Degradabilidad ruminal de forrajes y residuos de cosecha en bovinos Brown Swiss

The aim of this study was to determine the degradability of the association of forages and crop residues commonly used to feed cattle in the Huancavelica Region. The forage associations were white clover-Italian ryegrass and red clover-dactylis, while the harvest residues were maize, oat straw, peas, beans and quinoa. For the determination of the degradability of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF), three rumen fistulated Brown Swiss cattle were used. Samples of forages and harvest residues were placed in nylon bags and incubated for 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Time zero (t0) was used for the calculation of the soluble fraction. The DM, CP and NDF degradability were influenced by forages and crop residues (p<0.05). The greater potential degradability of the DM and CP, and effective degradability of the DM, CP and NDF give the white clover-Italian ryegrass a good nutritional potential for ruminants. The constant rate (C) of degradation, potential degradability and effective degradability of the CP allows to consider the residues of peas, beans and quinoa as food resources of high nutritional quality. On the contrary, the effective degradability of the PC at the passage rate of 5%/h indicates that maize and oat straw are medium quality foods.El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la degradabilidad de asociación de forrajes y de residuos de cosecha comúnmente utilizados en la Región de Huancavelica en la alimentación de bovinos. Se evaluaron las asociaciones trébol blanco-ryegrass italiano y el trébol rojo-dactylis, y los residuos de cosecha: maíz chala, paja de avena, arveja, habas y quinua. Para la determinación de la degradabilidad de la materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC) y fibra detergente neutra (FDN) se utilizaron tres bovinos Brown Swiss, fistulados en el rumen. Los forrajes y los residuos de cosecha fueron colocados en sacos de nylon e incubados por 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 y 96 horas. El tiempo cero (t0) fue utilizado para el cálculo de la fracción soluble. Las degradabilidades de la MS, PC y FDN fueron influenciadas por los forrajes y residuos de cosecha (p<0.05). La mayor degradabilidad potencial de la MS y PC, y degradabilidad efectiva de la MS, PC y FDN le confieren al trébol blanco-ryegrass italiano un buen potencial nutritivo para los rumiantes. La tasa constante (C) de degradación, degradabilidad potencial y degradabilidad efectiva de la PC permite considerar a los residuos de arveja, habas y quinua como recursos alimenticios de alta calidad nutricional. Por el contrario, la degradabilidad efectiva de la PC a la tasa de pasaje de 5%/h indica que el maíz chala y la paja de avena son alimentos de mediana calidad

Cytosine-5 RNA Methylation Regulates Neural Stem Cell Differentiation and Motility

Loss-of-function mutations in the cytosine-5 RNA methylase NSUN2 cause neurodevelopmental disorders in humans, yet the underlying cellular processes leading to the symptoms that include microcephaly remain unclear. Here, we show that NSUN2 is expressed in early neuroepithelial progenitors of the developing human brain, and its expression is gradually reduced during differentiation of human neuroepithelial stem (NES) cells in vitro. In the developing $\textit{Nsun2}$$^{-/-}$ mouse cerebral cortex, intermediate progenitors accumulate and upper-layer neurons decrease. Loss of NSUN2-mediated methylation of tRNA increases their endonucleolytic cleavage by angiogenin, and 5' tRNA fragments accumulate in $\textit{Nsun2}$$^{-/-}$ brains. Neural differentiation of NES cells is impaired by both $\textit{NSUN2}$ depletion and the presence of angiogenin. Since repression of NSUN2 also inhibited neural cell migration toward the chemoattractant fibroblast growth factor 2, we conclude that the impaired differentiation capacity in the absence of NSUN2 may be driven by the inability to efficiently respond to growth factors.This work was funded by Cancer Research UK (CR-UK C10701/A15181 ), Worldwide Cancer Research ( 15-0168 ), the Medical Research Council (MRC MR/M01939X/1 ), the European Research Council (ERC 310360 ), and EMBO. Research in M.F.'s laboratory was supported by a core support grant from the Wellcome Trust and MRC to the Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Cambridge Stem Cell Institute

