Dietary intervention programs for weight loss aged 2-17 years. Systematic review

Introducción: Por la creciente prevalencia de la obesidad en la infancia y/o adolescencia, deben existir suficientes programas de intervención para combatirla. Objetivo: identificar y comparar los distintos tipos de programas de intervención en niños y adolescentes, para el tratamiento del sobrepeso y la obesidad en España y en otros países. Método: se realizó una búsqueda con las palabras clave “Obesity” AND “Diet” AND “intervention” en tres bases de datos documentales: Pubmed, EBSCO, Scielo. Criterios de inclusión: edad de la muestra (2-17 años, basado en el estudio Enkid), que el programa de intervención incluyera dieta, ensayos clínicos publicados entre el enero de 2.010 y abril de 2014, cuya fuente sean revistas científicas indexadas. Resultados: se han analizado 490 artículos, de los cuales sólo fueron seleccionados 13 artículos. El 85 % de los programas intervención son aplicados fuera de España; sólo el 23 % fueron realizadas en ambiente escolar; el 70% de las intervenciones fueron llevadas a cabo en niños menores de 12 años; el 62% de las investigaciones destacan el uso de la intervención multidisciplinar (dieta, ejercicio y en ocasiones, cambios de conducta); y se muestra una oscilación en la duración de estas intervenciones entre 3 y 24 meses. Discusión: se han encontrado pocas intervenciones a nivel nacional, en participantes obesos y se diferencia dos tipos de intervenciones, a corto y largo plazo. Conclusiones: se recomienda promover programas de intervención de pérdida de peso en España, sobre todo en centros docentes. El uso exclusivo de dieta, ha resultado efectiva a corto plazo. Y a largo plazo, la intervención multidisciplinar obtiene mejores resultados de pérdida, sobre todo de masa grasa.Introduction: according to the increasing prevalence of obesity in childhood and / or adolescence, there should be enough intervention programs to combat it. Objective: To identify and compare different types of intervention programs in children and adolescents for the treatment of overweight and obesity in Spain and other countries. Method: A search was performed using the keywords “Obesity” AND “Diet” AND “intervention” in three document databases: PubMed, EBSCO, Scielo. Inclusion criteria: age of the sample (2-17 years based on the enKid study) that the intervention program included diet, clinical trials published between January 2010 and April 2014, the source journals are indexed. Results: We analyzed 490 articles, of which only 13 were selected. 85% of intervention programs are applied outside Spain; only 23% were performed in school environment; 70% of the procedures were performed in children under 12 years; 62% of research include the use of multidisciplinary intervention (diet, exercise and sometimes behavioral changes); and an oscillation of 3 to 24 months is shown in these interventions. Discussion: we found just a few national interventions in obese participants and there are two types of interventions, short- and long-term. Conclusions: We recommend intervention programs to promote weight loss in Spain, especially in schools. The exclusive use of diet has been proven being effective in the short term. And long-term, multidisciplinary intervention outperforms loss, especially fat mass

Quantitative dopamine transporter imaging assessment in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients carrying GBA gene mutations compared with Idiopathic PD patients: A case-control study

Background: Genetic risk factors impact around 15% of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and at least 23 variants have been identified including Glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene variants. Using different clinical and instrumental qualitative-based data, various studies have been published on GBA-PD cohorts which suggested possible differences in dopaminergic nigrostriatal denervation pattern, particularly in caudate and putamen nuclei. Methods: This retrospective study included two consecutive homogenous cohorts of GBA-PD and idiopathic (I-PD) patients. Each consecutive GBA-PD patient has been matched with a 1:1 pairing method with a consecutive I-PD subject according to age, age at disease onset, sex, Hoehn & Yahr (H&Y) staging scale and comorbidity level (CCI). Semiquantitative volumetric data by the DaTQUANTTM software integrated in the DaTSCAN exam performed at time of the diagnosis (SPECT imaging performed according to current guidelines of I-123 FPCIT SPECT imaging) were extrapolated. Bilateral specific binding ratios (SBR) at putamen and caudate levels were calculated, using the occipital lobes uptake. The Mann–Whitney test was performed to compare the two cohorts while the Spearman’s test was used to find correlations between motor and volumetric data in each group. Bonferroni correction was used to account for multiple comparisons. Results: Two cohorts of 25 patients each (GBA-PD and I-PD), were included. By comparing GBA-PD and I-PD patients, lower SBR values were found in the most affected anterior putamen and left caudate of the GBA-PD cohort. Furthermore, in the GBA-PD cohort the SBR of the most affected posterior putamen negatively correlated with the H&Y scale. However, none of these differences or correlations remained significant after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Conclusions: We observed differences in SBR values in GBA-PD patients compared with I-PD. However, these differences were no longer significant after Bonferroni multiple comparisons correction highlighting the need for larger, longitudinal studies

First evidences of fast creeping on a long-lasting quiescent earthquake normal-fault in the Mediterranean

A key issue in our understanding of the earthquake cycle and seismic hazard is the behaviour of an active fault during the interseismic phase. Locked and creeping faults represent two end-members of mechanical behaviours that are given two extreme rupturing hazard levels, that is, high and low, respectively. Geophysical and space geodetic analyses are carried out over the Pollino Range, an extensional environment within the Africa–Eurasia plate boundary, to disclose the behaviour of the long-lasting quiescent Castrovillari normal fault. Fault trenching evidenced at least four large earthquakes (6.5–7.0 Mw) in the past and an elapsed time of 1200 yr since the last event. Inversion of Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar and Global Positioning System over a decade shows fast creeping at all depths of the fault plane. The velocity-strengthening creeping zone reaches maximum rates 20 mm yr−1 against an average rate of about 3–9 mm yr−1. It limits the southern-weakening locked part of the fault. An essential condition for the generation of a large earthquake on the Castrovillari fault, as has occurred in the past, is a rupture through the velocity-strengthening zone. The Castrovillari fault yields the best evidence for being both a strong and weak fault during its earthquake cycle. Creeping at rates faster than its tectonically driven ones, it must thus consist of a mix of unstable and conditionally stable patches ready to sustain a sizeable earthquake. Quantifying and mapping the slip rate over the fault plane is important because they influence fault moment budget estimate and helps to constrain constitutive laws of fault zones. Aseismic slip also redistributes stress in the crust, thereby affecting the locations of future earthquakes

Renal involvement in sarcoidosis: histological patterns and prognosis, an Italian survey

Granulomatous interstitial nephritis in sarcoidosis (sGIN) is generally clinically silent, but in <1% causes acute kidney injury (AKI)