Alarming decline of freshwater trigger species in western Mediterranean key biodiversity areas

Theidentification of key biodiversity areas (KBA) was initiated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 2004 to overcome taxonomic biases in the selection of important areas for conservation, including freshwater ecosystems. Since then, several KBAs have been identified mainly based on the presence of trigger species (i.e., species that trigger either the vulnerability and or the irreplaceability criterion and thus identify a site as a KBA). However, to our knowledge, many of these KBAs have not been validated. Therefore, classical surveys of the taxa used to identify freshwater KBAs (fishes, molluscs, odonates, and aquatic plants) were conducted in Douro (Iberian Peninsula) and Sebou (Morocco) River basins in the Mediterranean Biodiversity Hotspot. Environmental DNA analyses were undertaken in the Moroccan KBAs. There was a mismatch between the supposed and actual presence of trigger species. None of the trigger species were found in 43% and 50% of all KBAs surveyed in the Douro and Sebou basins, respectively. Shortcomings of freshwater KBA identification relate to flawed or lack of distribution data for trigger species. This situation results from a misleading initial identification of KBAs based on poor (or even inaccurate) ecological information or due to increased human disturbance between initial KBA identification and the present. To improve identification of future freshwater KBAs, we suggest selecting trigger species with a more conservative approach; use of local expert knowledge and digital data (to assess habitat quality, species distribution, and potential threats); consideration of the subcatchment when delineating KBAs boundaries; thoughtful consideration of terrestrial special areas for conservation limits; and periodic field validation.La identificación de las áreas clave de biodiversidad (ACB) fue iniciada por la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza en 2004 con el objetivo de sobreponerse a los sesgos taxonómicos en la selección de áreas importantes para la conservación, incluyendo los ecosistemas de agua dulce. Desde entonces, varias ACB han sido identificadas principalmente con base en la presencia de especies desencadenantes (es decir, especies que desencadenan el criterio de vulnerabilidad o de carácter irremplazable y por lo tanto identifican a un sitio como una ACB). Sin embargo, a nuestro conocimiento, muchas de estas ACB no han sido validadas. Por lo tanto, los censos clásicos de taxones utilizados para identificar las ACB de agua dulce (peces, moluscos, odonatos y plantas acuáticas) fueron realizados en las cuencas de los ríos Duero (Península Ibérica) y Sebou (Marruecos) en el Punto Caliente de Biodiversidad del Mediterráneo. Realizamos análisis de ADN ambiental en las ACB de Marruecos. Hubo una discrepancia entre la supuesta presencia y la actual presencia de especies desencadenantes. Ninguna de las especies desencadenantes se encontró en 43% y 50% de las ACB censadas en las cuencas del Duero y del Sebou, respectivamente. Las deficiencias en la identificación de las ACB de agua dulce están relacionadas con la carencia de datos o datos erróneos sobre la distribución de las especies desencadenantes. Esta situación resulta en una identificación inicial engañosa de las ACB con base en información ecológica deficiente (o incluso incorrecta) o también puede deberse al incremento en las perturbaciones humanas ocurridas entre la identificación de la ACB y el presente. Para mejorar la identificación de ACB de agua dulce en el futuro, sugerimos que la selección de especies desencadenantes se realice con un enfoque más conservador; que se usen el conocimiento local de los expertos y los datos digitales (para evaluar la calidad del hábitat, la distribución de las especies y las amenazas potenciales); que se consideren las subcuencas cuando se delimiten las fronteras de las ACB; que se consideren cuidadosamente las áreas de especies terrestres para los límites de conservación; y que se realicen validaciones periódicas de campo.FCT - MAVA Foundation(2020.04637

Alarming decline of freshwater trigger species in western Mediterranean key biodiversity areas

