Ciudadanía y libertad republicana. La fundamentación del concepto de autonomía en el constructivismo político de John Rawls

The idea of autonomy that Rawls presents in the second stage of his work – in Political Liberalism and in Justice as Fairness – is not only limited to the traditional conception of autonomy as a claiming of rights. Strictly speaking, it is not a legal concept but one that is “constructed”. The underlying theme of this construction is the difference that, ultimately, he establishes between mere “political autonomy” and a specific concept – constructed – of autonomy, conceived in the context of the original position. The latter concept – that of “full autonomy” – as a theoretical device different from the traditional notion of “political autonomy”, describes rather an ideal state, or realization of the freedom that political rights protect. This added aspect embodies, inside the theoretical construct, the normative content of Rawls’ proposal, of clear Republican inspiration. The analysis indeed shows that, in the end, it is this concept of full autonomy, and not the traditional legal notion of political autonomy, that is the real key supporting the argument that Rawls makes as to the stability of the well-organized society.Keywords: autonomy, republicanism, political identity, political constructivism.La idea de autonomía que Rawls presenta en la segunda siega de su obra –en Political Liberalism y en Justice as Fairness– no se limita únicamente a la concepción tradicional de la autonomía como reivindicación de derechos. En estricto rigor, no es una concepción jurídica sino “construida”. El aspecto central de esta construcción es la diferencia que, en el fondo, establece entre la mera “autonomía política” y un concepto específico –construido– de la autonomía, ideado en el contexto de la posición original. Este último concepto –el de la “autonomía plena”– en cuanto dispositivo teórico distinto de la noción tradicional de la “autonomía política”, describe más bien un estado de hecho ideal, o de realización de la libertad que resguardan los derechos políticos. Este aspecto añadido encarna, al interior del constructo teórico, el contenido normativo de la propuesta rawlsiana, de clara inspiración republicana. El análisis muestra efectivamente que a fin de cuentas es este concepto de la autonomía plena, y no la tradicional noción jurídica de la autonomía política, la verdadera clave que subyace al argumento que elabora Rawls acerca de la estabilidad de la sociedad bien ordenada. Palabras clave: autonomía, republicanismo, identidad política, constructivismo político

Singularities in one-dimensional models of the Navier-Stokes equations

RESUMEN: En este trabajo se presenta en primer lugar el origen y derivación de las ecuaciones de Navier-Stokes, las cuales describen el comportamiento de todo fluido newtoniano e incompresible, a partir de las correspondientes leyes fundamentales. Asimismo, se introduce la ecuación de Burgers como un modelo unidimensional de las ecuaciones de Navier-Stokes y se estudian sus soluciones, además de la existencia de singularidades para las mismas bajo determinadas condiciones. Finalmente, se presenta el modelo unidimensional denominado Cheap Navier-Stokes, y se demuestra la existencia de singularidades para algunas soluciones periódicas de dicho modelo, bajo el cumplimiento de ciertas condiciones para los datos iniciales.ABSTRACT: In this dissertation we present first the origin and derivation of the Navier-Stokes equations, which describe the behaviour of all Newtonian and incompressible fluids, based on the corresponding fundamental laws. Likewise, the Burgers equation is introduced as a one-dimensional model of the Navier-Stokes equations. Furthermore, the solutions of said model are studied, as well as the existence of singularities for them under particular conditions. Finally, the Cheap Navier-Stokes equation is presented and, under the fulfilment of certain conditions for the initial values, the existence of singularities for some periodic solutions is proved.Grado en Matemática

Visuoconstructional impairment in DM1: exploring underlying cognitive processes through the Rey complex figure

