A new class of marine Euryarchaeota group II from the mediterranean deep chlorophyll maximum

We have analyzed metagenomic fosmid clones from the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM), which, by genomic parameters, correspond to the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-defined marine Euryarchaeota group IIB (MGIIB). The fosmid collections associated with this group add up to 4Mb and correspond to at least two species within this group. From the proposed essential genes contained in the collections, we infer that large sections of the conserved regions of the genomes of these microbes have been recovered. The genomes indicate a photoheterotrophic lifestyle, similar to that of the available genome of MGIIA (assembled from an estuarine metagenome in Puget Sound, Washington Pacific coast), with a proton-pumping rhodopsin of the same kind. Several genomic features support an aerobic metabolism with diversified substrate degradation capabilities that include xenobiotics and agar. On the other hand, these MGIIB representatives are non-motile and possess similar genome size to the MGIIA-assembled genome, but with a lower GC content. The large phylogenomic gap with other known archaea indicates that this is a new class of marine Euryarchaeota for which we suggest the name Thalassoarchaea. The analysis of recruitment from available metagenomes indicates that the representatives of group IIB described here are largely found at the DCM (ca. 50m deep), in which they are abundant (up to 0.5% of the reads), and at the surface mostly during the winter mixing, which explains formerly described 16S rRNA distribution patterns. Their uneven representation in environmental samples that are close in space and time might indicate sporadic blooms.This work was supported by projects MICROGEN (Programa CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 2010 CDS2009-00006)MEDIMAX BFPU2013-48007-P from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y CompetitividadThe French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-08-GENM-024-001, EVOLDEEP)MaCuMBA Project 311975 of the European Commission FP7 (FEDER funds supported this project), ACOMP/2014/024 and AORG 2014/032

Spatial and pregnancy-related changes in the protein, amino acid, and carbohydrate composition of bovine oviduct fluid

© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Knowledge of how the biochemical composition of the bovine oviduct is altered due to the oviduct anatomy or the presence of an embryo is lacking. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of (І) oviduct anatomy and (ІІ) embryo presence on oviductal fluid (OF) protein, amino acid, and carbohydrate composition. Cross-bred beef heifers (n = 19) were synchronized and those in standing estrus were randomly allocated to a cyclic (non-bred) or pregnant (artificially inseminated) group. All heifers were slaughtered on Day 3 after estrus. The oviducts ipsilateral to the corpus luteum from each animal were isolated, straightened and cut, separating ampulla and isthmus. Each portion was flushed with 500 μµl of PBS enabling recovery of the oocyte/embryo. Recovered unfertilized oocytes (cyclic group) and embryos (8-cell embryos; pregnant group) were located in the isthmus of the oviduct. Samples of flushing medium from the isthmus and ampulla were used for proteomic (n = 2 per group), amino acid (n = 5), and carbohydrate (n = 5) analysis. For proteomic analysis, total protein from cyclic and pregnant samples were labelled with different cyanine fluorescent probes and separated according to the isoelectric point using immobilized pH gradient strips (pH 3–10, 17 cm, Protean® IEF cell system, Bio Rad). Second dimension was performed in a polyacrylamide gel (12%) in the presence of SDS using a Protean II XL system (Bio Rad). Images were obtained with a Typhoon 9410 scanner and analyzed with Progenesis SameSpots software v 4.0. Amino acid content in the OF was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Glucose, lactate, and pyruvate were quantified using microfluorometric enzyme-linked assays. For the proteomic assessment, the results of the image analysis were compared by ANOVA. For both amino acid and carbohydrate analyses, statistical analysis was carried out by 2-way ANOVA with the Holm-Sidak nonparametric post hoc analysis. On Day 3 post-estrus, OF composition varied based on (І) anatomical region, where isthmic metabolites were present in lower (i.e., lactate, glycine, and alanine) or higher (i.e., arginine) concentrations compared to the ampulla; and (ІІ) embryo presence, which was correlated with greater, arginine, phosphoglycerate kinase 1, serum albumin, α-1-antiproteinase and IGL@ protein concentrations. In conclusion, data indicate that the composition of bovine OF is anatomically dynamic and influenced by the presence of an early embryo

