Analyse et optimisation des performances de la technique VMAT pour son utilisation en radiothérapie

La technique de radiothérapie VMAT (Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy), diffusée en 2009, combine les avantages des techniques d'arc thérapie dynamique aux avantages des techniques de radiothérapie conformationnelle avec modulation d'intensité (RCMI) par faisceaux stationnaires. L'objectif de la thèse est de rendre optimales les conditions de mise en œuvre du VMAT autour d'un accélérateur linéaire d'électrons Synergy/Elekta afin de sécuriser la technique et de pouvoir bénéficier de l'apport clinique potentiellement attendu. Sur la base d'une analyse de l'influence des différents paramètres de la chaîne de traitement, nous proposons des éléments d'optimisation du traitement à la fois sur la planification dosimétrique et sur le contrôle de son exécution sur la machine. Nous montrons que si la qualité de l'optimisation de la technique dépend des caractéristiques intrinsèques de l'accélérateur, elle est également fortement influencée par le paramétrage du système de planification des traitements (TPS). Nous mettons en évidence des différences comparées des collimateurs Beam Modulateur (largeur de lames de 4 mm) et MLCi2 (largeur de lames de 10 mm) tant sur le plan de la distribution de dose obtenue que sur l'efficience. Nous montrons que, si pour deux principaux TPS commercialisés (Pinnacle/Philips et Monaco/Elekta) les distributions de dose aux volumes cibles sont peu modifiées, les différences de méthodes implémentées influencent la distribution de dose aux tissus sains. Nous proposons des programmes de contrôles de qualité au niveau de l'accélérateur, des plans dosimétriques de traitement et de l'exécution des traitements. Afin de garantir un niveau de confiance élevé sur la dose délivrée, nous proposons une méthode d'évaluation de la fluence délivrée en cours de traitement basée sur l'analyse des paramètres machines. Nous établissons que le processus de traitement VMAT optimisé fournit des performances de qualité supérieure que les techniques de RCMI par faisceaux stationnaires pour quatre localisations tumorales majeures étudiées.VMAT (Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy) technique has been introduced in 2009, it combines advantage of arctherapy techniques with advantage of IMRT (Intensity Modulated Radio Therapy) techniques delivered with stationary beams. The purpose of the thesis is to optimise implementation conditions of VMAT for a Synergy/Elekta linear accelerator in order to secure the technique and to be able to benefit from potentially expected clinical improvement. From analysis of influence of various work flow parameters, we propose treatment optimisation factors both on dosimetric planning and on delivering control on the accelerator. We show that if optimisation quality depends on intrinsic accelerator characteristics, it also depends very much on configuration of treatment planning system (TPS). We highlight compared differences between Beam Modulateur (leaf width of 4 mm) and MLCi2 (leaf width of 10 mm) on dose distribution and on efficiency. We show that if differences of dose distributions are small for two major TPS (Pinnacle/Philips and Monao/Elekta), the differences of implemented methods affect dose distribution of healthy tissues. We suggest quality control set for accelerators, for treatment plans and for treatment delivery. In order to provide a high safety level on delivered dose, we suggest an evaluation method of the real fluence provided during treatment delivery by analysing accelerator parameters. We establish that optimised process of VMAT treatment provides better performance than RCMI techniques delivered with stationary beams for the four major cancer cases that has been studied.RENNES1-Bibl. électronique (352382106) / SudocSudocFranceF

Quantification of the volumetric benefit of image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) in prostate cancer: margins and presence probability map

