem a utilização de herbicida. Foram avaliadas a ocorrência e a composição de plantas daninhas nos diferentes sistemas de produção por meio de um levantamento da composição botânica em matéria seca (kg ha-1). Verificou-se grande contribuição de Megathyrsus maximus cv. Áries em todos os sistemas, principalmente no LPF, assim como o predomínio de Urochloa brizantha no LP, além do predomínio de Hemarthria altíssima no sistema LF. O SIPA demonstrou ser capaz de produzir 5,8t ha-1 milho sem uso de herbicidas

Spurious infection by Calodium hepaticum (Bancroft, 1983) Moravec, 1982 and intestinal parasites in forest reserve dwellers in Western Brazilian Amazon

Subsistence hunting is the main source of protein for forest reserve dwellers, contributing to the development of spurious infections by Calodium hepaticum, frequently associated with the consumption of the liver from wild mammals. The prevalence of infections by soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and intestinal protozoa is considered an indicator of the social vulnerability of a country, besides providing information on habits, customs and quality of life of a given population. Intestinal parasites mostly affect poor rural communities with limited access to clean water and adequate sanitation. This study reports the results of a parasitological survey carried out in 2017 and 2019, in two municipalities (Xapuri and Sena Madureira) in Acre State. Stool samples were collected from 276 inhabitants. Upon receipt, each sample was divided into two aliquots. Fresh samples without preservative were processed and examined by the Kato-Katz technique. Samples fixed in 10% formalin were processed by the spontaneous sedimentation and the centrifugal sedimentation techniques. Calodium hepaticum eggs were found in three stool samples. The overall STH prevalence was 44.9%. The hookworm prevalence (19.2%) was higher than that of Ascaris lumbricoides (2.5%) and Trichuris trichiura (0.7%), an unexpected finding for municipalities belonging to the Western Brazilian Amazon. When considering parasites transmitted via the fecal-oral route, Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli showed the highest positivity rates, of 13% and 10.9%, respectively. This study is the first report of spurious infection by C. hepaticum among forest reserve dwellers that consume undercooked liver of lowland pacas. Additionally, this is the first report of Blastocystis sp. in Acre State

Zieve’s Syndrome: a case report /Síndrome de Zieve: um relato de caso

Alcoholism is prevalent throughout the Americas, it affects an average of 10% of the population, therefore it can be considered a public health problem. Alcohol abuse can cause several injuries to the metabolism, being responsible for causing liver damage and other complications. Zieve's syndrome (ZS) is considered an example of these insults, it represents a rare condition and is generally underdiagnosed in clinical practice. The rarity of this syndrome means that patients are often submitted to unnecessary exams due to the lack of knowledge of this possible diagnosis by the medical team. It should be suspected whenever there is anemia, elevation of indirect bilirubin and secondary hyperlipidemia in the context of acute and abusive alcohol intake, without any obvious sign of gastrointestinal bleeding. In this article we discuss a case report about ZS of a patient attended at a metropolitan hospital in Belo Horizonte

Plant traits controlling growth change in response to a drier climate

This is the final version. Available on open access from Wiley via the DOI in this recordPlant traits are increasingly being used to improve prediction of plant function, including plant demography. However, the capability of plant traits to predict demographic rates remains uncertain, particularly in the context of trees experiencing a changing climate. Here we present data combining 17 plant traits associated with plant structure, metabolism and hydraulic status, with measurements of long-term mean, maximum and relative growth rates for 176 trees from the world’s longest running tropical forest drought experiment. We demonstrate that plant traits can predict mean annual tree growth rates with moderate explanatory power. However, only combinations of traits associated more directly with plant functional processes, rather than more commonly employed traits like wood density or leaf mass per area, yield the power to predict growth. Critically, we observe a shift from growth being controlled by traits related to carbon cycling (assimilation and respiration) in well-watered trees, to traits relating to plant hydraulic stress in drought-stressed trees. We also demonstrate that even with a very comprehensive set of plant traits and growth data on large numbers of tropical trees, considerable uncertainty remains in directly interpreting the mechanisms through which traits influence performance in tropical forests.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoNatural Environment Research Council (NERC)Australian Research Council (ARC)European Union FP7Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paul