Analysis of Minor Proteins Present in Breast Milk by Using WGA Lectin

Breast milk is a complex and dynamic biological fluid and considered an essential source of nutrition in early life. In its composition, the proteins have a relevant biological activity and are related to the multiple benefits demonstrated when compared with artificial milks derived from cow’s milk. Understanding human milk composition provides an important tool for health care providers toward the management of infant feeding and the establishment of breastfeeding. In this work, a new technique was developed to increase the knowledge of human milk, because many of the components remain unknown. To isolate minor proteins present in breast milk by using WGA lectin, breast milk was centrifuged to remove cells and separate the fat phase from the serum phase. The serum obtained was separated into two groups: control (n = 3; whole serum sample from mature milk) and WGA lectin (n = 3; sample processed with WGA lectin to isolate glycosylated proteins). The samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS). A total of 84 different proteins were identified from all of the samples. In the WGA lectin group, 55 different proteins were isolated, 77% of which had biological functions related to the immune response. Of these proteins, there were eight WGA lectin group exclusives, and two had not previously been described in breast milk (polyubiquitin-B and POTE ankyrin domain family member F). Isolation by WGA lectin is a useful technique to detect minor proteins in breast milk and to identify proteins that could not be observed in whole serum

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Spermatozoa selection in porcine species : relation with their functionality and in vitro fertilization competence= Selección de los espermatozoides en la especie porcina: relación con su funcionalidad y capacidad de fecundación in vitro