International audiencePURPOSE: To quantify the prostate and seminal vesicles (SV) anatomic variations in order to choose appropriate margins including intrapelvic anatomic variations. To quantify volumetric benefit of image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients, receiving a total dose of 70 Gy in the prostate, had a planning CT scan and eight weekly CT scans during treatment. Prostate and SV were manually contoured. Each weekly CT scan was registered to the planning CT scan according to three modalities: radiopaque skin marks, pelvis bone or prostate. For each patient, prostate and SV displacements were quantified. 3D maps of prostate and SV presence probability were established. Volumes including minimal presence probabilities were compared between the three modalities of registration. RESULTS: For the prostate intrapelvic displacements, systematic and random variations and maximal displacements for the entire population were: 5mm, 2.7 mm and 16.5mm in anteroposterior axis; 2.7 mm, 2.4mm and 11.4mm in superoinferior axis and 0.5mm, 0.8mm and 3.3mm laterally. Margins according to van Herk recipe (to cover the prostate for 90% of the patients with the 95% isodose) were: 8mm, 8.3mm and 1.9 mm, respectively. The 100% prostate presence probability volumes correspond to 37%, 50% and 61% according to the registration modality. For the SV, these volumes correspond to 8%, 14% and 18% of the SV volume. CONCLUSIONS: Without IGRT, 5mm prostate posterior margins are insufficient and should be at least 8mm, to account for intrapelvic anatomic variations. Prostate registration almost doubles the 100% presence probability volume compared to skin registration. Deformation of SV will require either to increase dramatically margins (simple) or new planning (not realistic)

Salivary gland-sparing other than parotid-sparing in definitive head-and-neck intensity-modulated radiotherapy does not seem to jeopardize local control.

International audienceBACKGROUND: The objective was to analyze locoregional (LR) failure patterns in patients with head-and-neck cancer (HNC) treated using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with whole salivary gland-sparing: parotid (PG), submandibular (SMG), and accessory salivary glands represented by the oral cavity (OC). METHODS: Seventy consecutive patients with Stage I-II (23%) or III/IV (77%) HNC treated by definitive IMRT were included. For all LR failure patients, the FDG-PET and CT scans documenting recurrence were rigidly registered to the initial treatment planning CT. Failure volumes (Vf) were delineated based on clinical, radiological, and histological data. The percentage of Vf covered by 95% of the prescription isodose (Vf-V95) was analyzed. Failures were classified as "in-field" if Vf--V95 >= 95%, "marginal" if 20% < Vf-V95 < 95%, and "out-of-field" if Vf-V95 <=20%. Correlation between Vf-V95 and mean doses (Dmean) in the PG, SMG, and OC was assessed using Spearman's rank-order correlation test. The salivary gland dose impact on the LR recurrence risk was assessed by Cox analysis. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 20 months (6--35). Contralateral and ipsilateral PGs were spared in 98% and 54% of patients, respectively, and contralateral and ipsilateral SMG in 26% and 7%, respectively. The OC was spared to a dose <=40 Gy in 26 patients (37%). The 2-year LR control rate was 76.5%. One recurrence was "marginal", and 12 were "in-field". No recurrence was observed in vicinity of spared structures. Vf-V95 was not significantly correlated with Dmean in PG, SMG, and OC. The LR recurrence risk was not increased by lower Dmean in the salivary glands, but by T (p = 0.04) and N stages (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Over 92% of LR failures occurred "in-field" within the high dose region when using IMRT with a whole salivary gland-sparing strategy. Sparing SMG and OC in addition to PG thus appears a safe strategy

Obstructive sleep apnea during REM sleep and daytime cerebral functioning : a regional cerebral blood flow study using high-resolution SPECT

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) predominantly during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep may have impacts on brain health, even in milder OSA cases. Here, we evaluated whether REM sleep OSA is associated with abnormal daytime cerebral functioning using high-resolution single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). We tested 96 subjects (25 F, age: 65.2 ± 6.4) with a wide range of OSA severity from no OSA to severe OSA (apnea–hypopnea index: 0–97 events/h). More respiratory events during REM sleep were associated with reduced daytime regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex and in the right insula extending to the frontal cortex. More respiratory events during non-REM (NREM) sleep were associated with reduced daytime rCBF in the left sensorimotor and temporal cortex. In subjects with a lower overall OSA severity (apnea–hypopnea index<15), more respiratory events during REM sleep were also associated with reduced daytime rCBF in the insula and extending to the frontal cortex. Respiratory events that characterized OSA during NREM versus REM sleep are associated with distinct patterns of daytime cerebral perfusion. REM sleep OSA could be more detrimental to brain health, as evidenced by reduced daytime rCBF in milder forms of OSA