Foliar water uptake in Amazonian trees: evidence and consequences

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Wiley via the DOI in this recordThe absorption of atmospheric water directly into leaves enables plants to alleviate the water stress caused by low soil moisture, hydraulic resistance in the xylem and the effect of gravity on the water column, while enabling plants to scavenge small inputs of water from leaf-wetting events. By increasing the availability of water, and supplying it from the top of the canopy (in a direction facilitated by gravity), foliar uptake (FU) may be a significant process in determining how forests interact with climate, and could alter our interpretation of current metrics for hydraulic stress and sensitivity. FU has not been reported for lowland tropical rainforests; we test whether FU occurs in six common Amazonian tree genera in lowland Amazônia, and make a first estimation of its contribution to canopy–atmosphere water exchange. We demonstrate that FU occurs in all six genera and that dew-derived water may therefore be used to “pay” for some morning transpiration in the dry season. Using meteorological and canopy wetness data, coupled with empirically derived estimates of leaf conductance to FU (kfu), we estimate that the contribution by FU to annual transpiration at this site has a median value of 8.2% (103 mm/year) and an interquartile range of 3.4%–15.3%, with the biggest sources of uncertainty being kfu and the proportion of time the canopy is wet. Our results indicate that FU is likely to be a common strategy and may have significant implications for the Amazon carbon budget. The process of foliar water uptake may also have a profound impact on the drought tolerance of individual Amazonian trees and tree species, and on the cycling of water and carbon, regionally and globally.Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)Australian Research Council (ARC)CNPQEuropean Union FP7Royal SocietyCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES

Diversity of helminths with zoonotic potential and molecular characterization of Toxocara canis infecting domestic dogs from locations of Amazon and Atlantic Forest Brazilian biomes

Abstract The coproparasitological examination of dogs (n=278) from two Brazilian biomes (Amazon [AZ] and Atlantic Forest [AF]) by centrifugal flotation demonstrated positivity values of 54.2% (AF) and 48.5% (AZ). The most prevalent parasites in AF were hookworms (81.0% - 47/58), Toxocara sp. (17.3% - 10/58) and Trichuris vulpis (12.1% - 7/58); while in AZ they were hookworms (86.7% - 72/83), Toxocara sp. (18.1% - 15/83), Dipylidium caninum (13.3% - 11/83) and T. vulpis (10.8% - 9/83). PCR was performed using the partial mitochondrial genes cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (pcox1) and NADH dehydrogenase 1 (pnad1) in 25 fecal samples positive for Toxocara sp. eggs and found one sample positive for pcox1 and six positives for pnad1. The sequencing of these samples was unsuccessful due to the difficulties inherent in copro-PCR+sequencing. The sequencing of 14 samples of T. canis adult helminths retrieved 11 sequences of 414 bp for pcox1 and nine sequences of 358 bp for pnad1. The phylogenetic trees of these sequences confirmed the species T. canis. Intraspecific genetic variation was only observed for pnad1. This is the second study involving molecular analysis of T. canis in dogs from Brazil and adds new information through the use of pnad1

Drought stress and tree size determine stem CO2 efflux in tropical forests

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Wiley for New Phytologist Trust via the DOI in this record.1. CO2 efflux from stems (CO2_stem) accounts for a substantial fraction of tropical forest gross primary productivity, but the climate sensitivity of this flux remains poorly understood. 2. We present a study of tropical forest CO2_stem from 215 trees across wet and dry seasons, at the world’s longest running tropical forest drought experiment site. 3. We show a 27% increase in wet season CO2_stem in the droughted forest relative to a control forest. This was driven by increasing CO2_stem in trees 10-40 cm diameter. Furthermore, we show that drought increases the proportion of maintenance to growth respiration in trees >20 cm diameter, including large increases in maintenance respiration in the largest droughted trees, >40 cm diameter. However, we found no clear taxonomic influence on CO2_stem and were unable to accurately predict how drought sensitivity altered ecosystem scale CO2_stem, due to substantial uncertainty introduced by contrasting methods previously employed to scale CO2_stem fluxes. 4. Our findings indicate that under future scenarios of elevated drought, increases in CO2_stem may augment carbon losses, weakening or potentially reversing the tropical forest carbon sink. However, due to substantial uncertainties in scaling CO2_stem fluxes, stand-scale future estimates of changes in stem CO2 emissions remain highly uncertain.This work is a product of a UK NERC independent fellowship grant NE/N014022/1 to LR, a UK NERC grant NE/J011002/1 to PM and MM, CNPQ grant 457914/2013-0/MCTI/CNPq/FNDCT/LBA/ESECAFLOR to ACLD, an ARC grant FT110100457 to PM. It was previously supported by NERC NER/A/S/2002/00487, NERC GR3/11706, EU FP5-Carbonsink and EU FP7-Amazalert to PM. LR would also like to acknowledge the support of Dr. Robert Clement, University of Edinburgh and Dr. Timothy Hill, University of Exeter, alongside the contribution of three anonymous reviewers