Introduction Among the cognitive difficulties shown by myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) patients, visuoconstructional impairment – specifically measured with the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RCFT) – is particularly notable. This study aimed to analyze the performance of DM1 patients and healthy controls (HC) in the RCFT, using different correction systems in order to explore the cognitive processes underlying the poor performance and its associations with other signs and symptoms. Methods Data from 66 DM1 patients and 68 HC were included in this study. All participants had a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment, including the RCFT, which was scored using both the traditional Osterrieth and the Boston Qualitative Scoring System (BQSS) procedures. ANCOVA and Spearman’s correlation analyses were conducted. Results DM1 Patients obtained significantly poorer scores than HC on the RCFT using both correction systems. Regarding BQSS, patients performed worse than HC in both main indexes (Copy Presence Accuracy-CPA and Organization-ORG), and specifically on scores of Configural accuracy, Planning, and Perseveration. Both main indexes – but especially CPA – showed significant and strong correlations with several clinical and cognitive variables. Conclusions Both visuoconstruction and organizational impairments underlie the poor RCFT performance in DM1. Moreover, visuoconstruction ability appears to be sensitive to the clinical hallmarks of DM1 patients. The RCFT is proposed as a gold standard in DM1 assessment and the merits of using alternative scoring systems are discussed.This work was supported by the Institute of Health Carlos III and co-funded by the European Union under Grant number PI17/01231 and PI22/01118; Basque Government under Grant number S-PE13UN030 and 2022111031; and University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) under Grant number PIF 20/238 and GU 20/057

Examen epistémico de la socio-economía como disciplina intersectada

El artículo plantea algunos elementos que sugieren concebir a la socio-economía como una inter-disciplina. Para esto, se aborda el problema epistémico de la socio-economía desde dos puntos de vista: analítico (internalista) e histórico (externalista). Desde el primero, se afirma que la socio-economía podría definirse como un campo epistémico intersectado, y argumenta las ventajas de ese enfoque respecto del modo multidisciplinario y transdisciplinario. Desde el segundo, se discuten los factores históricos para la emergencia de la socio-economía. Analíticamente, se postula que el enfoque intersectado de la socio-economía permite superar la ineptitud epistémica de cada disciplina por separado, mientras que históricamente aclara las pretensiones imperialistas de la sociología y de la economía, sugiriendo que se debe a una incomprensión del rol disciplinar de la ciencia política en el análisis social.The paper presents some elements that suggest conceiving socio-economics as an inter-discipline. For this, the epistemic problem of socio-economics is addressed from two perspectives: analytical (internalist) and historical (externalist). From the first one, it states that the socioeconomics could be defined as an intersected epistemic field, and argues the advantages of this approach regarding the multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary ways. From the second perspective, the historical factors for the emergence of socioeconomics are discussed. Analytically, it is postulated that the socioeconomics intersected approach allows overcoming the epistemic inadequacy of each discipline separately, while historically it clarifies the imperialist pretensions of sociology and economics, suggesting it is due to a misunderstanding of the disciplinary role of political science in social analysis.O artigo apresenta alguns elementos que sugerem conceber sócio-economia como um inter-disciplina. Para isso, o problema epistemológico da sócio-economia é abordado a partir de duas perspectivas: analítica (internalistas) e histórico (externalistas). Desde o primeiro, alega-se que a sócio-economia poderia ser definido como um epistêmica campo cruzaram, alegando que os benefícios desta abordagem à maneira multidisciplinar e transdisciplinar. A partir do segundo, são discutidos fatores históricos para o surgimento da sócio-economia. Analiticamente, postula-se que a abordagem cruzaram a sócio-economia supera a inépcia epistêmica de cada disciplina separadamente, enquanto historicamente esclarece as pretensões imperialistas de sociologia e economia, sugerindo que, devido a um mal-entendido da disciplinares papel ciência política na análise social

Synthesis and electrochemical behavior of ceramic cation-exchange membranes based on zirconium phosphate