The identification of key biodiversity areas (KBA) was initiated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 2004 to overcome taxonomic biases in the selection of important areas for conservation, including freshwater ecosystems. Since then, several KBAs have been identified mainly based on the presence of trigger species (i.e., species that trigger either the vulnerability and or the irreplaceability criterion and thus identify a site as a KBA). However, to our knowledge, many of these KBAs have not been validated. Therefore, classical surveys of the taxa used to identify freshwater KBAs (fishes, molluscs, odonates, and aquatic plants) were conducted in Douro (Iberian Peninsula) and Sebou (Morocco) River basins in the Mediterranean Biodiversity Hotspot. Environmental DNA analyses were undertaken in the Moroccan KBAs. There was a mismatch between the supposed and actual presence of trigger species. None of the trigger species were found in 43% and 50% of all KBAs surveyed in the Douro and Sebou basins, respectively. Shortcomings of freshwater KBA identification relate to flawed or lack of distribution data for trigger species. This situation results from a misleading initial identification of KBAs based on poor (or even inaccurate) ecological information or due to increased human disturbance between initial KBA identification and the present. To improve identification of future freshwater KBAs, we suggest selecting trigger species with a more conservative approach; use of local expert knowledge and digital data (to assess habitat quality, species distribution, and potential threats); consideration of the subcatchment when delineating KBAs boundaries; thoughtful consideration of terrestrial special areas for conservation limits; and periodic field validation.Financial support was provided by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) Grant to J.N. (2020.04637.BD). We thank the editor and 3 anonymous referees for the valuable suggestions made, which increased the clarity of our manuscript. This study was partially funded by the MAVA Foundation through the action plan Ensuring Integrated Resource Management in River Basins.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Alarming decline of freshwater trigger species in western Mediterranean key biodiversity areas

Theidentification of key biodiversity areas (KBA) was initiated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 2004 to overcome taxonomic biases in the selection of important areas for conservation, including freshwater ecosystems. Since then, several KBAs have been identified mainly based on the presence of trigger species (i.e., species that trigger either the vulnerability and or the irreplaceability criterion and thus identify a site as a KBA). However, to our knowledge, many of these KBAs have not been validated. Therefore, classical surveys of the taxa used to identify freshwater KBAs (fishes, molluscs, odonates, and aquatic plants) were conducted in Douro (Iberian Peninsula) and Sebou (Morocco) River basins in the Mediterranean Biodiversity Hotspot. Environmental DNA analyses were undertaken in the Moroccan KBAs. There was a mismatch between the supposed and actual presence of trigger species. None of the trigger species were found in 43% and 50% of all KBAs surveyed in the Douro and Sebou basins, respectively. Shortcomings of freshwater KBA identification relate to flawed or lack of distribution data for trigger species. This situation results from a misleading initial identification of KBAs based on poor (or even inaccurate) ecological information or due to increased human disturbance between initial KBA identification and the present. To improve identification of future freshwater KBAs, we suggest selecting trigger species with a more conservative approach; use of local expert knowledge and digital data (to assess habitat quality, species distribution, and potential threats); consideration of the subcatchment when delineating KBAs boundaries; thoughtful consideration of terrestrial special areas for conservation limits; and periodic field validation.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A global agenda for advancing freshwater biodiversity research

Global freshwater biodiversity is declining dramatically, and meeting the challenges of this crisis requires bold goals and the mobilisation of substantial resources. While the reasons are varied, investments in both research and conservation of freshwater biodiversity lag far behind those in the terrestrial and marine realms. Inspired by a global consultation, we identify 15 pressing priority needs, grouped into five research areas, in an effort to support informed stewardship of freshwater biodiversity. The proposed agenda aims to advance freshwater biodiversity research globally as a critical step in improving coordinated actions towards its sustainable management and conservation.Peer reviewe

The impact of immediate breast reconstruction on the time to delivery of adjuvant therapy: the iBRA-2 study

Background: Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) is routinely offered to improve quality-of-life for women requiring mastectomy, but there are concerns that more complex surgery may delay adjuvant oncological treatments and compromise long-term outcomes. High-quality evidence is lacking. The iBRA-2 study aimed to investigate the impact of IBR on time to adjuvant therapy. Methods: Consecutive women undergoing mastectomy ± IBR for breast cancer July–December, 2016 were included. Patient demographics, operative, oncological and complication data were collected. Time from last definitive cancer surgery to first adjuvant treatment for patients undergoing mastectomy ± IBR were compared and risk factors associated with delays explored. Results: A total of 2540 patients were recruited from 76 centres; 1008 (39.7%) underwent IBR (implant-only [n = 675, 26.6%]; pedicled flaps [n = 105,4.1%] and free-flaps [n = 228, 8.9%]). Complications requiring re-admission or re-operation were significantly more common in patients undergoing IBR than those receiving mastectomy. Adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy was required by 1235 (48.6%) patients. No clinically significant differences were seen in time to adjuvant therapy between patient groups but major complications irrespective of surgery received were significantly associated with treatment delays. Conclusions: IBR does not result in clinically significant delays to adjuvant therapy, but post-operative complications are associated with treatment delays. Strategies to minimise complications, including careful patient selection, are required to improve outcomes for patients

Callitriche longipedunculata (Native) 2

Callitriche longipedunculata, plants on soil. Family Callitrichaceae, Subclass Asteridae. Origin: Native

