Global oceanic emission of ammonia: constraints from seawater and atmospheric observations

Current global inventories of ammonia emissions identify the ocean as the largest natural source. This source depends on seawater pH, temperature, and the concentration of total seawater ammonia (NHx(sw)), which reflects a balance between remineralization of organic matter, uptake by plankton, and nitrification. Here we compare [NHx(sw)] from two global ocean biogeochemical models (BEC and COBALT) against extensive ocean observations. Simulated [NHx(sw)] are generally biased high. Improved simulation can be achieved in COBALT by increasing the plankton affinity for NHx within observed ranges. The resulting global ocean emissions is 2.5 TgN a−1, much lower than current literature values (7–23 TgN a−1), including the widely used Global Emissions InitiAtive (GEIA) inventory (8 TgN a−1). Such a weak ocean source implies that continental sources contribute more than half of atmospheric NHx over most of the ocean in the Northern Hemisphere. Ammonia emitted from oceanic sources is insufficient to neutralize sulfate aerosol acidity, consistent with observations. There is evidence over the Equatorial Pacific for a missing source of atmospheric ammonia that could be due to photolysis of marine organic nitrogen at the ocean surface or in the atmosphere. Accommodating this possible missing source yields a global ocean emission of ammonia in the range 2–5 TgN a−1, comparable in magnitude to other natural sources from open fires and soils

Learn the Terms: A Visual Glossary, 2018 Edition

Understanding a discipline requires a fundamental understanding of its concepts, theories, and terminology. Critical to academic success, these are often assumed to be widely understood by students. The students of Graphic Design V, fall 2018, created poster to help students understand one of the ACRL Framework’s concepts, scholarship as conversation. These bold, eye-catching informational posters, produced and disseminated in and outside of the Library, promote learning through innovative designs created by students for students.https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/oer_teaching/1003/thumbnail.jp

A terceirização e os trabalhadores: revisitando algumas questões

O objetivo deste artigo é introduzir a questão da terceirização e suas consequências para os trabalhadores. Apesar de não se constituir em novidade no capitalismo, uma vez que formas de subcontratação sempre estiveram presentes na produção industrial e mesmo de serviços, a externalização de atividades atingiu um grau sem precedentes no contexto do capitalismo flexível. Forma de redução de custos e aumento da competitividade empresarial, no geral, tem significado para os trabalhadores precarização do trabalho e das relações de emprego. Entretanto, esse processo é diversificado e complexo. Para discutir essa diversidade e seus efeitos para os trabalhadores, revisitamos de forma breve algumas questões como a reespacialização da produção e a imaterialidade de serviços e situações pontuais tais como a utilização de cooperativas de trabalho, novas e velhas ocupações como a construção civil e o telemarketing e as formas de diferenciação/estigmatização dos trabalhadores em grandes empresas conforme o tipo de contrato.The aim of this paper is to introduce the issue of outsourcing and its consequences for workers. Although it not be a newness into capitalism, once a sort of subcontracting have always been present even in industrial production and services, the outsourcing of activities has reached an unprecedented degree in the context of flexible capitalism. It has been a kind of reduced costs and increased business competitiveness, but, in general, it has meant for workers a way to raise precariousness of work and employment relations. However, this process to be diverse and complex. To discuss this process and its effects on workers, I do briefly revisit some issues such as despatialization of production, immateriality of services and specific situations such as the use of workers' cooperatives, old and new occupations such as construction sector and telemarketing, as well as forms differentiation/stigmatization of workers in large companies accordant with the kind of contract

