Mixing Formal and Informal Model Elements for Tracing Requirements

Tracing between informal requirements and formal models is challenging. A method for such tracing should permit to deal efficiently with changes to both the requirements and the model. A particular challenge is posed by the persisting interplay of formal and informal elements. In this paper, we describe an incremental approach to requirements validation and systems modelling. Formal modelling facilitates a high degree of automation: it serves for validation and traceability. The foundation for our approach are requirements that are structured according to the WRSPM reference model. We provide a system for traceability with a state-based formal method that supports refinement. We do not require all specification elements to be modelled formally and support incremental incorporation of new specification elements into the formal model. Refinement is used to deal with larger amounts of requirements in a structured way. We provide a small example using Problem Frames and Event-B to demonstrate our approach

GEMAS: source, distribution patterns and geochemical behaviour of Ge in agricultural and grazing land soils at European continental scale

Agricultural soil (Ap-horizon, 0-20 cm) and grazing land soil (Gr-horizon, 0-10 cm) samples were collected from a large part of Europe (33 countries, 5.6 million km2) as part of the GEMAS (Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural and grazing land Soil) soil mapping project. GEMAS soil data have been used to provide a general view of element mobility and source rocks at the continental scale, either by reference to average crustal abundances or to normalized patterns of element mobility during weathering processes

Use of GEMAS data for risk assessment of cadmium in European agricultural and grazing land soil under the REACH Regulation

Over 4000 soil samples were collected for the “Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural and Grazing Land Soil of Europe” (GEMAS) project carried out by the EuroGeoSurveys Geochemistry Expert Group. Cadmium concentrations are reported for the <2 mm fraction of soil samples from regularly ploughed fields (agricultural soil, Ap, 0 - 20 cm, N - 2218) and grazing land soil (Gr, 0 - 10 cm, N - 2127)

«La revolución está vencida, pero el gobierno está muerto». Crisis política, discursos periodísticos y demostraciones callejeras en Buenos Aires, 1890

This paper addresses the crisis of the régimen conservador in 1890, in the context of a failed armed rebellion and the resignation of President Miguel Juárez Celman. It seeks to explain how the expansion and diversification of political participation helped to undermine the legitimacy of the existing order. The paper analyzes a series of street demonstrations that, fed by press articles and parliamentary debates, took place in the city of Buenos Aires along several days.Este trabajo aborda la crisis que atravesó en 1890 el régimen conservador, en el contexto de una fallida rebelión armada y de la renuncia del presidente Miguel Juárez Celman. La intención es explicar el modo en que la ampliación y la diversificación de la participación política contribuyeron a profundizar los cuestionamientos que corroían la legitimidad del orden vigente. Se analizan las demostraciones callejeras que, alimentadas por los discursos de la prensa y por los debates parlamentarios, se sucedieron en la ciudad de Buenos Aires durante varios días

Mapping and understanding Earth: Open access to digital geoscience data and knowledge supports societal needs and UN sustainable development goals

Open access to harmonised digital data describing Earth’s surface and subsurface holds immense value for society. This paper highlights the significance of open access to digital geoscience data ranging from the shallow topsoil or seabed to depths of 5 km. Such data play a pivotal role in facilitating endeavours such as renewable geoenergy solutions, resilient urban planning, supply of critical raw materials, assessment and protection of water resources, mitigation of floods and droughts, identification of suitable locations for carbon capture and storage, development of offshore wind farms, disaster risk reduction, and conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity. EuroGeoSurveys, the Geological Surveys of Europe, have worked diligently for over a decade to ensure open access to harmonised digital European geoscience data and knowledge through the European Geological Data Infrastructure (EGDI). EGDI acts as a data and information resource for providing wide-ranging geoscience data and research, as this paper demonstrates through selected research data and information on four vital natural resources: geoenergy, critical raw materials, water, and soils. Importantly, it incorporates near real-time remote and in-situ monitoring data, thus constituting an invaluable up-to-date database that facilitates informed decision-making, policy implementation, sustainable resource management, the green transition, achieving UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the envisioned future of digital twins in Earth sciences. EGDI and its thematic map viewer are tailored, continuously enhanced, and developed in collaboration with all relevant researchers and stakeholders. Its primary objective is to address societal needs by providing data for sustainable, secure, and integrated management of surface and subsurface resources, effectively establishing a geological service for Europe. We argue that open access to surface and subsurface geoscience data is crucial for an efficient green transition to a net-zero society, enabling integrated and coherent surface and subsurface spatial planning

Replacement reactions and deformation by dissolution and precipitation processes in amphibolites

The deformation of the middle to lower crust in collisional settings occurs via deformation mechanisms that vary with rock composition, fluid content, pressure, and temperature. These mechanisms are responsible for the accommodation of large tectonic transport distances during nappe stacking and exhumation. Here, we show that fracturing and fluid flow triggered coupled dissolution–precipitation and dissolution–precipitation creep processes, which were responsible for the formation of a mylonitic microstructure in amphibolites. This fabric is developed over a crustal thickness >500 m in the Lower Seve Nappe (Scandinavian Caledonides). Amphibolites display a mylonitic foliation that wraps around albite porphyroclasts appearing dark in panchromatic cathodoluminescence (CL). The albite porphyroclasts were dissected and fragmented by fractures preferentially developed along the (001) cleavage planes and display lobate edges with embayments and peninsular features. Two albite/oligoclase generations, bright in CL, resorbed and overgrew the porphyroclasts, sealing the fractures. Electron backscattered diffraction shows that the two albite/oligoclase generations grew both pseudomorphically and topotaxially at the expense of the albite porphyroclasts and epitaxially around them. These two albite/oligoclase generations also grew as neoblasts elongated parallel to the mylonitic foliation. The amphibole crystals experienced a similar microstructural evolution, as evidenced by corroded ferrohornblende cores surrounded by ferrotschermakite rims that preserve the same crystallographic orientation of the cores. Misorientation maps highlight how misorientations in amphibole are related to displacement along fractures perpendicular to its c-axis. No crystal plasticity is observed in either mineral species. Plagioclase and amphibole display a crystallographic preferred orientation that is the result of topotaxial growth on parental grains and nucleation of new grains with a similar crystallographic orientation. Amphibole and plagioclase thermobarometry constrains the mylonitic foliation development to the epidote amphibolite facies (˜600°C, 0.75–0.97 GPa). Our results demonstrate that at middle to lower crustal levels, the presence of H2O-rich fluid at grain boundaries facilitates replacement reactions by coupled dissolution–precipitation and favours deformation by dissolution–precipitation creep over dislocation creep in plagioclase and amphibole

Der Einfluß von Stereochemie und Substituenten auf die Reaktivität von Vinylhalogeniden

RCH:CHCl (R = Ph, o-, m-, and p-MeC6H4, 2,4,6-Me3C6H2, PhCH2, PhCH:CH, PhC.tplbond.C, a-furyl, etc.) reacted with PhLi to give RC.tplbond.CLi with the intermediate formation of RCH:CLiCl. cis- RCH:CHCl was less reactive than trans-RCH:CHCl due to steric effects. The rate of the reaction between RCH:CHCl and PhLi was lower for electron-rich R, as compared to electron-poor R. [on SciFinder (R)

An Analysis of Self-actualizing Dimensions of Top and Middle Management Personnel

The purpose of the study was to examine categories of self-actualization and specific biographical and developmental factors from the data on 225 individuals selected from top and middle management by psychologists with Rohrer, Hibler and Replogle, international firm of management consultants. The investigation was designed to determine if differences existed for the two groups