A deep learning model to generate synthetic CT for prostate MR-only radiotherapy dose planning: a multicenter study

IntroductionFor radiotherapy based solely on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), generating synthetic computed tomography scans (sCT) from MRI is essential for dose calculation. The use of deep learning (DL) methods to generate sCT from MRI has shown encouraging results if the MRI images used for training the deep learning network and the MRI images for sCT generation come from the same MRI device. The objective of this study was to create and evaluate a generic DL model capable of generating sCTs from various MRI devices for prostate radiotherapyMaterials and methodsIn total, 90 patients from three centers (30 CT-MR prostate pairs/center) underwent treatment using volumetric modulated arc therapy for prostate cancer (PCa) (60 Gy in 20 fractions). T2 MRI images were acquired in addition to computed tomography (CT) images for treatment planning. The DL model was a 2D supervised conditional generative adversarial network (Pix2Pix). Patient images underwent preprocessing steps, including nonrigid registration. Seven different supervised models were trained, incorporating patients from one, two, or three centers. Each model was trained on 24 CT-MR prostate pairs. A generic model was trained using patients from all three centers. To compare sCT and CT, the mean absolute error in Hounsfield units was calculated for the entire pelvis, prostate, bladder, rectum, and bones. For dose analysis, mean dose differences of D99% for CTV, V95% for PTV, Dmax for rectum and bladder, and 3D gamma analysis (local, 1%/1 mm) were calculated from CT and sCT. Furthermore, Wilcoxon tests were performed to compare the image and dose results obtained with the generic model to those with the other trained models.ResultsConsidering the image results for the entire pelvis, when the data used for the test comes from the same center as the data used for training, the results were not significantly different from the generic model. Absolute dose differences were less than 1 Gy for the CTV D99% for every trained model and center. The gamma analysis results showed nonsignificant differences between the generic and monocentric models.ConclusionThe accuracy of sCT, in terms of image and dose, is equivalent to whether MRI images are generated using the generic model or the monocentric model. The generic model, using only eight MRI-CT pairs per center, offers robust sCT generation, facilitating PCa MRI-only radiotherapy for routine clinical use

Characterizing the Syphilis-Causing Treponema pallidum ssp. pallidum Proteome Using Complementary Mass Spectrometry

YesBackground. The spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum ssp. pallidum is the etiological agent of syphilis, a chronic multistage disease. Little is known about the global T. pallidum proteome, therefore mass spectrometry studies are needed to bring insights into pathogenicity and protein expression profiles during infection. Methodology/Principal Findings. To better understand the T. pallidum proteome profile during infection, we studied T. pallidum ssp. pallidum DAL-1 strain bacteria isolated from rabbits using complementary mass spectrometry techniques, including multidimensional peptide separation and protein identification via matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) and electrospray ionization (ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap) tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 6033 peptides were detected, corresponding to 557 unique T. pallidum proteins at a high level of confidence, representing 54% of the predicted proteome. A previous gel-based T. pallidum MS proteome study detected 58 of these proteins. One hundred fourteen of the detected proteins were previously annotated as hypothetical or uncharacterized proteins; this is the first account of 106 of these proteins at the protein level. Detected proteins were characterized according to their predicted biological function and localization; half were allocated into a wide range of functional categories. Proteins annotated as potential membrane proteins and proteins with unclear functional annotations were subjected to an additional bioinformatics pipeline analysis to facilitate further characterization. A total of 116 potential membrane proteins were identified, of which 16 have evidence supporting outer membrane localization. We found 8/12 proteins related to the paralogous tpr gene family: TprB, TprC/D, TprE, TprG, TprH, TprI and TprJ. Protein abundance was semi-quantified using label-free spectral counting methods. A low correlation (r = 0.26) was found between previous microarray signal data and protein abundance. Conclusions. This is the most comprehensive description of the global T. pallidum proteome to date. These data provide valuable insights into in vivo T. pallidum protein expression, paving the way for improved understanding of the pathogenicity of this enigmatic organism.This work was supported by the grants from the Flanders Research Foundation, SOFI-B Grant to CRK, http://www.fwo.be/, a Public Health Service Grant from the National Institutes of Health to CEC, (grant # AI-051334), https://www.nih.gov/ and a grant from the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic to DS and MS (P302/12/0574, GP14-29596P), https:// gacr.cz/