Callitriche sonderi Hegelmaier 1867

19. Callitriche sonderi Hegelmaier (1867: 18, fig. 11–14). Type: — AUSTRALIA. VICTORIA. “in paludibus prope Station peak Austr. felix. s. dat ., F. Mueller s.n. (holotype: STU 83918; isotype: MEL 2289177). Description: —Stem and leaf scales present. Leaf bases connate. Lingulate leaves unknown, expanded submerged or floating leaves unknown, leaves of terrestrial plants linear-obovate, 0.8–1.7 mm long × 0.4–0.7 mm wide, 3-nerved, sometimes with 2 short free veins arising from the midrib, petiole 0.8–1.0 mm long. Most axils contain one ♂ and one ♀ flower. Bracts narrowly triangular to linear 0.2–0.3 mm long. Styles erect, persistent, 0.1–0.3 mm long. Filament arising from peduncle, erect, 0.4–1 mm long; anthers trilocular, 0.1–0.5 mm long; pollen yellow. Fruit distinctly strumose, subsessile, wider than high, dark brown when mature, 0.5–0.6 mm long × 0.7–0.8 mm wide, narrowly winged throughout. Illustrations: — Figures 2 (a–d) and 2A(a–b) in Mason (1959); figures 1A–C in Orchard (1980); plates 2(A–D) and 3(1–2) in Schotsman (1985c). Fig. 10i. Recognition: — C. sonderi can be distinguished from all other Callitriche species in the region by the small fruit which when mature are narrowly-winged, blackish, ± isodiametric or wider than high and clearly flat with a prominent struma. It most closely resembles C. capricorni which differs in the convex face of the fruit which are not strumose. Distribution: — C. sonderi is endemic to Australia south of latitude 25°S (Mason 1959), where it is widespread in southern Queensland, much of New South Wales and Victoria (Bean 2007) (Fig. 16). It has also been recorded from South Australia but only from Cordillo Downs in the far northeast and from the floodplains of the River Murray near Loxton and Berri (Orchard 1980). In Tasmania it is known only from the Sea Elephant River, King Island. Habitats and Ecology: — Callitriche sonderi typically grows on clays ranging from grey to orange or red-brown, as well as silt, sandy soils and less often on bare sand or on rich, organic black soils. It is most frequent on the draw-down zone or margins of lakes, lagoons, rivers, creeks, billabongs, reservoirs and other wetlands, as well as on seepages, floodplains, river bars, shallow pans on bedrock, swamps, damp areas beside roads and on bare soil in woodland where humidity remains high. It often occurs within or adjacent to woodland, typically dominated by species such as Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. crebra F.Muell. (1858: 87) and E. tereticornis Sm. (1795: 41) more or less throughout its range, with Acacia stenophylla A.Cunn. ex Benth. (1842: 366), Eucalyptus coolabah Blakely & Jacobs (1934: 245) and Melaleuca trichostachya Lindl. (1848: 277) more often in the north, Angophora floribunda Sweet (1830: 248), Eucalyptus chloroclada (Blakely) L.A.S.Johnson & K.D.Hill (1988: 508), E. conica Deane & Maiden (1900: 612), E. largiflorens F.Muell. (1855: 34) and Muehlenbeckia florulenta in inland areas, Callitris glaucophylla Joy Thomps. & L.A.S.Johnson (1986: 731) in the south and with Melaleuca ericifolia Sm. (1797: 276) in Tasmania. It has been recorded with a range of species, varying from wetland plants such as Alternanthera denticulata R.Br. (1810: 417), Ammannia multiflora Roxb. (1820: 447), Diplachne fusca (von Linné) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. (1817: 615), Elatine gratioloides A.Cunn. (1839: 26), Eleocharis pusilla R.Br. (1810: 225), Limosella australis R.Br. (1810: 443), Marsilea hirsuta R.Br. (1810: 167), Myriophyllum simulans Orchard (1985: 203), M. verrucosum Lindl. (1848: 384), Nymphoides crenata Kuntze (1891: 429), Pseudoraphis spinescens (R.Br.) Vickery (1952: 69), Ranunculus rivularis Spreng. (1807: 43) and Triglochin calcitrapum Hook. (1844b: 731) and plants more typical of areas which are at most damp, such as Centipeda minima (von Linné) A.Braun & Asch. (1867: 6), Glinus oppositifolius Aug. DC. (1901: 559), Goodenia gracilis R.Br. (1810: 575), Gratiola pedunculata R.Br. (1810: 435), Persicaria prostrata (R.Br.) Soják (1974: 154), Poa annua von Linné (1753: 68), Sclerolaena intricata (R.H.Anderson) A.J. Scott (1978: 113), Sphaeromorphaea australis (Less.) Kitam. (1937: 80), Stellaria media and Stemodia florulenta W.R. Barker (1990: 90) as well as with Callitriche deflexa in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne. 10–1218 m elevation. Conservation Status: — Callitriche sonderi is classed as Least Concern (IUCN) as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats. It is classed as Near Threatened in the states of South Australia (National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972) and Tasmania (Threatened Species Protection Act 1995: Rare species: June 2019 list). Notes: — C. capricorni was reduced to synonymy under C. sonderi, however the differences between the two species are more than sufficient to justify their retention as separate species (see under C. capricorni above). Selected specimens examined:— AUSTRALIA: NEW SOUTH WALES. Montagu Island, 31 October 1988, P. C. Heyligers 88202 (CANB 472117); Montague Island, 12 April 1973, L. G. Adams 3172 (CANB 381761); Louth, 21 September 1978, C. W. E. Moore 7921 (CANB 275618), 26 January 2007, R. W. Pudie 6328 (CANB 749092.1); Cunnabuncha Waterhole, 26 July 1997, R. W. Purdle 4484 (CANB 9711319.1); Gemmana, 10 September 1978, C. W. E. Moore 7771 (CANB 275619); Bourke, October 1883, E. Betche s.n. (MEL 2241800); Lake Cobham, September 1887, W. Bäuerlen s.n. (MEL 2241798); Lake Cobham, s.d., W. Bäuerlen s.n. (MEL 2241799); Waibar, 18 September 1891, C. W. E. Moore 8120 (CANB 336519); Kosciuszko National Park, 26 Jan 2006, R. W Purdie 6328 (CANB 749092.1); Brewarrina, 21 August 1979, K. Paijmans 3200 (CANB 286089); Mulgowan Station, 27 September 1981, H. Eichler 22832 (CANB 747438); “Bundycoola” Cobar, 20 August 1973, G. M. Cunningham 853 (CANB 00729996). QUEENSLAND. Chinchilla, 13 June 1981, M. G. Lithgow 746 (BRI AQ348105); Rolleston, 3 September 1983, H. I. Aston 2477 (MEL 659248); Danbulla National Park, 25 January 2007, K. R. McDonald KRM60348, B. G. Jamieson & S. Jamieson (BRI AQ861758); Atherton, 21 April 2002, A. R. Bean 18783 (BRI AQ556328); Lake Victoria, 17 September 1999, A. R. Bean 15410 (BRI AQ677868, MEL 298615); Mitchell, 11 September 2005, A. R. Bean 23489 (BRI AQ725689); Warrego, 1973, J. D. Pike s.n. (BRI AQ13188); Rolleston, 3 September 1983, H. I. Aston 2477 (BRI AQ460187); Boondandilla State Forest, 6 September 1997, A. R. Bean 12386 (BRI AQ657506, CANB 529791, MEL 270252); Bollon, 156 m, 27 August 2006, A. R. Bean 25522 (BRI AQ617764); Texas Lagoon, 11 September 2001, A. R. Bean 17918 (BRI AQ551139); Enngonia, September 2004 A. R. Bean 23130 (BRI AQ613742); Enngonia, 17 September 2004, A. R. Bean 23057 (BRI AQ613741); Langlo River, 20 September 2005, D. A. Halford Q 8593 (BRI AQ617086); Mungallala, 2 May 2002, A. R. Bean 19022 (BRI AQ557741); Cunnamulla, 18 September 2004, A. R. Bean 23150 (BRI AQ613740); The Glebe Station, 24 October 1996, D. Halford Q 3224 & R. Dowling (BRI AQ653901); Springsure, 13 September 1999, A. R. Bean 15346 (BRI AQ67767); Cadarga, 5 September 1997, A. R. Bean 12362 (BRI AQ657497, MEL 270249, NSW 468445); Idalia National Park, 6 July 2009, R. J. Fensham 5953 (BRI AQ749996); Springsure, 13 September 1999, A. R. Bean 15346 (BRI AQ677867); Lake Broadwater, 9 August 2008, M. B. Thomas MBT3727 (BRI AQ840387). SOUTH AUSTRALIA. Murtho Park Homestead, 15 September 1979, W. R. Barker 3978 & R. M. Barker (AD 97948329, MEL 268391); Mullinger’s Swamp Conservation Park, 6 April 1996, D. E. Murfet 2381 & K. M. Alcock (AD 171130); Comaum Forest, 25 December 2002, D. E. Murfet 4286 (AD 141450); 1 January 1970, K. M. Alcock s.n. (AD 97041044); Blanchetown, 