Evaluation of IL-12 and CXCL-10 in patients with hepatitis C, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver damage for alcohol consumption

Introduction and Objectives: To Compare serum levels of IL-12 and CXCL-10 in different etiologies of liver disease. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional and multicenter study was carried out, including subjects with alcoholism according to criteria WHO, without (OH) and with liver injury (cirrhosis, CiOH) and (Alcoholic Hepatitis, HA); non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) and chronic Hepatitis C (CHC), diagnosed by clinical, biochemical data. They were compared with subjects control (CT). For determination of IL-12 and CXCL-10 with Multiplex®-MERCK©. Statistical analysis by SPSS V.22 using U de Mann Whitney, p<0.05; values expressed as mean ± standard error. Results: Included 20 subjects with NAFLD, 78 CHC, 14 HA, 20 CiOH, 15 OH y 60 CT. IL-12 was found elevated in OH, HA, CHC vs. CT in OH vs. HCc y HGNA (p≤0.05). CXCL-10 was found elevated in CiOH, HA and CHC vs. CT(p≤0.050). Discussion: The IL-12 showed elevated levels in subjects with alcohol consumption and CHC vs. CT that activates other cell types involved in inflammation. CXCL-10 is induced by IFN-γ, was found elevated in CiOH, HA and CHC, exerting their biological effects through CXCR3, including activation of peripheral immune cells and apoptosis. The ratio of IL-12/CXCL-10 in OH increased 4.6 times, ratifying the participation in chronic and continual inflammatory response by alcohol consumption. Conclusions: IL-12 and CXCL-10 have an important role in alcohol-induced liver disease, confirming their contribution to inflammation, being evident CXCL-10 in advanced stages of the disease, by stimulating and favoring the migration of immune cells to the damage sites. Funding: This work was partially financed by CONACyT SALUD-2016-272579 and PAPIIT- UNAM TA200515. Declaration of interest: The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest

Epigenetic remodelling licences adult cholangiocytes for organoid formation and liver regeneration.

Following severe or chronic liver injury, adult ductal cells (cholangiocytes) contribute to regeneration by restoring both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. We recently showed that ductal cells clonally expand as self-renewing liver organoids that retain their differentiation capacity into both hepatocytes and ductal cells. However, the molecular mechanisms by which adult ductal-committed cells acquire cellular plasticity, initiate organoids and regenerate the damaged tissue remain largely unknown. Here, we describe that ductal cells undergo a transient, genome-wide, remodelling of their transcriptome and epigenome during organoid initiation and in vivo following tissue damage. TET1-mediated hydroxymethylation licences differentiated ductal cells to initiate organoids and activate the regenerative programme through the transcriptional regulation of stem-cell genes and regenerative pathways including the YAP-Hippo signalling. Our results argue in favour of the remodelling of genomic methylome/hydroxymethylome landscapes as a general mechanism by which differentiated cells exit a committed state in response to tissue damage.RCUK Cancer Research UK ERC H2020 Wellcome Trus

SARS-CoV-2 viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs is not an independent predictor of unfavorable outcome

The aim was to assess the ability of nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load at first patient’s hospital evaluation to predict unfavorable outcomes. We conducted a prospective cohort study including 321 adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 through RT-PCR in nasopharyngeal swabs. Quantitative Synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA cycle threshold values were used to calculate the viral load in log10 copies/mL. Disease severity at the end of follow up was categorized into mild, moderate, and severe. Primary endpoint was a composite of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and/or death (n = 85, 26.4%). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load over the second quartile (≥ 7.35 log10 copies/mL, p = 0.003) and second tertile (≥ 8.27 log10 copies/mL, p = 0.01) were associated to unfavorable outcome in the unadjusted logistic regression analysis. However, in the final multivariable analysis, viral load was not independently associated with an unfavorable outcome. Five predictors were independently associated with increased odds of ICU admission and/or death: age ≥ 70 years, SpO2, neutrophils > 7.5 × 103/µL, lactate dehydrogenase ≥ 300 U/L, and C-reactive protein ≥ 100 mg/L. In summary, nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load on admission is generally high in patients with COVID-19, regardless of illness severity, but it cannot be used as an independent predictor of unfavorable clinical outcome