Long Lamai community ICT4D E‐commerce system modelling: an agent oriented role‐based approach

This paper presents the post‐mortem report upon completion of the Long Lamai e‐commerce development project. Some weaknesses with regards to the current software modelling approach are identified and an alternative role‐based approach is proposed. We argue that the existing software modelling technique is not suitable for modelling, making it difficult to establish a good contract between stakeholders causing delays in the project delivery. The role‐based approach is able to explicitly highlight the responsibilities among stakeholders, while also forming the contract agreement among them leading towards sustainable ICT4D

Analyse et optimisation des performances de la technique VMAT pour son utilisation en radiothérapie

VMAT (Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy) technique has been introduced in 2009, it combines advantage of arctherapy techniques with advantage of IMRT (Intensity Modulated Radio Therapy) techniques delivered with stationary beams. The purpose of the thesis is to optimise implementation conditions of VMAT for a Synergy/Elekta linear accelerator in order to secure the technique and to be able to benefit from potentially expected clinical improvement. From analysis of influence of various work flow parameters, we propose treatment optimisation factors both on dosimetric planning and on delivering control on the accelerator. We show that if optimisation quality depends on intrinsic accelerator characteristics, it also depends very much on configuration of treatment planning system (TPS). We highlight compared differences between Beam Modulateur (leaf width of 4 mm) and MLCi2 (leaf width of 10 mm) on dose distribution and on efficiency. We show that if differences of dose distributions are small for two major TPS (Pinnacle/Philips and Monao/Elekta), the differences of implemented methods affect dose distribution of healthy tissues. We suggest quality control set for accelerators, for treatment plans and for treatment delivery. In order to provide a high safety level on delivered dose, we suggest an evaluation method of the real fluence provided during treatment delivery by analysing accelerator parameters. We establish that optimised process of VMAT treatment provides better performance than RCMI techniques delivered with stationary beams for the four major cancer cases that has been studied.La technique de radiothérapie VMAT (Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy), diffusée en 2009, combine les avantages des techniques d'arc thérapie dynamique aux avantages des techniques de radiothérapie conformationnelle avec modulation d'intensité (RCMI) par faisceaux stationnaires. L'objectif de la thèse est de rendre optimales les conditions de mise en œuvre du VMAT autour d'un accélérateur linéaire d'électrons Synergy/Elekta afin de sécuriser la technique et de pouvoir bénéficier de l'apport clinique potentiellement attendu. Sur la base d'une analyse de l'influence des différents paramètres de la chaîne de traitement, nous proposons des éléments d'optimisation du traitement à la fois sur la planification dosimétrique et sur le contrôle de son exécution sur la machine. Nous montrons que si la qualité de l'optimisation de la technique dépend des caractéristiques intrinsèques de l'accélérateur, elle est également fortement influencée par le paramétrage du système de planification des traitements (TPS). Nous mettons en évidence des différences comparées des collimateurs Beam Modulateur (largeur de lames de 4 mm) et MLCi2 (largeur de lames de 10 mm) tant sur le plan de la distribution de dose obtenue que sur l'efficience. Nous montrons que, si pour deux principaux TPS commercialisés (Pinnacle/Philips et Monaco/Elekta) les distributions de dose aux volumes cibles sont peu modifiées, les différences de méthodes implémentées influencent la distribution de dose aux tissus sains. Nous proposons des programmes de contrôles de qualité au niveau de l'accélérateur, des plans dosimétriques de traitement et de l'exécution des traitements. Afin de garantir un niveau de confiance élevé sur la dose délivrée, nous proposons une méthode d'évaluation de la fluence délivrée en cours de traitement basée sur l'analyse des paramètres machines. Nous établissons que le processus de traitement VMAT optimisé fournit des performances de qualité supérieure que les techniques de RCMI par faisceaux stationnaires pour quatre localisations tumorales majeures étudiées