15 March 1997, R. J. Bates 46586 (AD 99909009); Upper Murray Mallee, 11 April 1956, H. Eichler s.n. (AD 95708098); Murray, 15 May 1989, R. Bates 18441 & B. Spooner (AD 98922291); Bunyip Reach, 14 September 1979, J. S. Womersley 530 & D. E. Symon (AD 97950139); Morgan, 21 November 1964, H. Eichler 18052 (AD 96649079); Nelwood Homestead, 12 September 1979, W. R. Barker 3822 & R. M. Barker (AD 99308047); Katarapko Island, 15 March 1993, R. J. Bates 31666 (AD 99423166); Pilby Creek, 20 August 2000, M. Siebentritt 6 (AD 109430); Lake Eyre, 7 July 1997, R. Bates 47432 (AD 99915133); Lake Eyre, 8 July 1997, R. Bates 47834 (AD 99917252); Cooper Creek, 25 July 1987, J. Reid 958 (AD 98734055); Mabel Creek Homestead, 20 September 1963, H. Eichler 76712 (AD 96447034); Mount Willoughby Homestead, 28 September 1998, R. Bates 5107B (AD 101159); TASMANIA. Sea Elephant River, King Island, 7 January 1979, D. I. Morris 7950 (MEL 1506952, HO 29222). VICTORIA. Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, 9 May 2003, V. Stajsic 3322 (MEL 2182997, NSW); Royal Botanic Gardens, 9 May 2003, V. Stajsic 3321 (MEL 2182996, NSW); Royal Botanic Gardens, 12 May 2003, V. Stajsic 3320 (MEL 2182995); Royal Botanic Gardens, 21 November 2002, V. Stajsic 3122 (MEL 2162636); Neds Corner Station, 30 November 2011, D. E. Albrecht 13944, V. Stajsic & A. Messina (MEL 2356927); Crawford River Regional Park, 31 March 1985, A. C. Beauglehole 79137 (MEL 717718); Echuca Regional Park, September 1985, A. C. Beauglehole 80264 (MEL 717717); Hattah Lakes National Park, October 1948, A. C. Beauglehole 1123 (MEL 2241802); Echuca Regional Park, 9 September 1985, A. C. Beauglehole 80263 (MEL 2109973); Chiltern Box - Ironbark National Park, 5 August 2001, N. G. Walsh 5359 (MEL 2193427); Lake Glenmaggie, 28 April 1985, A. C. Beauglehole 79407 (MEL 717719); Edenhope, 11 March 1975, A. C. Beauglehole 49703 (MEL 1506953); Reader s.n. ” (MEL 1518337); Kukyne National Forest, 6 September 1941, J. H. Willis s.n. (MEL 2241778); Hattah-Kukyne National Park, 3 October 1982, D. C. Cheal s.n. (MEL 615334); Kulkune National Forest, December 1941, J. H. Willis (MEL 2241803); Mildura, Sept. 1912, J. M. M. ex Herb. H. B. Williamson s.n. (MEL 2241805); Ryans Swamp, 25 March 2012, V. Stajsic, 6291 & J. Eichler (MEL 2360544); Cobram Regional Park, 16 November 1985, A. C. Beauglehole 82025 (MEL 2299319); Mullinger Swamp Wildlife Reserve, 13 March 1984, A. C. Beauglehole]76504 (MEL 1602800); Redcliff, 18 January 1982, J. H. Brone 105 (MEL 606573); Hattah Lakes National Park, 12 September 1969, G. W. Anderson s.n. (MEL 2241777); Barmah State Park, 28 September 1985, A. C. Beauglehole 81287 (MEL 717638); Mount Black Flora Reserve, 3 May 1981, A. C. Beauglehole 68918 (MEL 597287); Cobram Regional Park, 27 September 1985, A. C. Beauglehole 81075 (MEL 2109975); Lower Darling River, 1888, C. E. Holdinh s.n. (MEL 2241801); Lake Moodemere, 19 December 1959, J. H. Willis s.n. (MEL 2241804); Mildura, Victoria, September 1912, H. B. Williamson 832/16 (NSW 33819); Bourke, [name illegible], September 1883 (NSW 33817); Nathalia, 7 May 1969, H. I. Aston 1763 (NSW 674133); Lake Powell, 3 May 1977, A. C. Beauglehole 56088 (MEL 525300); Lake Hattah, September 19[?], H. B. W[illiamson] 1442 (MEL 2241808, MEL 2241776); Snowy River area, 3 December 1970, A. C. Beauglehole 35117 (MEL 2241775); Murray Mallee District, 34° 43’ 33” S, 143° 07’ 08” E, 10 September 2009, J. N. McFarlane 3188 (MEL 2325794); Murray Mallee District, 34° 43’ 33” S, 143° 07’ 08” E, 10 September 2009, J. N. McFarlane 3177 (MEL 232579).Published as part of Lansdown, Richard V., 2022, The genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae, Callitricheae) in Australasia and Oceania, pp. 243-284 in Phytotaxa 547 (3) on pages 270-271, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.547.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/657753