A globalização periférica e a ressignificação dos lugares

This article analyzes the new configurations of labor resulting from processes of industrial restructuring and the insertion of new territories into the logic of the global capitalist production. It discusses the re-spatialization processes of industrial sectors favored by the fiscal war between states and municipal governments, and their re-signification in places without an industrial tradition or organized labor. Outsourcing networks incorporate territories previously linked to traditional agricultural activities, or economically stagnant, which provide cheap and educated labor. Our argument is that these situations make it possible to understand the economic incorporation of peripheral regions in global markets, and the impact on current social relations. The place is integrated with the global in distinct, but complementary and heterogeneous ways, hybridizing forms of labor and occupation within the logic of accumulation. We selected three productive sectors in sub-regions of the northeast, which are representative of the different forms of labor relations where the place is a relevant variable: the clothing sector, software production, and the automotive industry, all deeply integrated into global value chains. These sectors characterize the region's integration into global flows, in which intertwine multiple globalizations.Neste artigo, busca-se analisar as novas configurações do trabalho decorrentes dos processos de reestruturação industrial e da inserção de novos territórios à lógica da produção capitalista global. Discutem-se os processos de reespacialização de setores industriais favorecidos pela guerra fiscal entre governos estaduais e municipais, e sua ressignificação em locais sem tradição industrial ou de trabalho organizado. As redes de terceirização incorporam territórios antes vinculados a atividades agrícolas tradicionais, ou estagnadas economicamente, que fornecem mão de obra barata e escolarizada. Nosso argumento é o de que essas situações permitem entender a incorporação econômica de regiões periféricas dentro do país num quadro de expansão de mercados globais, impactando nas relações sociais vigentes. O local se integra ao global de formas distintas, mas complementares e heterogêneas, hibridizando formas de trabalho e ocupação dentro da lógica da acumulação. Temos como recorte empírico três setores produtivos distribuídos em sub-regiões do nordeste, que são representativos das distintas formas de trabalho utilizado e o lugar se constitui numa variável relevante: o setor de confecções, o da produção de software e o da indústria automotiva, todos profundamente integrados em cadeias globais de valor. Esses setores caracterizam a integração da região aos fluxos globais, nos quais múltiplas globalizações se interlaça

A reconfiguração da sociologia no Brasil: expansão institucional e mobilidade docente

Este artigo analisa a reconfiguração do campo da Sociologia no Brasil, tendo como recorte a expansão da graduação e da pós-graduação a partir dos anos 1980, que resultou num crescimento sem precedentes da pesquisa social no país. Esse processo se consolidou com a normatização da avaliação da pós-graduação, bem como com a implantação de políticas de fomento à formação e pesquisa e, a partir de 2003, de programas de expansão das universidades públicas, com novas universidades, novos campi, institutos federais e maior democratização do acesso a estudantes de baixa renda, cotistas e outros. Nesse período, houve uma forte renovação geracional propiciada, de um lado, pela abertura de novas vagas nas universidades públicas decorrentes de programas de expansão, como o PROUNI, e, de outro, pela aposentadoria de um número expressivo de professores que participaram da montagem e organização da pós-graduação de Sociologia em diferentes regiões do país. Esse conjunto de situações levou a um processo que estamos chamando de “nacionalização” do campo da Sociologia no Brasil. Nacionalização no sentido da construção de uma cultura acadêmica não mais restrita a pequenos grupos e regiões, mas à sua generalização pelo país de uma forma cada vez mais conectada com o desenvolvimento da disciplina internacionalmente. Para demonstrar essa afirmação utilizamos alguns indicadores: os dados do CCGE, que, por sua vez, utiliza dados da Plataforma Sucupira da Capes e da RAIS sobre número de cursos e titulados no mestrado e doutorado, assim como a situação diante do mercado de trabalho no período 1996-2014. Foram levantados também os cursos de graduação ativos no país a partir de 1933 e seu crescimento até 2018 através do site e-mec do Ministério da Educação. Utilizamos ainda a Plataforma Sucupira da Capes, para obter dados dos docentes disponíveis em todos os programas credenciados da área.The article analyzes the reconfiguration of the sociology field in Brazil, from the expansion of undergraduate and graduate studies starting from the 1980s, which resulted in an unprecedented growth of social research in the country. This process was consolidated with the standardization of the graduate evaluation, as well as the implantation of development policies towards graduation and research. Moreover, since 2003, with the programs of public university expansion - new universities, new campuses, federal institutes of technical education - and the democratization of access to low-income students. During this period, there was a strong generational renewal promoted, on one hand, by the opening of new vacancies in public universities because of expansion programs, like PROUNI, and, on the other, the retirement of a significant number of professors and researches who participated in the organization of the graduate sociology studies in different areas of the country. This set of situations has led to a process we are calling the "nationalization" of the sociology field in Brazil. Nationalization in the sense of building an academic culture no longer restricted to small groups and areas, but to its generalization in the country in a more connected way with the development of the discipline internationally. In order to demonstrate this, we have used some indicators: the CCGE data, which, in turn, uses data from the Capes and RAIS Sucupira Platform, regarding the number of courses and master’s and doctorate degrees, as well as the situation in the work market during the 1996-2014 period. The undergraduate courses active in the country, from 1933 and their growth until 2018, were obtained through the website of the Ministry of Education. We also used the Capes Sucupira Platform to obtain data regarding the faculty available and all accredited programs in the field