Cation-exchange membranes made exclusively from ceramic materials have been synthesized by means of the impregnation of microporous ceramic supports with zirconium phosphate. Changes in the pore size distribution and total pore volume of the supports were provoked by the addition of starch as pore former in the fabrication procedure. This allowed the production of supports with increased effective electrical conductivities and with larger pores available for the zirconium phosphate deposition. An improved functionality for the exchange of cations was given to the ceramic membranes by means of their impregnation with the active particles of zirconium phosphate. The ion-exchange properties of the membranes were increased with further impregnation cycles and the resulting current voltage curves showed a similar shape to that typical of commercial polymeric ion-exchange membranes. The production of ionexchange membranes with increased chemical and radiation stability will broaden their applicability for the treatment of specific industrial waste waters, which are very aggressive for the current commercial ion-exchange membranes.Manuel-Cesar Marti-Calatayud wants to express his gratitude to Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for a postgraduate grant (Ref. 2010-12). S. Sales would like to express her gratitude to Ministerio de Ciencia e Investigacion (Spain) for a postgraduate grant (AP2009-4409). This work was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (Spain) with the project numbers CTQ2008-06750-C02-01/PPQ and CTQ2008-06750-C02-02/PPQ.Martí Calatayud, MC.; García Gabaldón, M.; Pérez-Herranz, V.; Sales, S.; Mestre, S. (2013). Synthesis and electrochemical behavior of ceramic cation-exchange membranes based on zirconium phosphate. Ceramics International. 39(4):4045-4054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.10.255S4045405439

Social cognition in myotonic dystrophy type 1: Specific or secondary impairment?

Aims The cognitive profile of Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 (DM1) has been described in recent decades. Moreover, DM1 patients show lowered social engagement and difficulties in social-cognitive functions. The aim of the present study is to explore whether social cognition impairment is present in DM1 taking into account the overall cognitive condition. Method 38 patients and a control group paired in age and gender participated in the study. All the participants had an IQ within the normal range. Subjects were administered an abbreviated neuropsychological battery which comprised a facial emotion recognition test (POFA) and Faux Pas Test, as well as a self-report questionnaire on cognitive and affective empathy (TECA). Results Statistically significant differences were found only for facial emotion recognition (U = 464.0, p = .006) with a moderate effect size (.31), with the controls obtaining a higher score than the patients. Analyzing each emotion separately, DM1 patients scored significantly lower than controls on the recognition of anger and disgust items. Emotion recognition did not correlate with genetic load, but did correlate negatively with age. No differences were found between patients and controls in any of the other variables related to Theory of Mind (ToM) and empathy. Conclusion DM1 does not manifest specific impairments in ToM since difficulties in this area predominantly rely on the cognitive demand of the tasks employed. However, a more basic process such as emotion recognition appears as a core deficit. The role of this deficit as a marker of aging related decline is discussed.The present study has been supported by grants of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III co-founded by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional - FEDER (Ref: PI17/01231)

Regional brain atrophy in gray and white matter is associated with cognitive impairment in Myotonic Dystrophy type 1

Background: Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a slowly progressive myopathy characterized by varying multisystemic involvement. Several cerebral features such as brain atrophy, ventricular enlargement, and white matter lesions (WMLs) have frequently been described. The aim of this study is to investigate the structural organization of the brain that defines the disease through multimodal imaging analysis, and to analyze the relation between structural cerebral changes and DM1 clinical and neuropsychological profiles. Method: 31 DM1 patients and 57 healthy controls underwent an MRI scan protocol, including T1, T2 and DTI. Global gray matter (GM), global white matter (WM), and voxel-level Voxel Based Morphometry (VBM) and voxel-level microstructural WM abnormalities through Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) were assessed through group comparisons and linear regression analysis with age, degree of muscular impairment (MIRS score), CTG expansion size and neuropsychological outcomes from a comprehensive assessment. Results: Compared with healthy controls, DM1 patients showed a reduction in both global GM and WM volume; and further regional GM decrease in specific primary sensory, multi-sensory and association cortical regions. Fractional anisotropy (FA) was reduced in both total brain and regional analysis, being most marked in frontal, paralimbic, temporal cortex, and subcortical regions. Higher ratings on muscular impairment and longer CTG expansion sizes predicted a greater volume decrease in GM and lower FA values. Age predicted global GM reduction, specifically in parietal regions. At the cognitive level, the DM1 group showed significant negative correlations between IQ estimate, visuoconstructive and executive neuropsychological scores and both global and regional volume decrease, mainly distributed in the frontal, parietal and subcortical regions. Conclusions: In this study, we describe the structural brain signatures that delineate the involvement of the CNS in DM1. We show that specific sensory and multi-sensory — as well as frontal cortical areas — display potential vulnerability associated with the hypothesized neurodegenerative nature of DM1 brain abnormalities