Callitriche petriei Mason 1959

17. <i>Callitriche petriei</i> Mason (1959: 315). <p> <b>Type:</b> — NEW ZEALAND. NORTH ISLAND. Ngaruawahia, Waikato R., 4 February1906, <i>Petrie, D. s.n.</i> (Holotype: WELT51443, isotype WELT51444).</p> <p> <b>Description:</b> —Stem and leaf scales present. Leaf bases connate. Lingulate leaves, parallel-sided, 0.6–0.7 mm long × 5.7–6.8 mm wide, expanded submerged or floating leaves elliptic, 0.5–1.2 mm long × 1.5–2 mm wide, 3-veined; petiole 1.2–1.4 mm long; leaves of terrestrial plants broadly ovate, 1.2–1.4 mm long × 1.5–2.0 mm wide, petiole 0.5–1.2 mm long. Dioecious, flowers solitary, usually in one of a pair of axils on alternate sides of the stem. Bracts lacking. Styles erect, ± persistent, 1.7–2.2 mm long. Filament erect, 2.2–4.9 mm long; anthers 0.4 mm long × 0.5 mm wide, number of loculae unknown; pollen yellow. Fruit not strumose, subsessile or on pedicel to 0.5 mm, wider than high, greyish-brown when mature, 0.6–0.7 mm long × 0.7–0.9 mm wide, unwinged.</p> <p> <b>Illustrations:</b> — Mason 1959, Fig. 10g.</p> <p> <b>Recognition:</b> — <i>C. petriei</i> is the only <i>Callitriche</i> which is dioecious, however a number of other species appear to initially only produce female flowers and it may be necessary to be cautious in recognising plants based on this character unless they have very abundant flowers. The unwinged pale or golden-brown fruit will distinguish this species from all other <i>Callitriche</i> species in the region apart from <i>C. chathamensis</i> from which it can be distinguished by the smaller fruit.</p> <p> <b>Distribution:</b> —Native. <i>C. petriei</i> is endemic to New Zealand, where it occurs on North and South Islands (Fig. 15a). On the North Island, it is scarce north of Auckland according to Mason (1959).</p> <p> <b>Habitats and Ecology:</b> — <i>Callitriche petriei</i> occurs on damp mud and soil, in lake margin turf communities, on the margins of lakes and streams, in swamps and temporary pools, as well as occasionally in standing water of ponds and lakes, where it may grow permanently submerged (Mason 1959, Johnson and Rogers 2003). It is frequent in lowland indigenous riparian forest dominated by <i>Dacrycarpus dacrydioides</i> (P. de Lange pers. comm.) and can tolerate shade from non-native <i>Salix</i> species. It has been recorded with species such as <i>Eleocharis acuta</i> R.Br. (1810: 224), <i>Galium palustre</i> M.Bieb. (1808: 103), <i>Hydrocotyle sulcata</i> C.J.Webb & P.N.Johnson (1982: 165), <i>Lobelia angulata</i> G.Forst. (1786: 58), <i>Myriophyllum propinquum</i> A.Cunn. (1839: 30), <i>Nertera depressa</i> Gaertn. (1788: 124–125), <i>Dacrycarpus dacrydioides</i>, <i>Persicaria strigosa</i> (R.Br.) H. Gross (1913: 308), <i>Potamogeton ochreatus</i> Raoul (1844: 117) and <i>Viola lyallii</i> Hook. f., (1864: 16). 15–150 m elevation.</p> <p> <b>Conservation Status:</b> — <i>Callitriche petriei</i> is classed as Least Concern (IUCN 2012) as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats. It is classed as Not Threatened in New Zealand (de Lange <i>et al</i>. 2018).</p> <p> <b>Notes:</b> — <i>Callitriche petriei</i> was combined with <i>C. chathamensis</i> by Mason (1959), however differences between the two, such as the monoecy, larger fruit and larger leaves of <i>C. chathamensis</i> are significant, and justify their recognition as separate species.</p> <p>The information presented here is based on a very small number of specimens bearing fruit. Most material in herbaria is not flowering and whilst the habit can be distinctive (see Fig. 15b), there is a need for information to be collected based on fruiting and therefore rigorously confirmed, material.</p> <p> <b>Selected specimens examined:</b> — NEW ZEALAND: Tinamea Saddle, 6 February 1961, <i>M.J.A. Simpson 2582 & J.B. Moss</i> (CHR 521063); 25 November 1970, <i>R. Mason & A.E. Esler 11473</i> (CHR 214376). NORTH ISLAND. Lake Moumahaki, Wanganui, 22 January 1989, <i>C.C. Ogle 1762</i> (CHR 464160), Lake Waikato, Taranaki: R22 630 513, Wellington Land District, 10 March 2013, <i>C.C. Ogle 6182</i> (CHR 625889); Lake Waikari, 10 December 1958, <i>R. Mason & N.T. No. 6911</i> (CHR 111315); Huntly, 25 November 1958, <i>R. Mason & N.T. Moar 6330</i> (CHR 109500); Lake Whangape, 15 m, 14 January 1990, <i>P.J. de Lange 178</i> (CHR 466165); Paiko River, Patetonga, s.d., <i>R. Mason 7463</i> (CHR 113280); Paiko River Patetonga, s.d., <i>R. Mason 7464</i> (CHR 113281); Lake Alice, 16 March 1956, <i>R. Mason 4090</i> (AD 108590, NSW! 935590); Roto Aira, February 1875, <i>S. Berggren s.n.</i> (G); Totara Reserve, Pohangina V., October 1973, [name illegible] (CHR 262315); Mangamahu, Wanganui, 16 October 1990, <i>C.C. Ogle 2036</i> (CHR 471380). SOUTH ISLAND. Lake Heron, Ashburton Co., Canterbury, 27 March 1962, <i>R. Mason 9374/1</i> (ANSP, PH); Riversdale, Mataura River S160/577760, 25 February 1973, <i>R. Mason & E.M. Chapman 12788</i> (CHR 243613); Otamita Stream Mandeville SI69 74-51-, 27 September 1973, <i>R. Mason & E.M. Chapman 12825</i> (CHR 243649); Lake Poteriteri, 55 m alt., 46° 4’ S, 167° 6’ E, s.d., <i>M.D. de Winton s.n.</i> (CHR 502290); Peel Forest, Canterbury, 13 February 1984, <i>B.P.J. Molloy & A.P. Druce s.n.</i> (CHR 607421).</p>Published as part of <i>Lansdown, Richard V., 2022, The genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae, Callitricheae) in Australasia and Oceania, pp. 243-284 in Phytotaxa 547 (3)</i> on pages 268-269, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.547.3.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/6577535">http://zenodo.org/record/6577535</a&gt