Durante años se ha tratado de simular in vitro el proceso de selección y capacitación espermática que lleva a cabo el tracto genital de la hembra en condiciones fisiológicas, pero los resultados mucho de la selección que ocurre en el oviducto in vivo. El objetivo principal de esta tesis fue: el estudio de las subpoblaciones espermáticas previamente seleccionadas a través de métodos in vitro (por gradientes de Percoll, Capítulo 1; en cultivo de células oviductales, Capítulo 2; y la combinación de ambos sistemas, Capítulo 3), ex vivo (en explantes oviductales, Capítulo 2) e in vivo (en el oviducto de la cerda tras una inseminación artificial, Capítulo 2), y su relación con la funcionalidad y el estado de capacitación, así como su capacidad fecundante. En el Capítulo 1 se analizó la centrifugación mediante gradientes de Percoll como método de selección y capacitación espermática y se evaluó la eficacia en la selección de espermatozoides en función del gradiente utilizado (45/60, 60/75 y 45/90%). En el experimento 1, se analizaron diferentes parámetros espermáticos de las poblaciones obtenidas a través de los 3 grupos experimentales. Los resultados demostraron que al aumentar la diferencia en la densidad del gradiente de Percoll se reduce el número de espermatozoides morfológicamente anormales o con fragmentación del ADN, recuperando principalmente, espermatozoides que han iniciado el proceso de capacitación (95% presentan fosforilación de tirosina en alguna zona). Podemos decir que la separación de espermatozoides mediante gradientes de Percoll se fundamenta en sus diferencias funcionales. En el experimento 2, se emplearon las poblaciones espermáticas en fecundación in vitro para evaluar su capacidad de penetración, y determinar qué gradiente selecciona los espermatozoides más aptos para fecundar y su posible relación con los parámetros estudiados en el experimento 1. Se evaluó el porcentaje de penetración y el número medio de espermatozoides que presentaba cada ovocito. Los resultados mostraron que aquellos espermatozoides obtenidos a partir del gradiente de Percoll más restrictivo (45/90%) dieron lugar a unos mayores niveles de penetración del ovocito. En el Capítulo 2 se estudió el efecto de las células epiteliales del oviducto sobre la capacitación espermática. Se evaluó el estado de capacitación (mediante la distribución de la fosforilación de la tirosina) de los espermatozoides seleccionados mediante células oviductales bajo tres condiciones experimentales: in vitro, ex vivo e in vivo. Los resultados mostraron que existen diferencias entre los espermatozoides unidos o no unidos a las células oviductales, lo que demuestra que este tipo de células seleccionan espermatozoides con bajo grado de fosforilación en tirosina en cualquiera de las condiciones estudiadas. En el Capítulo 3 se estudiaron qué características presentan los espermatozoides para ser seleccionados por las células oviductales y la capacidad de fecundación in vitro de estos espermatozoides doblemente seleccionados [a través de gradientes de Percoll (45/90%) y posteriormente incubados sobre cultivos in vitro de células epiteliales del oviducto]. En el experimento 1 se evaluó la capacidad para fecundar de las dos poblaciones de espermatozoides obtenidas mediante el análisis de diferentes parámetros de fecundación. Los resultados demostraron que los espermatozoides doblemente seleccionados dan mejores resultados de fecundación in vitro, mejorando las tasas de penetración del gameto femenino. En el experimento 2 se analizaron las características funcionales de los espermatozoides. Los resultados indicaron que las células oviductales unen espermatozoides de mayor calidad y realizan su propia selección incluso partiendo de espermatozoides previamente seleccionados. En resumen, los resultados de esta tesis doctoral muestran que las células epiteliales del oviducto son capaces de distinguir aquellos espermatozoides con una capacidad de fecundación superior, lo que en un futuro podría representar un incremento en la eficiencia de los sistemas de reproducción asistida evitando, de este modo, la selección parcialmente subjetiva que existe actualmente en las técnicas convencionales de selección espermática. SUMMARY For many years, attempts have been made to control sperm selection and capacitation in order to simulate under in vitro conditions, but the results are highly variable and are far from in vivo ones. The aim of this thesis was the study of sperm subpopulations that have been previously selected by different methods: in vitro (Percoll gradients in Chapter 1, oviductal cells culture in Chapter 2 and by combining both in Chapter 3), ex vivo (in oviductal explants, Chapter 2) and in vivo (in the oviduct of the sow after insemination, Chapter 2), and their relationship with functionality, sperm capacitation status and fertilizing capacity. In Chapter 1 centrifugation by Percoll gradients was analysed as a sperm selection and capacitation method, and its efficiency for selecting sperm was evaluated. Three different Percoll gradient combinations (45/60, 60/75 and 45/90%) were used. In experiment 1, several parameters related to sperm function were analysed in the different sperm populations obtained through the three experimental techniques. The results of this experiment showed that as the Percoll gradient increased, the number of morphologically abnormal sperm or sperm with DNA fragmentation is reduced, recovering especially those sperm that have begun the process of sperm capacitation (since 95% of spermatozoa present tyrosine phosphorylation in any of the studied areas). So, we can say that the separation of sperm by Percoll gradients is primarily based on their functional differences. In experiment 2, the different sperm populations were used in an in vitro fertilization system to evaluate the penetration rate and checking which Percoll gradient selects the best sperm for fertilization purposes. The penetration rate and the mean number of spermatozoa found in each oocyte were evaluated. The results showed that spermatozoa obtained from the most restrictive Percoll gradient (45/90%) had higher levels of penetration. In Chapter 2 the capacitation status of sperm selected by the oviductal epithelial cells was evaluated (by measuring levels of tyrosine phosphorylation) under three conditions: in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. The results showed that the phosphorylation pattern changes when sperm are incubated with the epithelial cells of the oviduct, with differences between sperm bound or unbound to the cells. It was concluded that the epithelial cells of the oviduct are able to select spermatozoa with a low level of tyrosine phosphorylation in any of the studied conditions. In Chapter 3 sperm selected by Percoll gradients (45/90%) were incubated with in vitro cultured oviductal epithelial cells. This incubation resulted in two distinct sperm populations: sperm bound to cells and sperm unbound. The study was divided into two experiments. In experiment 1 the ability of the two populations to fertilize was evaluated using different parameters. The results showed that the doubly selected sperm led to better results in the in vitro fertilization systems, significantly improving penetration rates. In experiment 2 the functional characteristics of sperm from the two populations were analysed. The results indicated that the oviductal epithelial cells bind higher quality sperm according to different functional parameters and perform their own sperm selection. In summary, the results of this thesis show that the oviductal epithelial cells are able to distinguish those sperm with a higher fertilization capacity. In the future this could provide an increase in the efficiency of assisted reproduction systems thereby preventing the partially subjective selection that currently exists in conventional sperm selection techniques