La prostitution au Pays Basque entre XIV et XVII siècles

Prostitution in the Basque Country between 14th and 17th century. From the early Middle Ages, most Spanish cities have had brothels (mancebias). However, the Basque Country seems to be an exception to this rule... Thus, this paper is trying to establish and explain the specificity of this region as regards the politics of prostitution. We will pay a particular attention to the prominent role played by informal agreements as a mode of control on sexual behaviour. We also asked whether this Basque pecularity can be extended to the Navarre and to the whole Cantabrian region.La prostitution au Pays basque entre XIVe et XVIIe siècles (I. Bazán Díaz, F. Vázquez García et A. Moreno Mengibar). Depuis le bas Moyen Âge, la plupart des villes en Espagne sont dotées d'un bordel (mancebía). Toutefois, il semble que le Pays basque échappe à cette règle. Cet article cherche donc à établir et expliquer la particularité de cette région pour ce qui est de la politique à l'égard de la prostitution : on soulignera en particulier la prééminence des conventions informelles comme forme de contrôle des conduites sexuelles. On s'est aussi demandé si cette singularité basque pouvait être étendue à la Navarre et à l'ensemble de la corniche cantabrique.García Francisco Vázquez, Mengibar Andrés Moreno, Diaz Iñaki Bazán, Bremond Catherine. La prostitution au Pays basque entre XIVe et XVIIe siècles. In: Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales. 55ᵉ année, N. 6, 2000. pp. 1283-1302

Shedding light on motor premanifest myotonic dystrophy type 1: A molecular, muscular and central nervous system follow-up study

Background and purpose Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a hereditary and multisystemic disease that is characterized by heterogeneous manifestations. Although muscular impairment is central to DM1, a premanifest DM1 form has been proposed for those characterized by the absence of muscle signs in precursory phases. Nevertheless, subtle signs and/or symptoms related to other systems, such as the central nervous system (CNS), may emerge and progress gradually. This study aimed to validate the premanifest DM1 concept and to characterize and track affected individuals from a CNS centred perspective. Methods Retrospective data of 120 participants (23 premanifest DM1, 25 manifest DM1 and 72 healthy controls) were analysed transversally and longitudinally (over 11.17 years). Compiled data included clinical, neuropsychological and neuroradiological (brain volume and white matter lesion, WML) measures taken at two time points. Results Manifest DM1 showed significantly more molecular affectation, worse performance on neuropsychological domains, lower grey and white matter volumes and a different pattern of WMLs than premanifest DM1. The latter was slightly different from healthy controls regarding brain volume and WMLs. Additionally, daytime sleepiness and molecular expansion size explained 50% of the variance of the muscular deterioration at follow-up in premanifest individuals. Conclusions Premanifest DM1 individuals showed subtle neuroradiological alterations, which suggests CNS involvement early in the disease. Based on follow-up data, a debate emerges around the existence of a ‘non-muscular DM1’ subtype and/or a premanifest phase, as a precursory stage to other DM1 manifestations.This work was supported by the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (Ref: 609), from the Institute of Health Carlos III co-founded by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (PI17/01231 to A.S.; PI17/01841 to A.L.); Basque Government (S-PE13UN030 to A.S.); and University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) (PIF 20/238 to J.G.; GU 20/057 to J.G., G.L. and A.S.)

Small for gestational age moderate to late preterm children: a neuropsychological follow-up

[EN] Determine whether SGA constitutes a neurodevelopmental risk-factor of MLP, exploring if potential developmental difficulties at toddlerhood persist and are related to school-age performance. 109 SGA and 109 adequate for gestational age MLP children were evaluated at 2 and at 6.5 y.o. SGA children obtained poorer results in several areas at both timepoints; and their development at toddlerhood strongly correlated with only some results at school-age. SGA confers vulnerability to MLP, evolving from global/unspecific difficulties in toddlerhood to a domain-specific profile (attentional/dysexecutive) at 6.5. Findings claim the need for neuropsychological follow-up in MLP to identify emerging difficulties