Trabalho, precarização e sindicalismo: os trabalhadores e as cooperativas de trabalho

The objective of this article is to discuss the precarious employment conditions at employee ownership and the role of unions face to this new situation. Cooperatives have multiplied all over the country and the assumed self-management in cooperatives is used, in great measure, as a way of lowering costs. After a period of hesitation facing the new reality, and still oriented according to different areas, industrial sectors and political orientation, unions have been classifying cooperatives in true or false. True cooperatives have the support of unions while false cooperatives, which include greater number of workers, are combated or simply ignored.Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir a terceirização industrial e a precarização do trabalho a partir da recuperação de uma forma de organização do trabalho descontextualizada de seus objetivos originais: o trabalho autogestionário em cooperativas de trabalho e os sindicatos frente a essas cooperativas. Muito disseminada pelo país a pretensa autogestão em cooperativas é utilizada, em grande medida, como forma de barateamento de custos empresariais. Após período de hesitação frente a esse quadro, a atuação sindical incide sobre uma classificação que visa separar os empreendimentos autogestionários entre verdadeiros ou falsos. Ainda que com posturas diferenciadas por ramos, setores produtivos e orientações específicas, as centrais sindicais têm apoiado aquelas consideradas cooperativas verdadeiras e combatido as que consideram falsas e que, ironicamente, englobam maior número de trabalhadores, e que terminam sendo ignorados pelo sindicato.

Learn the Terms: A Visual Glossary, 2016 Edition

Understanding a discipline requires a fundamental understanding of its terminology. The terminology of information literacy, used by librarians and professors, comprises a language integrated within all disciplines. Critical to academic success, it’s often assumed to be widely understood by students. The students of Graphic Design V, fall 2016, created a visual glossary to help students learn this critical terminology. This bold, eye-catching informational campaign, produced and disseminated in and outside of the Library, promotes learning through innovative designs created by students for students. The materials, introduced in a 2017 ACRL presentation, Warning! This Program Contains Graphic Content: Facilitating Understanding of Library Terms through Visual Rhetoric, include bookmarks, tabletoppers, and digital images.https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/oer_teaching/1001/thumbnail.jp

XNLP-Completeness for Parameterized Problems on Graphs with a Linear Structure

In this paper, we showcase the class XNLP as a natural place for many hard problems parameterized by linear width measures. This strengthens existing W[1]-hardness proofs for these problems, since XNLP-hardness implies W[t]-hardness for all t. It also indicates, via a conjecture by Pilipczuk and Wrochna [ToCT 2018], that any XP algorithm for such problems is likely to require XP space. In particular, we show XNLP-completeness for natural problems parameterized by pathwidth, linear clique-width, and linear mim-width. The problems we consider are Independent Set, Dominating Set, Odd Cycle Transversal, (q-)Coloring, Max Cut, Maximum Regular Induced Subgraph, Feedback Vertex Set, Capacitated (Red-Blue) Dominating Set, and Bipartite Bandwidth

Delirium in Hospitalized Elderly Patients and Post-Discharge Mortality

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of delirium on post-discharge mortality in hospitalized older patients. INTRODUCTION: Delirium is frequent in hospitalized older patients and correlates with high hospital mortality. There are only a few studies about its impact on post-discharge mortality. METHODS: This is a prospective study of patients over 60 years old who were hospitalized in the Geriatric Unit at Hospital das Clínicas of São Paulo between May 2006 and March 2007. Upon admission, demographics, comorbidities, number of drugs taken, and serum albumin concentration were evaluated for each patient. Delirium was diagnosed according to the DSM-IV criteria. Patients were divided into group A (with delirium) and group B (without delirium). One year after discharge, the patients or their caregivers were contacted to assess days of survival. RESULTS: The sample included 199 patients, 66 (33%) of whom developed delirium (Group A). After one year, 33 (50%) group A patients had died, and 45 (33.8%) group B patients had died (p = 0.03). There was a significant statistical difference in average age (p = 0.001) and immobility (p <0.001) between groups A and B. There were no statistically significant differences between groups A and B in number of drugs taken greater than four (p = 0.62), sex (p = 0.54) and number of diagnoses greater than four (p = 0.21). According to a multivariate analysis, delirium was not an independent predictor of post-discharge mortality. The predictors of post-discharge mortality were age > 80 years (p = 0.029), albumin concentration < 3.5 g/dl (p = 0.001) and immobility (p = 0.007). CONCLUSION: Delirium is associated with higher post-discharge mortality as a dependent predictor