Dynamiques temporelles de la pandémie de grippe A/H1N1 dans la presse écrite francophone

National audienceLe projet cherche à étudier les représentations et les politiques sanitaires associées aux épidémies contemporaines dans une perspective d'interprétation croisée : sociale, psychologique, spatiale et historique. Ainsi, il propose de développer une approche pluridisciplinaire en combinant des méthodes et des orientations épistémologiques complémentaires à partir de l'épisode de grippe A (H1N1) de 2009-2010. Cet épisode de crise constitue une entrée particulièrement intéressante pour étudier le risque épidémique dans la mesure où il est associé à la mise en place de politiques sanitaires particulières et fait circuler des représentations spécifiques de la maladie. Il permet en outre d'interroger les différentes échelles d'action impliquées dans la construction sociale et spatiale des deux épidémies. Son analyse peut par ailleurs permettre une dimension comparative en cherchant à appréhender les pratiques des différents acteurs et les modèles de prévention et de lutte qu'elles ont pu diffuser

Politiques et représentations des épidémies. Analyse comparée de la construction d’un problème de santé global: La pandémie de grippe A/ H1N1 et les campagnes de vaccination à travers les presses écrites francophones et anglophones

Politiques et représentations des épidémies. Analyse comparée de la construction d’un problème de santé globalA partir d'un corpus en langue française généré via l'agrégateur de presse Factiva, nous développons deux types d'analyse textuelle à l'aide des logiciels Alceste et Tropes. L'objectif de ce rapport est d'étudier la dynamique temporelle du discours de la presse sur la pandémie de grippe A/H1N1 et la campagne de vaccination associée (2009‐2010). Interroger la temporalité du discours nous donne la possibilité de mieux appréhender la cohérence temporelle des espaces de débat associé à la crise de la grippe A/H1N1. Cette perspective nécessite de mieux appréhender les dimensions globales et locales de la description du discours.A partir d'un corpus en langue française généré via l'agrégateur de presse Factiva, nous développons deux types d'analyse textuelle à l'aide des logiciels Alceste et Tropes. L'objectif de ce rapport est d'étudier la dynamique temporelle du discours de la presse sur la pandémie de grippe A/H1N1 et la campagne de vaccination associée (2009‐2010). Interroger la temporalité du discours nous donne la possibilité de mieux appréhender la cohérence temporelle des espaces de débat associé à la crise de la grippe A/H1N1. Cette perspective nécessite de mieux appréhender les dimensions globales et locales de la description du discours

LES POLITIQUES ENVIRONNEMENTALES A L'EPREUVE DE L'INTERCOMMUNALITE : VERS DE NOUVEAUX TERRITOIRES D'ACTION ?

Cette recherche a questionné l'hypothèse généralement admise que l'intercommunalité permet une rationalisation de l'action publique qui engendre " une plus grande efficacité, une plus grande cohérence et une solidarité territoriale renforcée " et ce, dans le domaine des politiques environnementales. En effet, pour conduire une analyse approfondie des effets de l'intercommunalité sur le contenu substantiel des politiques, il était nécessaire de restreindre l'analyse à un champ d'action donné ; compte-tenu de l'importance de l'environnement dans l'action publique des intercommunalités et des compétences de l'équipe répondante tant dans le domaine des politiques environnementales (UMR CITERES) que dans celui de l'intercommunalité (EA LERAD), c'est ce champ qui a été investi. Il a ainsi été proposé, sur la base d'une analyse de politiques environnementales conduites par des intercommunalités sur deux territoires tests (le SCoT du Saumurois et le SCoT de l'Amboisie, du Blérois et du Castelrenaudais (ABC)), de vérifier les effets du développement de l'intercommunalité sur le contenu des politiques menées

Analytical developments for 47 pesticides: first identification of neutral chloroacetanilide derivatives in French groundwater

International audienceA new analytical methodology for neutral derivatives of chloroacetanilides made it possible to detect, for the first time in a European groundwater monitoring campaign, three metabolites (hydroxymetolachlor, metolachlor morpholinone and deschlorometolachlor) in addition to ethane sulfonic acid (ESA) and oxanilic acid (OXA) metabolites, which were first detected in 2009. The analytical method involves solid phase extraction and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Recoveries ranged from 64 to 101%, and limits of quantification were validated at 5, 10 or 20 ng/L, depending on the molecule, in natural water. Most of the chloroacetanilide metabolites were synthesised, as many standards are not commercially available

Decontamination of a polychlorinated biphenyls-contaminated soil by phytoremediation-assisted bioaugmentation

International audienceA 70 day pot experiment was conducted for the cleaning-up of a PCBs-contaminated soil (104 mg kg(-1) soil DW) using bioaugmentation with Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 (LB400) assisted or not by the use of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). The total cultivable bacteria of the soil were higher with the presence of plants. Real-time PCR showed that LB400 (targeting 16S-23S rRNA ITS) survived with abundance related to total bacteria (targeting 16S rRNA) being higher with fescue (up to a factor of three). Bioaugmentation had a positive effect on fescue biomass and more specifically on roots (by a factor of three). PCB dissipation (sum of congeners 28, 52, 101, 118, 153, 180) averaged 13 % (bioaugmented-planted) up to 32 % (non bioaugmented-planted), without any significant difference between treatments. Basically our results demonstrated that indigenous bacteria were able to dissipate PCBs (26.2 % dissipation). PCB dissipation was not related to the abundance of LB400 or to the total bacterial counts. Bioaugmentation or fescue altered the structure of the bacterial community of the soil, not the combination of both. Principal component analysis showed that bioaugmentation tended to improve the control of the process (lower variability in PCB dissipation). Opposite to that bioaugmentation increased the variability of the structure of the bacterial community