Diving below the spin-down limit:constraints on gravitational waves from the energetic young pulsar PSR J0537-6910

We present a search for continuous gravitational-wave signals from the young, energetic X-ray pulsar PSR J0537-6910 using data from the second and third observing runs of LIGO and Virgo. The search is enabled by a contemporaneous timing ephemeris obtained using NICER data. The NICER ephemeris has also been extended through 2020 October and includes three new glitches. PSR J0537-6910 has the largest spin-down luminosity of any pulsar and is highly active with regards to glitches. Analyses of its long-term and inter-glitch braking indices provided intriguing evidence that its spin-down energy budget may include gravitational-wave emission from a time-varying mass quadrupole moment. Its 62 Hz rotation frequency also puts its possible gravitational-wave emission in the most sensitive band of LIGO/Virgo detectors. Motivated by these considerations, we search for gravitational-wave emission at both once and twice the rotation frequency. We find no signal, however, and report our upper limits. Assuming a rigidly rotating triaxial star, our constraints reach below the gravitational-wave spin-down limit for this star for the first time by more than a factor of two and limit gravitational waves from the l = m = 2 mode to account for less than 14% of the spin-down energy budget. The fiducial equatorial ellipticity is limited to less than about 3 x 10⁻⁵, which is the third best constraint for any young pulsar

Narrowband Searches for Continuous and Long-duration Transient Gravitational Waves from Known Pulsars in the LIGO-Virgo Third Observing Run

Isolated neutron stars that are asymmetric with respect to their spin axis are possible sources of detectable continuous gravitational waves. This paper presents a fully coherent search for such signals from eighteen pulsars in data from LIGO and Virgo's third observing run (O3). For known pulsars, efficient and sensitive matched-filter searches can be carried out if one assumes the gravitational radiation is phase-locked to the electromagnetic emission. In the search presented here, we relax this assumption and allow both the frequency and the time derivative of the frequency of the gravitational waves to vary in a small range around those inferred from electromagnetic observations. We find no evidence for continuous gravitational waves, and set upper limits on the strain amplitude for each target. These limits are more constraining for seven of the targets than the spin-down limit defined by ascribing all rotational energy loss to gravitational radiation. In an additional search, we look in O3 data for long-duration (hours-months) transient gravitational waves in the aftermath of pulsar glitches for six targets with a total of nine glitches. We report two marginal outliers from this search, but find no clear evidence for such emission either. The resulting duration-dependent strain upper limits do not surpass indirect energy constraints for any of these targets. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society

Diabetes Incidence Among Hispanic/Latino Adults in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)

To examine diabetes incidence in a diverse cohort of U.S. Hispanic/Latinos. The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos is a prospective cohort study with participants aged 18-74 years from four U.S. metropolitan areas. Participants were assessed for diabetes at the baseline examination (2008-2011), annually via telephone interview, and at a second examination (2014-2017). A total of 11,619 participants returned for the second examination. The overall age-adjusted diabetes incidence rate was 22.1 cases/1,000 person-years. The incidence was high among those with Puerto Rican and Mexican backgrounds as well as those aged ≥45 years and with a BMI ≥30 kg/m2. Significant differences in diabetes awareness, treatment, and health insurance coverage, but not glycemic control, were observed across Hispanic/Latino background groups, age groups, and BMI categories. Differences in diabetes incidence by Hispanic/Latino background, age, and BMI suggest the susceptibility of these factors