Control integral del PRRSv mediante el concepto de las 5 fases: revisión crítica: Aproximación integral al control de PRRS

Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome is a viral disease, which causes important economic and productive losses, affecting reproduction in pregnant sows, semen quality in boars and, causing respiratory disease in growing and fattening piglets, reducing pig growth and causing increased mortality. This syndrome is caused by several pathogenic strains, many of which are not included in current vaccines. Consequently, pigs will never be completely protected against this disease, due to the permanent recombination and mutation capacity of the virus. The five-phase process is the result of experience and the search to develop methodologies that unify criteria and tools for diagnosis, prevention and biosecurity for the control of this disease. In conclusion, the 5-phases platform makes it possible to approach the disease as a whole, providing it as an integral tool for success on this disease.El Síndrome Reproductivo y Respiratorio Porcino (PRRSV) es una enfermedad viral que causa importantes pérdidas económicas y productivas, afectando la reproducción en cerdas gestantes, la calidad del semen en verracos y, ocasionando enfermedad respiratoria en lechones en transición y cebo, reduciendo el crecimiento de los cerdos y provocando un aumento de la mortalidad. Este síndrome cuenta con diversas cepas patógenas, muchas de ellas no incluidas en las actuales vacunas. En consecuencia, los cerdos nunca estarán completamente protegidos frente a esta enfermedad, debido a la capacidad permanente de recombinación y mutación propia del virus. El proceso de las 5 fases surge fruto de la experiencia y la búsqueda de desarrollar metodologías que unifiquen criterios y herramientas de diagnóstico, prevención y bioseguridad para el control de esta enfermedad. En conclusión, la plataforma de las 5 fases hace posible el abordaje en conjunto de la enfermedad, sirviendo como herramienta integral de utilidad para el control exitoso de esta enfermedad

A new device for deep cervical artificial insemination in gilts reduces the number of sperm per dose without impairing final reproductive performance

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of a new artificial insemination (AI) device specifically designed for gilts (Deep cervical AI, Dp-CAI) by means of which the sperm is deposited deeply in the cervix (8 cm more cranial than in traditional cervical insemination-CAI). New AI techniques have arisen in recent decades in the porcine industry, such as post-cervical artificial insemination (PCAI), which involves depositing the sperm in the body of the uterus [through a catheter (outer tube)-cannula (inner tube)] rather than by CAI. Although the PCAI method has been successfully applied in farm conditions to reduce sperm doses without impairing the reproductive performance, this technique has limitations in gilts mainly because of the difficulty involved in introducing the inner cannula through the cranial part of the cervix. For this reason, the Dp-CAI method described herein may be considered as an alternative to CAI and PCAI methods in gilts. Results Gilts were divided in two experimental groups: 1) Dp-CAI: gilts (n = 1166) inseminated using 1.5 × 109 sperm/45 mL; 2) CAI (as a control group): gilts (n = 130) inseminated using 2.5 × 109 sperm/85 mL. The Dp-CAI method was successfully applied in 88.90% of the gilts, with no differences detected between gilts with 1 or 2 previous oestrus cycles, although the catheter could be introduced more deeply in 2 oestrus gilts (P < 0.05). As the length of the insemination device that could not be introduced increased (at the moment of insemination), so the success rate of the Dp-CAI device fell, as did the total number of piglets born. When the reproductive output in CAI and Dp-CAI was compared, none of the parameters analysed [pregnancy and farrowing rates (%), and number of piglets born (total and live)] showed significant differences. Conclusions The use of the Dp-CAI technique provides a new AI method as an alternative to CAI and PCAI for pigs. The device, especially designed for gilts, was used with a high degree of success reducing conventional sperm doses without impairing reproductive parameters