Analysis and optimisation of performance of the VMAT technique for its use in radiotherapy

La technique de radiothérapie VMAT (Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy), diffusée en 2009, combine les avantages des techniques d'arc thérapie dynamique aux avantages des techniques de radiothérapie conformationnelle avec modulation d'intensité (RCMI) par faisceaux stationnaires. L'objectif de la thèse est de rendre optimales les conditions de mise en œuvre du VMAT autour d'un accélérateur linéaire d'électrons Synergy/Elekta afin de sécuriser la technique et de pouvoir bénéficier de l'apport clinique potentiellement attendu. Sur la base d'une analyse de l'influence des différents paramètres de la chaîne de traitement, nous proposons des éléments d'optimisation du traitement à la fois sur la planification dosimétrique et sur le contrôle de son exécution sur la machine. Nous montrons que si la qualité de l'optimisation de la technique dépend des caractéristiques intrinsèques de l'accélérateur, elle est également fortement influencée par le paramétrage du système de planification des traitements (TPS). Nous mettons en évidence des différences comparées des collimateurs Beam Modulateur (largeur de lames de 4 mm) et MLCi2 (largeur de lames de 10 mm) tant sur le plan de la distribution de dose obtenue que sur l'efficience. Nous montrons que, si pour deux principaux TPS commercialisés (Pinnacle/Philips et Monaco/Elekta) les distributions de dose aux volumes cibles sont peu modifiées, les différences de méthodes implémentées influencent la distribution de dose aux tissus sains. Nous proposons des programmes de contrôles de qualité au niveau de l'accélérateur, des plans dosimétriques de traitement et de l'exécution des traitements. Afin de garantir un niveau de confiance élevé sur la dose délivrée, nous proposons une méthode d'évaluation de la fluence délivrée en cours de traitement basée sur l'analyse des paramètres machines. Nous établissons que le processus de traitement VMAT optimisé fournit des performances de qualité supérieure que les techniques de RCMI par faisceaux stationnaires pour quatre localisations tumorales majeures étudiées.VMAT (Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy) technique has been introduced in 2009, it combines advantage of arctherapy techniques with advantage of IMRT (Intensity Modulated Radio Therapy) techniques delivered with stationary beams. The purpose of the thesis is to optimise implementation conditions of VMAT for a Synergy/Elekta linear accelerator in order to secure the technique and to be able to benefit from potentially expected clinical improvement. From analysis of influence of various work flow parameters, we propose treatment optimisation factors both on dosimetric planning and on delivering control on the accelerator. We show that if optimisation quality depends on intrinsic accelerator characteristics, it also depends very much on configuration of treatment planning system (TPS). We highlight compared differences between Beam Modulateur (leaf width of 4 mm) and MLCi2 (leaf width of 10 mm) on dose distribution and on efficiency. We show that if differences of dose distributions are small for two major TPS (Pinnacle/Philips and Monao/Elekta), the differences of implemented methods affect dose distribution of healthy tissues. We suggest quality control set for accelerators, for treatment plans and for treatment delivery. In order to provide a high safety level on delivered dose, we suggest an evaluation method of the real fluence provided during treatment delivery by analysing accelerator parameters. We establish that optimised process of VMAT treatment provides better performance than RCMI techniques delivered with stationary beams for the four major cancer cases that has been studied