Callitriche fuliginea Lansdown 2022, sp. nov.

10. Callitriche fuliginea sp. nov. Type: — NEW GUINEA. MOROBE PROVINCE. Mt. Salawaket, shallow water of boggy pool in alpine grassland, 147º 10’ E, 06º 20’ S, 23 January 1963, T.G. Hartley 11224 (Holotype CANB149567.1!; Isotype, GH 00969870!). Etymology: —Named for the dark brown, almost black fruit. Diagnosis: — C. fuliginea can be distinguished from all other Callitriche species by the fully-formed, lingulate lower leaves which are not fleshy, combined with the blackish mature fruit which are more than 1 mm high and wide. It most closely resembles C. ecarinata Lansdown and Hassemer (2021) from which it can be distinguished by its long lingulate leaves, solitary flowers and the larger blackish fruit. Description: —Stem and leaf scales present. Leaf bases connate. Lingulate leaves 5.0– 12.8 mm long × 1–1.8 mm wide; expanded floating or submerged leaves 2.0– 4.5 mm long × 1.5–4.0 mm wide; venation simple with a few loops outside and occasionally within the secondary veins, petiole 1–7 mm long; leaves of terrestrial plants unknown. Flowers solitary. Bracts caducous, very narrow, 1.3 mm long. Styles erect, persistent 2.0– 3.2 mm long. Filament erect, 1.5–2.3 mm long; anthers 0.3–0.4 mm long × 0.4–0.5 mm wide, number of locules unknown; pollen yellow. Fruit subsessile, not strumose, slightly wider than long, black when mature, 1.2–1.3 mm long × 1.3–1.5 mm wide, unwinged. Illustrations: — Fig. 1j. Recognition: — C.fuliginea can be distinguished from all other Callitriche species in the region except C. antarctica and C. heterophylla by its large unwinged, blackish fruit. C. antarctica differs in its fleshy leaves, compared to those of C. fuliginea of which the leaves are thin and delicate. C. heterophylla typically has smaller and characteristically isodiametric fruit. C. palustris could be considered similar, but at least within the region, always has at least a narrow wing at the top of the fruit. Distribution: —Native. C. fuliginea is endemic to New Guinea, where it is known only from the holotype which was collected on Mount Salawaket, on the Huon Peninsula. Habitats and Ecology: —Shallow water of boggy pool in alpine grassland. Elevation 2990 m. Conservation Status: —The information available is not adequate to assess the conservation status of the species and it is therefore classed as Data Deficient (DD) (IUCN 2012). Notes: — C. fuliginea is extremely poorly known, the only specimens seen are both from the same gathering made in 1963. There is an urgent need to survey upland areas of New Guinea to establish whether it persists and whether it occurs elsewhere.Published as part of Lansdown, Richard V., 2022, The genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae, Callitricheae) in Australasia and Oceania, pp. 243-284 in Phytotaxa 547 (3) on pages 258-259, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.547.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/657753