Preliminary recovery study of a commercial molecularly imprinted polymer for the extraction of glyphosate and AMPA in different environmental waters using MS

International audienceA commercial molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) dedicated to glyphosate (GLY) and its main metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), was lately assessed as "POCIS-like" sampler on mineral water. The obtained results were encouraging with 111 and 122 mL/day as sampling rates for GLYand AMPA, respectively. Therefore, before applying this passive sampler to environmental waters, the commercial phase was tested on different watermatrices as a solid-phase extraction (SPE) device. The SPE protocol was carried on 250 mg of MIP with the following three steps: conditioning by Milli-Q water, loading of the sample (15 mL), and elution of the analytes by 4 mL 0.1 M HCl that were evaporated to dryness and recovered in 15 mL of the suitable solvent for analysis. This protocol was first applied to mineral water spiked by GLY and AMPA at environmental concentration levels (25-750 ng/L). Analyses were carried out by ultra-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to tandem mass after derivatization of GLY and AMPA by 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate. The linear correlation between concentrations measured with and without SPE on MIP was proved.Furthermore, other extractions showed that high concentrations of metal ion interferents (lead(II), cadmium(II), and zinc(II)) in groundwaters did not reduce SPE performance of the MIP.Then, concentration assays were undertaken and brought noteworthy results, such as the recovery of 80% GLY and AMPA from groundwater spiked at 10 ng/L and concentrated 100 times. For this purpose, ion exclusion chromatography hyphenated to mass was applied without previous derivatization of the analytes. The same concentration factor and analytical method were applied to 100 ng/L spiked sea water with recoveries of 96% for GLYand 121% for AMPA

Laboratory calibration of a POCIS-like sampler based on molecularly imprinted polymers for glyphosate and AMPA sampling in water

International audienceFor more than 15 years, integrative passive sampling has been successfully used for monitoring contaminants in water, but no passive sampling device exists for strongly polar organic compounds, such as glyphosate. We thus propose a polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS)-like tool dedicated to glyphosate and its main degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and describe the laboratory calibration of such a tool for calculating the sampling rates of glyphosate and AMPA. This passive sampler consists of a POCIS with molecularly imprinted polymer as a receiving phase and a polyethersulfone diffusion membrane. The calibration experiment for the POCIS was conducted for 35 days in a continuous water-flow-through exposure system. The calibration results show that the sampling rates are 111 and 122 mL day(-1) for glyphosate and AMPA respectively, highlighting the potential interest in and the applicability of this method for environmental monitoring. The influence of membrane porosity on the glyphosate sampling rate was also tested

Estimating 42 pesticide sampling rates by POCIS and POCIS-MIP samplers for groundwater monitoring: a pilot-scale calibration

International audienc

Molecularly imprinted polymer dedicated to the extraction of glyphosate and its metabolite, AMPA, in water

Glyphosate [(N-phosphonomethyl)glycine] is a non-selective broad-spectrum herbicide which is extensively used in agriculture. This molecule inhibits the plant enzyme which enables the plant to produce amino acids and metabolites that are needed for its growth. The biodegradation of glyphosate (GLY) in the environment leads to aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and both molecules are included in the DCE 2006/18 circular which define criteria for the good status of groundwater in application of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD) According to the data available in ADES data (French National Data base of groundwater), in French groundwater, the average concentrations of GLY and AMPA are about 0.7 and 0.3 µg/L, respectively. Thus, GLY and AMPA monitoring at such low concentrations requires sensitive analytical methods and efficient pre-concentration tools. In the present study, integrative passive samplers (IPS) were assessed as in situ pre-concentration apparatus. However, none of the commercial sorbents usually used in IPS was appropriate to retain very polar and hydrophilic analytes such as GLY and AMPA. For this reason, a molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized to directly and specifically rebind the target molecules in underground waters. Several monomers have been tested in order to obtain imprints able to bind efficiently GLY and AMPA in complex matrices such as natural waters. Since the target analytes are polar and hydrophilic, electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds have been favored for the functional monomers selection. The assessment of the MIP has systematically been carried out by comparison of the recoveries obtained with MIP and NIP (Non Imprinted Polymer, synthesized with the same reagents as MIP, but without template) by solid phase extraction (SPE). The selectivity of MIP versus NIP was satisfactory for 3 imprinted polymers with a very straightforward protocol (conditioning of 250 mg of MIP/NIP packed in 3-mL polypropylene cartridges with 3 mL ultra pure water, loading of GLY and AMPA (5 mg/L) in ultra pure water (15 mL) and elution by 3 mL NH4OH (10 mM) or by 3 mL HCl (10 mM). Thus, one polymer gave MIP recoveries of GLY and AMPA equal to 105% and 80% respectively against NIP recoveries of GLY and AMPA only equal to 68% and 19% respectively. However, the substitution of ultra pure water by mineral water caused the decrease of MIP recoveries (about 30 % for GLY and 5 % for AMPA), for that, a pretreatment of the sample by ionic exchange resins was set up and succeeded in improving recoveries (about 50% for GLY and 25% for AMPA). For those experiments, the samples, MIP and NIP extractions were systematically analyzed by capillary electrophoresis that is a high throughput analytical method but is not sensitive enough to detect GLY and AMPA in natural groundwaters (concentrations inferior to µg/L)