Callitriche stagnalis Scopoli 1772

20. Callitriche stagnalis Scopoli (1772: 251) Type: — UNITED KINGDOM. CARDIGANSHIRE. (Lansdown 2006b: 108) Aberleri Fields, Borth, Cards 22/61209160, 20 July 1998, A.O. Chater s.n. (neotype [designated by Lansdown 2006b: 108]: NMW!). Description (after Lansdown 2008):—Stem and leaf scales present. Leaf bases connate. Lingulate leaves very rare, usually lacking, expanded submerged or floating leaves variable, from broadly parallel-sided, through obovatespathulate to almost circular, 2.7–21.7 mm long × 1.4–8.3 mm wide; venation simple or complex with numerous loops and anastomosing veins, petiole 0.7–6.5(–7.5) mm long; the apical leaves forming a floating rosette; leaves of terrestrial plants narrowly elliptic 2.6–4.4 mm long × 1.6–3.3 mm wide, petiole 0.8–2.1 mm long. Flowers usually solitary. Bracts falcate, persistent 0.6–2.69 mm long. Styles erect, becoming recurved in fruit, ≤ 6 mm long. Filament erect, becoming recurved and continuing to grow after dehiscence, ≤ 16.2 mm long; anthers quadrilocular, 0.3–0.9 mm diameter; pollen yellow. Fruit not strumose, subsessile or occasionally very shortly-pedicellate, ± as wide as high, greyish when mature, 1.1–1.8 mm long × 1.1–2.0 mm wide, winged throughout. Illustrations: — Figures 10 (a–b) and 10A(a–e) in Mason (1959); Figures 1D–F in Orchard (1980); Figures on pages 81 and 83 in Lansdown (2008). Fig. 10j. Recognition: — C. stagnalis can be distinguished from all other Callitriche species in the region except C. platycarpa by the large, pale, broadly-winged fruit which are greyish or pale brownish-grey when mature. It can only reliably be distinguished from C. platycarpa by the pollen which is ellipsoid, compared to the bluntly triangular pollen of C. platycarpa. C. stagnalis also rarely produces linear leaves, has a broader wing to the fruit and is typically more greyish than that of C. platycarpa, however these differences are not diagnostic. Distribution: —Non-native. Within the region Callitriche stagnalis is widespread and abundant throughout much of Victoria and coastal areas into central Queensland, as well as in the west around Perth (Fig. 17). In New Zealand it has been recorded more or less throughout on the mainland, as well as on the Chatham Islands (de Lange et al. 2011). It is native to Europe, where it occurs from the Azores to Iceland and east to the western side of the Ural Mountains in Russia. It also occurs as an alien in North America and South America, including the Falkland Islands (Lansdown and Hassemer 2021). Habitats and Ecology: —In the region, Callitriche stagnalis is the Callitriche species most frequently found growing in permanent water bodies, including rivers, streams, lakes and ponds. It has been described as the most common aquatic species of the genus in wet areas modified by human activity, such as ponds, lakes, ditches and drains (Mason 1959, Stanley and Ross 1986, Webb et al. 1988, Jeanes 1999, Bean 2007). Within its native range, it occurs in poached ephemeral pools on woodland rides, heathland, wet corners of pasture, seepages, flushes, lake and river margins, and the margins of ditches. 0–1600 m elevation in its native range. There is no information available on elevation in the region. Conservation Status: —Least Concern (Lansdown 2014b).Published as part of Lansdown, Richard V., 2022, The genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae, Callitricheae) in Australasia and Oceania, pp. 243-284 in Phytotaxa 547 (3) on pages 272-273, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.547.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/657753